Ukuqinisekiswa kokubangela ukunciphisa izifo ezinobungozi ezifana nesifo sesingqungquthela kunye nesifo sofuba, izitofu zipapashwa ngokubanzi njengenye yempumelelo yempilo yoluntu kwimbali yanamhlanje. Kodwa ba sebenza njani? Utshutshiso olulula lungasikhusela njani ukugula?
Inyolo iqeqeshe umzimba wakho we-immune ukuchonga nokulwa nezifo ezithile. Yinto enjengeyokuphanga umkhosi wakho ngaphambi kokuba imfazwe iqale.
Ulungele amasosha akho kwaye ubafundise ukufumanisa nokukhupha intshaba ngaphambi kokuba abone inkundla yemfazwe. Kuzwakala kulula, kodwa ngokwenene kuyinkqubo enzima kwaye ilungelelaniswe yokhuseleko lomzimba.
I-Immune System
Ukuqonda indlela iigcino ezisebenza ngayo, kunceda ukuthatha inyathelo emva kwaye ujonge umzimba womzimba womzimba . Xa iimagciwane zifana neentsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya zingena ngaphakathi kwemizimba yethu, ziya kuhlambalaza. Ngakwesokunxele angakhange avunywe, banokuyanda kwaye basasaze, kaninzi kubangela ukuba sigula.
Umzimba womntu unemizila emininzi yokukhusela ukukhusela izifo nokulwa nezifo . Ezinye iindawo zamasosha omzimba zikhusela okanye zihlasela nantoni na engekho inxalenye yomzimba womntu, ngelixa ezinye zijoliswe ngakumbi. Ikhumba lethu, umzekelo, ngowona wokuqala umgca wokukhusela kwiintsholongwane. Oko, ngokwenene, izixhobo zethu zomzimba, ezinikezelwe ukugcina iintsholongwane zingena ngaphakathi.
Ukutywa okanye ukutshatyalaliswa kunokunciphisa eso sixhobo, ukuvumela abahlaseli ukuba bafumane indlela, kwaye ukuvuleka kwemvelo-njengamakha ethu okanye umlomo-ingaba yiminyango, nayo. Amakhemikhali anjengamathe emlonyeni okanye iisisisi zesisu esiswini angakwazi ukuphula okanye ukubulala amabhaktheriya, kunye nemifuma yindlela yomzimba yokuguqula ukushisa phezulu egumbini ngomzamo wokubulala okanye ukunciphisa abahlaseli abaphila kuphela kwiindawo ezipholileyo.
Xa usulelekile, umzimba uyaqala ukwenza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli zegazi ezimhlophe. Ezi iiseli zenza njengamajoni, zilungelelanisa izihlaselo kumqhubi ngokufuna iithagethi ezithile ezibizwa ngokuba ngama-antigen .
Antigens
I-antigen yiqhekeza okanye iproduct yeproteni efana neproteni efunyenwe phezu kwentsholongwane, umzekelo-ukuba isistim somzimba sibheke kwimeko yesifo. Amaseli egazi aseMhlophe kunye neengqungquthela zikhupha ama-antigens akhethekileyo kunye ne-latch, ehambisa ukuhlaselwa ukuba athabathe i-microbes kwaye azigcine zinganda. Xa ixhoba liphumeleleyo, kwaye isifo siphelile, iiseli zamasosha omzimba zikhumbula ukuba zikhangele ntoni xa zidibanisa ne-pathogen kwakhona. Ukwazi ukuba zeziphi i-antigens isistim somzimba sokuzivikela sisabela kwaye siyiphendule kuye kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni igciwane lokugonywa.
Ukugonywa
Iigonti zisebenza kakhulu njengentsholongwane yasendle. Enyanisweni, ekukhuselweni komzimba wethu, bajonga ngokufanayo. Iigonti zenziwe ngama-antigens afana naso okanye afana nama-antigen atholakala kwizilwanyana zasendle. Xa ezi antigen zokugonya zingena emzimbeni, zibeka uhlobo olufanayo lwee-alamu ukwenza uhlobo olufanayo lwamaseli egazi ezimhlophe kunye namagciwane okufuneka afune kwaye awonakalise umonakalisi.
Umzimba ukhumbula into ekumele uyibuke ngayo, ngoko unokubambisana ngokukhawuleza xa uthe wabuya umzabalazi kwakhona. Ngokungafani nentsholongwane yasendle, kunjalo, izitofu azakuzama ukukugula. Banikezela ngezibonelelo zentsholongwane-oko kukuthi, ukukhusela-kodwa nangomngcipheko ophantsi kakhulu, kwaye ngenxa yokuba zenziwe njani.
Iintlobo zeNtsholongwane
Bonke basebenzise ama-antigens ukuze bancede ukuvuselela iimpendulo zomzimba, kodwa akuzona zonke izitofu ezenziwa ngendlela efanayo. Ziziphi ii-antigens kunye nokuba zininzi zihluka, kuxhomekeke kwindlela yokugonya kunye nesi sifo ekubhekiswe kuzo ukukhusela.
- Ukuphila, i-Actenicated Vaccines : Ezi zitofu zisetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo, intsholongwane ephilayo "isalathisekile," okanye iyancipha, ngendlela eyenza ibe yinto engenakonakalisa kubantu abanamasosha omzimba omzimba. Ngenxa yokuba iphila, iyakwazi ukuphindaphinda iphinde isasaze kuwo wonke umzimba njengengcinezelo yentsholongwane. Yona nto ifanelekileyo kwintsholongwane yendalo, kwaye ke iphumelela kakhulu ekukhuseleni iimpendulo ezikhuselekileyo zomzimba. Oko kuthetha, abantu abaneendlela zokuzivikela ezibuthathaka-njengabamkeli be-transplant okanye abo baphethwe unyango lomhlaza -bafanele ukufumana ezi ntlobo zeigonyo kuba nangona bebuthathaka, umzimba ungeke ukwazi ukulwa nawo. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-MMR (imasisi, i-mumps, ne-rubella) kunye ne-varicella (okanye "i-inkukhupox").
- Iigciwane ezikhuselweyo : Ngokufanayo nokuphila ngamagciwane, iintsholongwane ezingasebenziyo zisebenzisa intsholongwane yonke, kuphela abaphila. Ayenziwa-okanye "abulawe" -ebhanki. Ngenxa yokuba abanakho ukuphendula nokusabalalisa kuwo wonke umzimba, amaxesha amaninzi afunekayo ukuze afumane uhlobo olufanayo lokukhuselwa olukhutshwa zizigulane eziphilayo, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha izifo zokuncedisa zifunekayo ukuze kugcinwe izifo. Imizekelo ibandakanya ukugonya kwepilyoli kunye nemimiselo eminingi yokugonya umkhuhlane.
- Izigulane ze-Subunit : I-Subunit vaccin usetyenzise kuphela ukhethe ama-antigen, njengengcambu yegciwane okanye iprotheni, ukuphazamisa iimpendulo zomzimba. Ngenxa yokuba abayisebenzisi igciwane okanye ibhaktheriya, iziphumo ezibiyo aziqhelekanga njengezigulane eziphilayo okanye ezingenakwenziwa, kodwa kufuneka ukuba amanqanaba amaninzi asebenze. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-pertussis (okanye "ukukhwehlela ukukhwehlela") kwicandelo le-DTaP neTdap vaccines .
- Iigonti ze-Conjugate: Ezi zitofu zenzelwe ukukhusela iqela leebhaktheriya ezinomxholo wengubo efana noshukela ejikelezileyo. Ngexesha lokusuleleka kwintsholongwane yasendle, olu luhlu lufihla ama-antigens kumzimba wethu we-immune, ngoko i-conjuguate vaccines zibophe iinjenjethi kwiingubo ukwenzela ukuba izikhuselo zomzimba zikwazi ukuba zikhangele ntoni kwaye zilungele ukufuna nokutshabalalisa ibhaktheriya xa ususulelekile. Imizekelo ibandakanya ukugonya kwe-conjugate yeminococcal, enokukunceda ukukhusela kwi-bhakteriyo engabangela i- meningitis .
- Izifo ze-Toxoid: ngamanye amaxesha akuyiyo ibhaktiriya okanye intsholongwane ofuna ukukhuselwa kuyo, kodwa kunokuba iteksi eyenziwa yi-pathogen xa iphakathi komzimba. Ezi ntlobo zokugoma zisebenzisa i-toxin-ebizwa ngokuba yi-toxoid-ukunceda umzimba ukuba ufunde ukuqaphela nokulwa nalezi zitshefu ngaphambi kokuba zibangele ingozi. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-tetanus icandelo le- DTaP neTdap vaccines .
Iinkqubo zokuNika
Izitofu zenzelwe ukuba zilawulwe ngendlela ekhethekileyo zokuqinisekisa ukuphumelela okukhulu nokunciphisa ingozi. Ezinye izitofu, umzekelo, zenzelwe ukuba zijojowe kwiimisipha nge-angle-degree ye-degree, ngelixa ezinye zifanele zinikezwe nge-degree-45 degree in the tissue between the muscle ekhumbeni. Kubantu abadala, oko kunokuthetha ukuthatha isibhozo kwingalo, kanti iintsana zihlala zifumana iilenki kwimisipha yazo. Ezinye izitofu azenziwanga ukuba zijojowe konke; endaweni yoko, kufuneka ilawulwe ngeempumlo okanye ngomlomo, njalo njalo.
Njani, nini, kwaye apho isitofu sogonywa senziwa khona sinqunywa ngophando olunzulu, amava kunye neengozi zemfundiso. Isitofu sokukhusela isifo sohudo, njenge-rotavirus, singanikwa ngomlomo, umzekelo, ukuze sikwazi ukulingana nokutheleleka kobungqina bendalo. Iigonti ezinikwe ngokungalunganga zingabangela ukuba zingasebenzi kakuhle okanye zenzeke kangangoko ukuba zibangele iimiphumo ezingekho mfuneko.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe, nangona kunjalo, ukuba akukho gonyolo olwenziwe ngonaphakade-oko kukuthi, ngqo kwigazi.
Uvavanyo lokugonya
Nangona iindaba zokugonywa esingazibona kumajelo asekuhlaleni okanye kwiingcamango esinokuzivala kubahlobo, izitofu zikhuselekile kwaye zisebenza ngokukhuselekileyo ekukhuseleni izifo. Kuyo yonke inkqubo yokuphuhlisa, kukho abaviwa abaninzi abachithwayo ukuba bahambe phambi kokuba bawenze kwiofisi yakho okanye ugqirha. Ngaphambi kokunikezelwa ilayisenisi yi-Food and Drug Administration eUnited States, abavelisi kufuneka banikele ubungqina bokuthi isitofu sogonyamelo sisebenza ngokukhuselekileyo nakhuselekileyo kubantu. Oku kufuthi kuthatha iminyaka kwaye kuthetha ukuhlolwa kokuqala ngamawaka amavolontiya. Nangona emva kokugonya kugunyaziwe, kuyaqhubeka kuhlolwe ngokukhuselekileyo nokuphumelela ngabaphandi.
Emva kokuba isitofu sigunyazisiwe ngokusemthethweni, uphando luya kuhlaziywa yiKomidi eliPhakamisayo malunga neMisebenzi yokuNgcwaba-i-panel yevolontiya yempilo yoluntu kunye neengcali zezokwelapha-ukuchonga ukuba kuyimfuneko ukucebisa ukuba igonywa linikezelwe. Ezi ngcebiso zihlaziywa rhoqo ngonyaka kwaye ziqwalasele uluhlu olubanzi lweenkcukacha, kubandakanywa nendlela yokukhusela igqirha kwaye iyasebenza. Ukuba nayiphi nayiphi na iinjongo zesigonxu ziphezulu ngaphezu kweengozi, iphaneli iyayiphakamisa isiluleko sayo, kwaye isitofu sokugonywa ngokuqhelekileyo sisusa kwiimarike. Ngombulelo, oku kunqabile kakhulu.
Le nkqubo inzima kakhulu. Kungenxa yokuba ngokungafani namachiza amaninzi, izitofu azenzelwe ukunyanga umntu osele egula. Zenzelwe ukukhusela impilo yakho ngokukhusela izifo kwindawo yokuqala. Ngenxa yoko, izitofu zigcinwe kumgangatho okhuselekileyo wokhuseleko kunezinye ezininzi iimveliso zonyango kwiimarike, kuquka nezongezelelo zondlo.
Umngcipheko weHerd
Ukugonywa kunokuba ngumsebenzi ngamnye, kodwa iingeniso zayo-kwaye ekugqibeleni, impumelelo yayo-yinto yoluntu. Abantu abaninzi banokugonywa kuluntu olunikeziweyo, abantu abambalwa abanokusuleleka kwiintsholongwane kunye nokusabalalisa izifo. Amagciwane amaninzi adinga ukuba abantu basinde. Kodwa ukuba abantu abaneleyo kuluntu bayagonywa, ezo ntsho iipilisi azikho ndawo, kwaye ngoko, ziyafa. Yile ndlela thina, njengezilwanyana, sichitha i- smallpox- kungekhona ngokufumana umntu ongatshatanga kugonywe, kodwa ngokuqinisekisa ukuba uluntu luphela.
Abanye abantu abanakho-okanye abanako-ukudala iimpendulo zomzimba nangona emva kokufumana isitofu. Abanye bancinane kakhulu okanye bagula kakhulu ukuba bafumane ugonywa kwindawo yokuqala. Aba bantu abakwazi ukuzikhusela kwizifo ezithile, kodwa oko akuthethi ukugonywa akunakunceda ukukhusela. Ngokuqinisekisa ukuba wonk 'ubani onokugonywa ngokukhuselekileyo unokugonywa, uluntu luyakwenza uhlobo lwesithintelo malunga nezifo ezigcina zikhuselekileyo phakathi kwazo.
UkuNciphisa
Nangona umntu ugonywe, akuthethi ukuba bavikelekile okanye bakhuselwe ngokupheleleyo xa kwenzeka ukugqabhuka. Nangona abanye beza kakhulu, kungekhona zonke izitofu eziphambili kwi-100%. Kungenxa yokuba unyango alukho ubungakanani obufanayo.
Ukugonywa kunceda ukunqanda umzimba kunye neeseli ezimhlophe zegazi kunye namagciwane, kodwa akuqinisekisi ukuba ngumzimba wonke. Ezi zikhuseli zingaphelelwa okanye zingasebenzi ngaphaya kwamaxesha angaphandle ngaphandle kokuncediswa kwamanani okunyusa. Iindaba ezilungileyo kukuba kunjalo kuba amasosha sele ekhona, ukuba uyagula ngesifo ophethwe kuso, ugula lwakho luya kufutshane kwaye lube lukhulu kunokuba ungagonyanga nhlobo.
> Imithombo:
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. I-Epidemiology kunye noKhuselo lweZilwanyana eziVimbelayo . Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. 13th. I-Washington DC Isiseko seMpilo kaRhulumente, ngo-2015.
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Uvavanyo lokugonya kunye nenkqubo yokuvunywa.
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Ukuqonda ukuba izitofu zisebenza njani .
> Imbali yeMigomo. Umngcipheko weHerd. Ikholeji yamaGqirha ePhiladelphia.
> Vaccines.gov. Iintlobo zezitofu. ISebe lezeMpilo laseMelika kunye neeNkonzo zoLuntu.