Ingaba ngumguquleli womdlalo
Kukho isitofu se-Ebola. Umtshintshi womdlalo.
Lindani, Yintoni, ngokwenene?
Akukho ziqinisekiso nge- Ebola . Intsholongwane ngoku ihlaziywa kumsebenzi woluntu, oorhulumente, ii-NGOs, imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe kunye nabanye abaninzi. Noko ke, kukho konke okusemngciphekweni ukuba ukugqashuka kungakhula kwakhona. Enye ityala elingabonakali lingabonakalisa enye intambo yokuhambisa.
Enye ibhet ingahlwayelwa isifo esitsha.
Siyaqonda ngoku ukuba iNtshona Afrika ibe ne-Ebola ngaphambili. Inkalo eyahlukileyo, ebonakalayo ingabhubhi, yayibhalwe ngaphambili kwiWest Africa (iTi). Nangona kunjalo, uhlobo olufanayo olubulalayo olubangela ukuba ubhubhane lwe-2013-2015 luye lwashiya amanqaku kuloo ndawo. Uhlobo olufanayo olubulalayo (iZaire) lubonakala lusetshentshile. Oku akuzange kuqhubekele kwi-bhubhane efana no-2014. Nangona kunjalo, kukho inani elincinci labantu abanamachiza e-antibodies abonisa ukuba babekade besuleleka kwi-Ebola. Enye ibhet ingabangela enye ingqumbo. Mhlawumbi yayiza kutshabalala, mhlawumbi iphosa, mhlawumbi iqhume. Noko ke, ukwesaba kuya kuhlala.
Iimpembelelo ze-Ebola zifikelela kude
Uloyiko lwe-Ebola luya kuhlala luxhomekeke kunyango lwengonyango. Oku kunokubambezela ukunakekelwa-okanye ukubeka ingozi kwimpilo yabanikezeli. Kumongikazi, esebenzayo mhlawumbi eyedwa enezinto ezincinci, oku kuthetha ukuba akaze azi ukuba lukhuselekile ukunceda.
Owesifazane okhulelweyo efika ebudeni, enqwenela uncedo, unokuhlala e-Ebola. Ngokuqhelekileyo, wayengenako kwaye umongikazi uya kukhuseleka. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kubonwe njengeenombolo ze-Ebola ziye zancipha, ngamanye amaxesha xa kubonakala ngathi zikhuselekile ukunceda, akunjalo. Enyanisweni, ukusuleleka kwe-Ebola kunokunciphisa abasebenzi kunye nokuncedisa ukuhanjiswa kunokubeka abantu abanonophelo kwingozi.
Ngasinye ixesha umongikazi ebona isigulane esitsha ngesifo somkhuhlane, i-diarrhea, intloko yesifo, okanye i-rash, ingaba yi- malaria , i-typhoid, i-k'holera, iLassa , isisisi , okanye nayiphi na intsholongwane. Amaxesha amaninzi ayengeke abe yi-Ebola, kodwa bekuya kwenzeka ukuba kubekho ithuba lokuba ibe yi-Ebola, esanda kuphinda iphinda iphinde iphinde iphinde iphinde iqhutywe kunye. Oku kunokukhawuleza ukunakekelwa kwezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo.
I-Ebola ngaphambili yayingakhutshwa kuphela ngokusebenza kunye noluntu kunye neekliniki ukukhawulela ukusasazeka kwayo. Izinyango zokwelapha zazingaphelelanga kwaye abaninzi bafa. Abaninzi babesaba ukufuna unyango apho abaninzi bafa khona; abanye babengavumi. Ngenxa yokuba bekungekho mpazamo nge-Ebola, ukumbesa zonke izinto ezikhuselekileyo ze-Ebola zikhuselekileyo , kodwa oku kwakunzima kakhulu ukucoca ngemali nakwiimvakalelo kuluntu. Ukusebenzisa iigesi ezipheleleyo zokukhusela kuzo zonke izifo zesigulane kunzima kakhulu. Kunzima nakakhulu kwiiklinikhi apho kungabikho ukubonelelwa kwamanzi okufunekayo ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-disinfecting, kungabi yinto yokugcina impahla yonke imfuneko .
Oku kuthetha ukuba usongelo lwe-Ebola lunokugqithisa kulo mmandla iminyaka ezayo. Zonke iintetho zonyango, zonke iingcwatyelo, zinokuthi zibe yinto encinci kakhulu, kodwa ingozi.
Kukho indlela entsha yokufikelela kwi-Ebola.
Kungaba nokuba yindlela yokuphelisa i-Ebola.
Oku Kukho apho i-vaccine ifike khona
Isigodlo siya kuvumela abasebenzi bezempilo ukuba bavikeleke ngakumbi xa baphatha izifo eziqhelekileyo zithatha ubomi obuninzi kune-Ebola - ukusuka kwi-malaria ukuya kwiingozi ezibangelwa ukubeleka. Ukugonywa kwabasebenzi bezempilo kunciphisa ingozi.
Amalungu omgudu woluntu jikelele anganceda ukukhusela olunye ukugqabhuka. Akuyena wonke umntu oya kufuna ukugonywa kwisitofu sokukhusela ukukhusela ummandla. Umkhuhlane we-Herd unokukunceda ukudala imitshiso yomlilo ukuze kungabikho ibhola ephosakeleyo kunokukhokelela kwindyikitya enkulu njengaleyo eyenziwa ngo-2013.
Isitofu singasetyenziselwa "kwiindawo zokuhlala" apho iimeko zifunyenwe ngabantu, zisebenzisa isicoco sokugonywa esetyenzisiweyo kwiintsholongwane, apho abantu abahlala kwiindawo ezijikeleze ukuqubuka okanye umntu osulelekileyo banokugonywa.
Akukho nto iyakwazi ukugqibelela. Kodwa esi sitofu sinesithembiso esikhulu.
Luhlobo luni lweSitofu?
Isitofu sokugonya sithiwa yi-rVSV-ZEBOV yokugonya. Isilwanyana esisinye sejoza sokugonywa yiyo yonke into efunekayo ngexesha elifutshane. I-rVSV yintsholongwane engakwazi ukungena kwiprotheni evela kwi-Ebola ukuze i-immune system ikwazi ukwenza impendulo kuyo - ngaphandle kokuba ibe ne-Ebola ngokwayo.
Ingaba I-Vaccine Ingxaki Ebola?
Isigodlo asiqukethe i-Ebola. Iqulethe kuphela i-glycoprotein evela kwi-Ebola; asikho 7 . Oku kuthetha ukuba ugonyo alukwazi ukudala izifo ezibangelwa yi-Ebola.
Ngaba isebenza?
Kubonakala ngathi isebenza kakuhle. Uphando olubonisa ukusebenza kwalo eGuinea lushicilelwe kwiLancet . Kulabo bachithwe ngokukhawuleza, akukho namnye owafumana i-Ebola kwiintsuku eziyi-10 zokuqala (apho ixesha eliphakathi kokutshatyalaliswa kunye nokusuleleka). Abo bahlakulele i-Ebola ngaphambi kokuba iintsuku eziyi-10 zisenokuba sele zikhulelwe xa zigonywe. Abanye bahlakulela i-Ebola abangazange bagonywe kwisifundo-nokuba mhlawumbi babengenakufanelekela, bakhetha ukuba bangabikho, okanye babekho kwiqela elingazange lichithwe ngentsholongwane kamva (emva kweentsuku ezingama-21).
Bayazi Njani Imisebenzi?
Ababhali besifundo seLancet benza into eqhoshayo. Izilingo zisoloko zithatha iminyaka, ziqhubeka ukusuka kwiSigaba I ukuya ku-II ukuya ku-III. Inyaniso yokuba kuthatha ngaphantsi kwe-1 ukuhamba ukusuka kwiSigaba se-I ukuya ku-III iyamangalisa.
Oku akusiyo isifundo sokuqala kule gonyo. Kukho izilingo ezi-8 zeSigaba seSigqeba esibonisa ukuba le gciwane libonakala likhuselekile. Kwakukho ukukhathazeka malunga nokuba iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo ezivela kwi-vaccine ziza kuba yingxaki, ingakumbi i-arthritis, nokuba ingaba i-arthritis yayiza kuhlala ihlala ixesha elide. Kwakukho nakwezinye iimeko zomzimba we-muscle aches kunye ne-rashitic rash. Nangona kunjalo, isitofu sokugonywa sasibonakala sibekezelela.
Kuya kuba nzima ukubonisa ukuba isitofu sokugonywa empeleni sithintela ukuthintela kwihlabathi lenene-kwaye kungekhona nje ifundiso. Njengoko ixesha lidlulileyo kwaye ubhubhane lulawulwe kangcono, kwakukho ambalwa ambalwa. Kuya kuba nzima ukubonisa ukuba isitofu sokukhusela sasikhusela ukuba ityala lingaqalwanga ngokukhawuleza.
Kwakunzima ukulungiselela isilingo sokugonya ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza ukuyeka amatyala ayenzekayo, ngelixa uqinisekisa nokuba zonke iindawo ezikhuselekileyo ezifunekayo zikhoyo. Ngokukodwa, oku kuthetha ukuziphatha okufunekayo ukuze kuhlale kusemgangathweni woyilo lwezilingo kunye nokuphunyezwa. Ngaphezu koko, ityala lingaqhutywa kuphela ukuba abaphandi bengakwazi ukuba ukungenelela kuya kunceda, njengoko kungenakukhanyela nabani na uncedo owaziwayo ukuba luncedo. Ngoko xa ityala libonakala liphumelele, alikwazi ukuqhubeka nokukhanyela nabani na ukugonya ngokukhawuleza.
E-Sierra Leone, ilingo elifanayo le-vaccine efanayo laqaliswa phakathi kwabasebenzi bezempilo, kodwa kwakukho ambalwa amacala kunye neemeko ezimbalwa phakathi kwabasebenzi bezempilo, abanezixhobo ezikhuselekileyo kunye noqeqesho abayidingayo ukuze bahlale bekhuselekile. Akukho vavanyo lingaqhutyelwa apho abasebenzi bezempilo abanakho ukufumana i- PPE (izixhobo ezikhuselekileyo) kunye neenkqubo ezifunekayo ukuze zigcine zikhuselekile. Ngaloo nto, kwakubonakala ngathi inqabile ukuba kwakungeke kube neekopi ezaneleyo ze-Ebola kwisalathiso sesifundo ukuze wazi ukuba kukho nawuphi na owenziwe.
Ngokufanayo, eLiberia, isicatshulwa se-II sesigxina esifanayo siphumelele, kodwa kwakungacaci ukuba ngaba kukho naziphi iimeko ze-Ebola kwilizwe ukwenzela ukubonisa ukuphumelela kwesigontsho.
Kulo vavanyo, oko abaphandi ababenokukwenza ukuba bulumko kwakufuneka kusebenze ukugonywa kwendandatho. Oku kufana nokuchithwa kwamathambo asetshenzisiweyo. Bayazi ukuba abo babesengozini enkulu yokufumana i-Ebola ngabo babesetyenziselwa izigulane ezine-Ebola. Basenokusuleleka sulele ngesigulane esiphelelekileyo, ngabanye abasulelwe ngumonde okanye nangomntu osulele isiguli. Abaphandi bahlela ukuchonga amaqoqo abo bonke oonxibelelwano kunye noonxibelelwano lwabafowunelwa kwisigulane ngasinye esagulayo. Ukususela kweli qela, amanye amaqela aphethwe ngokukhawuleza, amaqela athile wagonywa emva kweentsuku ezingama-21, abanye abantu babengenakuvumeleka (abakhulelweyo, ukuncelisa, abangaphantsi kwe-18 njl.), Nabanye baye bakhetha ukuba bangabandakanyekanga okanye bangabandakanyekanga.
Akukho mntu wabantu base-2014 ngokukhawuleza wagonywa wagula emva kweentsuku ezili-10. Kulabo bachithwe ngokukhawuleza, abambalwa (4) babulala nge-Ebola ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala (oko kukuthi iintsuku ezingama-0-6 emva kokugonywa, oku kuthetha ukuba isitofu sokugonywa singenakusebenza ngokukhawuleza, ngakumbi ukuba umntu sele sele esulelekile kwaye enokwenza intsholongwane. ). Kwalabo abazange bathabathe ngokukhawuleza, kwakukho izifo phakathi kwabo babethelwe ukuba bafumane isitofu emva koko, kwiimeko ezingama-21 ukuya kwe-16 phakathi kwama-2380. Kwakhona kukho izifo phakathi kwabo babelwe ukufumana isitofu ngokukhawuleza, kodwa abangazange banikwe: 6 kwabangama-1021. Kwakhona kukho ukusuleleka phakathi kwabo babengenakugwenywa (2/1088 phakathi kwala maqela okugonywa ngokukhawuleza kunye no-5/1148 phakathi kwala maqela okugonywa).
Le nto yayinolwazi olwaneleyo ukuthetha ukuba olu gonyo luphumelele ukukhusela i-Ebola. Ulingo lwaluyimpumelelo kwaye ngokusemthethweni kwakungekho sizathu sokubambezela ukugonywa komnye umntu.
I-100% esebenzayo?
Kwinqanaba elithile, asisoze sazi ukuba i-vaccine iphumelele kangakanani. Idata esilubonisa ngoku ukuba akukho zizathu emva kweentsuku ezili-10 ukusuka ekugonyeni. Kwakukho izifo phakathi kwalabo abalungiselelwe ukufumana ugonyo emva kweentsuku ezingama-21 kunye nalabo abazange bafumane ukugonywa kwabo.
Isifundo sagcinwa kuba idatha ibhekiselele kwimpumelelo yokugonywa kwegciwane. Kwakubonakala kungalunganga ukuphepha isitofu kunomnye umntu. Abo babelinde iintsuku ezingama-21 ukuba bafumane isitofu sokugonywa, kwagqitywa, akufanele ukulinda ngokusemthethweni. Isifo sokugonya sibonakala sisebenza kakuhle kwaye ukulinda kubonakala kungabonakali.
Oku akuthethi nangona kunjalo xa isitofu sisetyenzisiwe ukuba wonke umntu uya kukhuselwa 100%. Asazi ukuba i-immunity ehlala isikhathi esingakanani. Asazi ukuba ngaba abanye abantu bayahluleka ukuphendula. Amasosha omzimba angachahluka ngendlela abaphendula ngayo kwi-VSV yokugonya-ngokusekelwe kwiijeni, izifo ezithe zadlulayo, ezinye izinto ezichaphazela isistim somzimba wabo wokuzikhusela njengezifo okanye ukutya.
Siyazi nje ukuba kulolu cwaningo, apho abantu babengabantu abasengozini yokwenene ye-Ebola eNtshona Afrika, ukuba kuphela abo bafumene isitofu ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba bevelelwe ukuba bangabikho kwezifo ezili-10 emva koko.
Yintoni iRVSV?
I-VSV (i-vesicular stomatitis virus) yilungu leentsholongwane kaRhabdoviridae, equka i-rabies. Akuyingozi nje ngezilwanyana zesilwanyana, kodwa inokuchaphazela izilwanyana ezininzi-ngakumbi izilwanyana zasefama, njengeenkomo, amahashe kunye nehagu. Intsholongwane ifunyenwe kwiirandi kunye nezinambuzane, oku kucatshangwa ukuba yindawo, ikakhulukazi isantiflies kunye mhlawumbi. I-VSV ibangela intsholongwane ekhangeleka njengonyawo kunye nesifo somlomo kwezi zilwanyana. Iyakwazi ukusasazeka kubantu - kaninzi kungabangela ukuba kubekho iimpawu, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha isifo esifana nesifo-sifo, kunye ne-lymph node. Akubonakala ngathi isasazeka phakathi kwabantu. Akuzange kube sisifo esiye saxhalabisa bonke abantu.
I-rVSV esetyenziswe kwisitofu sokugonywa iVSV. Oku kuthetha ukuba kukho i-glycoprotein G (isetyenziselwa ukungena kwintsholongwane) ithathelwa indawo enye ye-Ebola ye-glycoprotein (GP).
Ingaba i-rVSV isetyenziswe kwezinye izitofu?
I-VSV ihlolwe ukuba isetyenziswe kwezinye izitofu-ezifana ne-virus efanayo ye-Marburg, kunye nezinye iithagethi, njenge-Hepatitis B, i-Hepatitis C, i-SARS, nezinye izifo ezithintekayo zokugonywa kunzima, kwaye zichasene nezinye i-cancer.
Isiphi Isifo Sokuqala Sokusebenza?
Kubonakala sengathi isitofu sokugonya sisebenza kakuhle xa kunikezelwa ubuncinci iintsuku ezimbalwa, mhlawumbi ngeveki, ngaphambi kokungcola, kodwa kunokufumana inzuzo nangona xa kunikwe kwangangoko ngaphambi (okanye mhlawumbi nangemva kokuvalela-kodwa asikwazi okwamanje). Kulo vavanyo, kwakukho iimeko ezi-4 kulabo bachitshiweyo kwaye mhlawumbi sele besulelekile, njengoko bahlakulele intsholongwane ngosuku, 2, 6 no-6.
Ngokufanayo, uphando lubonise ukuba ukuba i-dose enye yesigxina esifanayo yanikezelwa kwiinkwenkwe (macaque) iintsuku ezingama-7 (kodwa kungekhona iintsuku ezi-3) ngaphambi kokujova nge-Ebola, ikhukhu ikhuselwe. Ezinye iimbongolo zanikwa igonyo kwiintsuku ezingama-7; abanye 28, 21, 14, okanye iintsuku ezi-3 ngaphambi kokuba inambuzane ijojowe nge-Ebola; abanye banikezelwa isitofu sesinye igciwane (Marburg). Bonke abo bagonywe ngesonto elilodwa ngaphambi kwejoza ukuba basinde. Kuzo iintsuku ezintathu, 1 yafa, 2 babulala; i-placebo (Marburg) iqela lafa.
Isitofu sokugonywa sasibonakala siphumelele impendulo ye-immune yesifo sangasese kunye nesenzo esheshayo. Ngokubanzi, nangona kunjalo, iimpendulo ze-antibody zibonakala zidlala indima enkulu kwindlela yokugonywa kwe-vaccine.
Ngaba i-Vaccine iyatholakala?
Isitofu sokugonywa asizange senziwe ngokubanzi. I- WHO kunye ne-GAVI bayasebenza ukuqinisekisa ukuba isitofu sokugonya siyafumaneka.
Ingaba ngulo kuphela olukhuphayo olufumaneka?
Kwakukho izilingo kwezinye iindidi zeigciwane. Ezi ziquka enye ene-adenovirus vector eye yahlolwa kwiLiberia ukwenzela ukhuseleko, kodwa ngaphandle kwezilingo eziphumelelayo. Olunye ulingo lugxile kwi-vaccine yokukhushulwa, okuxhaswa yiYunivesithi yaseYohnson neYohnson ne-Oxford, okufuneka ukuba ibe novavanyo lweSigaba II oluqhutywa ngo-2015. I-vaccine yokukhusela i-prime ifuna i-dose enye ukuba isebenze.
Ezi zitofu, nangona kunjalo, ukuya kutsho akunazo iinkcukacha ezixhasa ngenkxaso-mboleko yeRVSV okwangoku.