Izifo ezithintekayo ezifana ne-poliyo, i-malaria, nesifo seginea sibangela ukubandezeleka nokufa emhlabeni wonke unyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ngomzamo onyanisekileyo, kungenzeka ukuba abantu banqande izifo ezithintekayo.
Yintoni ukupheliswa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo? Kuthetha ukuba isifo sipheliswa kwihlabathi jikelele kwaye akukho naziphi na iimeko apho.
Okwangoku kwimbali yabantu, siye saqalisa kwaye siphumelele ekupheliseni izifo ezimbini.
Izifo Ezibandezelekayo Zibini Eziye zapheliswa
Ngomnyaka we-1979, ihlabathi labona imeko yokugqibela yesikhomba. Le ngxaki yokugqibela yayisendoda yaseSomalia, eyayinomzimba omncinci wentsholongwane (i- V. encinci ), ebulala kuphela 1% okanye abancinci balabo abenza isivumelwano. Ingxelo yokugqibela yesifo sesifo esibi kakhulu (i- V. enkulu, ebulala ama-30% amaxhoba ayo) yayise-Bangladesh ngo-1975.
Isibilini , isifo esiphezulu, sagcinwe ngenxa yokuba (1) kwakukho isitofu , 2) eso sifo saqaphela ngokulula, 3) izilwanyana azizange zithwale isifo (okungenzeka kube nzima ukulandelela), kwaye 4) isifo Okubi kakhulu kwakukho isivumelwano semvelo ukuba senze izixhobo zokumisa.
Ukuxothwa kwembotyi kwenzelwa inkqubo enkulu yokugoma. Imibutho yempilo yenza iinkqubo zokugonywa zifunda amazwe ngenxa yesikhukhumba kunye nokuphendula kunye nokujikeleza ngokugonya nayiphi na imeko eyenzekayo.
Kukho ukugcinwa kwamatyeksi agcinwe e-US kunye ne-Soviet Union (ngoku eyi-Russia). Ingozi enye yebhanti ngo-1978 yatsholisa umfoto wezotyelela, owafa waza wa sulela nonina, owasinda. Ezi ngokwenene ziyiimeko zokugqibela zesifo esibi kakhulu.
Ngo-2011, ihlabathi lagqitywa kwesinye isifo: i-rinderpest.
Yisifo seenkomo (ibholo, inyamazane, i-antelope, iigirafa kunye nezinye izilwanyana). I-Rinderpest isetyenziselwa ukuba yi-bane yeefama zenkomo kwaye yayithathwa njengomviwa onokuthi ube yi-bioterrorism ekubeni abantu bathembela kule nkomo ngokutya.
Izifo ezithathelwanayo ezinokupheliswa
Nazi izifo ezithintekayo ezithintekayo abantu abangaziphelisa.
Polio
I-polio inokumiswa ngokugonywa. Intsholongwane isasazeka ngokubanzi ngamanzi angcolileyo ngamanzi angcolileyo ngaphandle kokucoceka okwaneleyo. Kufike kuma-95% okusuleleka angagqithwanga ngenxa yokuba banemibonakalo embalwa okanye engekho. Enyanisweni, uninzi lwezifo (72%) azikho iimpawu kuzo zonke, ngelixa abanye (25%) baneempawu ezikhuhlane-mkhuhlane, ezifana nesicathulo, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, umkhuhlane, umqala, kunye nokukhathala jikelele.
Nangona kunjalo, kwi-4% yezigulana zepolio, isifo siphepha iimbumba ezijikeleze ingqondo kunye nomgudu womgudu, kwaye kwi-0.5% yamatyala, umntu unesifo sokukhubazeka, ngokuqhelekileyo emilenzeni, kodwa ngezinye izihlandlo kwintsimbi okanye ubuso. Uninzi lwabantu luya kuhlala, kodwa kulabo bakhubazeka, malunga ne-2% ukuya ku-5% yabantwana kunye ne-15% ukuya kwi-30% yabantu abadala abafa ngesifo.
Ngenxa yokuba iimeko zepolisi ezininzi azikho iimpawu zangempela kwaye amanzi angasasaza eso sifo, kunzima ukwazi ukuba ipholio ihambe nini.
Ezi zimbini zintathu zintlobo ezinokubakho zigqityiwe: Uhlobo lwesi-2 lwagqitywa ngo-1999 e-India, kwaye uhlobo lwe-3 aluzange lubonwe ukususela ngoNovemba 2012. Abanye abantu abangama-80% abahlala kwiindawo ezingenakho i-polio, kwaye i-poliovirus yasendle ibonakala ijikeleza kumazwe amathathu kuphela: Afghanistan, Nigeria, nasePakistan. Ukugonywa kungasichitha esi sifo.
I-Dracunculiasis (i- Guinea Worm Disease ( GWD )
Le meko, equka ukukhulelwa kweentlobo ngeemfungu, ayinakubangela ukufa kodwa kubangela ukukhubazeka okukhulu kwiintsholongwane zebhaktheriya kunye nentlungu. Yibangelwa izibungu zogubhu ezihlala emanzini okusela, kwaye abantu bafumana ngokusela amanzi.
Phantse unyaka owodwa emva kokusela amanzi angcolileyo, umntu osulelekileyo unobulwelwe obuhlungu bukhuni obubangelwa yimpethu, ngokuqhelekileyo emlenzeni okanye enyawo.
Isifo sisasazeka xa loo mntu ehamba emanzini omlenze ogciwane. Ngako oko, isifo se-Guinea sesifo sinokuthintela ngokugcina amanzi atywala acocekileyo nangokugcina abantu abasulelekileyo ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Yaws
Olu sisifo obangelwa yi-baciroia ye-spirochete, i- Treponema palladium yangaphambili, ehlobene ne-syphilis (kunye ne-Bejel ne-Pinta) echaphazela ulusu, kunye namathambo namalungu. I-Yaws ingaphathwa kwaye igqitywe ngokugqithiswa kunye nomthamo owodwa we-antibiotic yomlomo.
Iphulo lokunyanga kwamayeza omzimba wanciphisa phantse eso sifo kuma-1950s nakuma-1960. Namhlanje, lesi sifo sitholakala kumazwe angama-14 aneentlambo ezifudumeleyo, kwaye kunomsebenzi wokumisa i-antibiotics.
Malariya
I-Malaria , isifo esiqhelekileyo, sinokuthi thintela ngokumisa omiyane abasasaza i-malaria . Esi sifo sichaphazela uninzi ngonyaka, kubangele iimeko ezingama-207 yezigidi kunye nokufa kwabangu-627,000. Ubumongwane bumekwe ngee-insecticide, amanetha omabhedlele, iibhaktheriya ezichaphazela ummiyane, kunye nezinambuzane ezinqabileyo.
I-Hookworm
Usulelo lwe-hookworm, oluhlala kwiindawo ezinobungcoceko olulungileyo kunye nokungena kwiindawo ezinyawo zabantu, lunokumiswa kunye nezindlu zangasese zangaphakathi kunye nezicathulo. Kwiminyaka yokuqala ye-1900, i-hookworm yayivamile kwi-United States yasemazantsi, kodwa ukupasa kwamanzi ngaphakathi kunye nokucocwa kwendawo yokucoca ukucoca kwamanzi kwancipha ukusasazeka kwayo. Sekunjalo, abantu abayizigidi ezingama-500 ukuya kwii-700 emhlabeni jikelele banamathwala.
Filariasis yeLymphatic
Oku kungaphathwa ngokunika wonke umntu imishangulo yokukhusela kanye ngonyaka, kwaye, njengokuba i-malaria, ngokumisa omiyane. Esi sifo sibangelwa imbumbulu elincinci esasazekayo ngeentongwane (ezininzi iintlobo, kodwa ezininzi iinkozo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-anopheles kwi-Western hemisphere). Ukuhamba kweemfudu kunye neendwangu ze-lymph system yomntu ogulayo. Oku kubangela imilenze yokuvuvukala okanye amathambo (i-elephantiasis) kunye nobunzima bokulwa nezifo ezithile njengoko inkqubo ye-lymph iyingxenye yesistim somzimba.
Ukususela ngo-2012, kumazwe angama-56, kukho unyango oluninzi kunye namachiza amabini anikwe kanye ngonyaka ukwenzela ukukhusela eso sifo. 13 kwala mazwe akanakho ukuhanjiswa okwangoku ngoku, kodwa izigidi ezili-120 zitshatyalaliswa kwaye izigidi ezingama-40 zitshintshile emhlabeni jikelele.
Iimpawu
Iimfucu zinokumiswa ngokugonywa. Intsholongwane ibangela ukugqithisa, umkhuhlane kunye namanye ama-pneumonia kunye ne-encephalitis (ukuvuvukala kwengqondo). I-airborne kwaye ine-rates ephezulu yokusuleleka. Umntu omnye unokuthelela abanye aba-15. Uninzi lweziganeko zixazulula, kodwa e-US 0.2% yezifo zikhokelela ekufeni kwaye i-6% iholele kwiphunga.
Iimeko zaye zahla emva kokuba isitofu sagunyaziwe ngo-1963, kodwa kwakukho ukuhlaziywa ngawo-1990. Izinga eliphantsi lokugonywa liye lakhokelela ekunyuseni kwiimeko kunye nokufa, e-US Isifo sisasazeka ngokuhamba, kubandakanywa nokuqhambuka kwiiPhilippines nakwi-UK nakwezinye iindawo zaseYurophu.
Rubella
Oku kunokumiswa ngokubandakanya ugonyo lwe-rubella kunye nokugonywa kwemasisi. Kwakhona iyintsholongwane enxulumene nokuphefumula kwaye ibangela ukugqithisa, umkhuhlane, izigulane ezivuvukileyo, kunye nama-aches joint. Abo bachaphazeleka kakhulu banamantombazana omama abanesifo ngexesha lokukhulelwa. I-rubella ye-congenital yenza ukuba intliziyo inokwenzeka, isibindi, i-spleen, kunye nomonakalo wengqondo, kunye nesisithulu kunye ne-cataracts.
Kuye kwasuswa kwi-US nakuyo yonke indawo eMelika.
I-Onchocerciasis (i-Blindness River)
I-Onchocerciasis yimbangela yesibini eyona nto ibonakalayo yobumfama emhlabeni jikelele. Inokumiswa ngonyango oluninzi lwazo kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo.
Ama-Blackflies ahlala kufuphi nemilambo kunye nemilambo angadlulisela imbungu, i- Onchocerca volvulus, kubantu kule mimandla. Ezi zimbindi ziphakathi komntu zingabangela amawaka amabhubhu ebantwaneni asasazeka kumntu womntu kunye nesikhumba esibangela ukungaboni (kunye neengxaki zesikhumba).
Ngaphantsi
Kukho izifo esizikufutshane kuzo. Kulula ukuyixilonga kunye neyoyikekayo kangangokuba sifuna ukunyamekela ukuzama ukubona. Zineendlela ezichanekileyo zokuthintela, kuquka ukugonya, ucoceko kunye neyeza. Ininzi nayo ifunyanwe kuphela kubantu, igweme isidingo sokukhangela izilwanyana zasendle ezithelelekileyo.
> Umthombo:
> URussell CD. Ukupheliswa kwezifo ezithathelwanayo: Ngaba nathi sinokuthi thina na? Imida e-Immunology. 2011; 2: 53.