Intsholongwane emitsha yabantwana rhoqo ididekile kunye neTDaP
Ukugonywa kwe-DTaP yintengiso yokuxilonga esetyenziselwa ukugoma abantwana abancinci kwizifo ezintathu ezichaseneyo: i-diphtheria, i-tetanus, ne-pertussis (ukukhwehlela).
Akufanele kudibaniswe nesitofu se-DTP esigxina kwizifo ezifanayo kodwa asisetyenzisiwe eUnited States. Ngokufanayo, ukugonya kweTDaP kuhlanganisa izifo ezifanayo kodwa kusetyenziswa kuphela abantwana abadala kunye nabantu abadala.
Kutheni i-DTaP iphendulela iDTP
Isigodlo se-DTP siye sajikeleza ukususela ngowe-1949 kwaye sasisinye seyokuqala ukudibanisa iigciwane ezininzi kwijoza enye. Idibanise i-pertussis yokugonya (eyadalwa ngo-1914) nge-vachtheria vaccine (1926) kunye ne-tetanus vaccine (1938). I-DTP ibonakalise inguqu enkulu ekukhuseleni kwezi zifo, ukunciphisa isiganeko sonyaka sokukhwehlela ukukhwehlela kuphela ukusuka kuma-200 000 kuma-1940 ukuya kuma-20,000 namhlanje.
Naphezu kwempumelelo yayo, iziphumo ezichaphazelekayo zogonywa lwe-DTP zakhokelela ekunciphiseni ukusetyenziswa kwayo, okukhokelela ekunyuseni kwizifo nokufa kwabantu ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20.
Ukujongana nale mpazamo, izazinzulu zenze i-version ekhuselekileyo ngo-1999 eyaziwa ngokuba yi-DTaP. "I-" i-DTaP ingaphezulu kwezinto ezingekhoyo. Isetyenziselwa ukuchaza icandelo le-acellular pertussis yesigontsho. I-acellular vacclular, ngokucacileyo, yinto enye inxalenye yesiguquko esisetyenziselwa endaweni yeseli, engenakwenziwa .
Ngelixa ezininzi izitofu zentsholongwane zikhuselekile kwaye zisebenzayo, ukusetyenziswa kwegciwane logalelo lithetha ukuba ziphakathi kwezona zigulane. Kwimeko ye-pertussis, igobolondo yangaphandle yebhaktheriya iqulethwe ngamafutha kunye ne-polysaccharides e-endotoxic, oku kuthetha ukuba kunokubangela ukugqabhuka komzimba wonke.
Ngesi sizathu, abantwana abanikezelwa ngogonyamelo lwe-DTP ngamanye amaxesha baziwa ukuba banomkhuhlane ophezulu, ukuxhatshazwa kweengxaki ( ukuxhatshazwa kweengxaki zentsholongwane ) kunye nokuphelelwa amandla.
I-vaccine ye-DTaP, ngokuchaseneyo, iqulethe kuphela izinto ze-antigenic zeeseli. Ama-antigens ayenamaprotheni asebenzisa amajoni omzimba ukuchonga nokuvelisa ukuhlaselwa kwezinto ezinobungozi. (Cinga ngabo "ngephunga" lokusasazeka kunokuba usuphelelwane ngokwawo.) Ngokususa i-endotoxins kunye nokusebenzisa ama-antigen kuphela, ukugonya kwe-DTaP kunokunyusa impendulo ye-immune ngeempembelelo ezimbalwa.
Kungenxa yesi sizathu sokuba amaziko okuLawula nokuVikela (iCCDC) acebisa ukuba isitofu sokuchithwa kwe-DTP luthatyathwe yi-DTaP ngo-1996.
Izifo zeNkukhu iVimbela
I-Diphtheria, i-tetanus, kunye ne-pertussis zizo zonke izifo ezibangelwa yi-bhakteria, ukuba, xa ingashiywanga ingathatyathwa, ingabangela ukugula nokufa. I-Diphtheria ne-pertussis isasazeka ukusuka kumntu ukuya kumntu. I-tetetus ingena emzimbeni ngokucoca okanye amanxeba.
- I-Diphtheria ibangelwa yiCorynebacterium diphtheriae bhakteria. Kulula ukusasazeka ngokukhwehlela, ukukrazula, okanye ukudibanisa ngqo kunye nento ecocekileyo, njengento yokudlala. Kwiintsuku ezimbini ukuya kwiintsuku ezintathu emva kokungcola, ii-toxins ezivela kwiibhaktheriya zingabangela iimpawu zokuphefumula (kubandakanye isambatho esinyeneyo, emphefumlweni okanye emqaleni), ubuthathaka, i-lymph nodes, kunye nomkhuhlane. Ukuba ingena egazini, ingonakalisa intliziyo, iintso, kunye neentsholongwane.
- I-Tetanus ibangelwa yi- Clostridium tetani bhakteria, iifrares zazo zifumaneka emhlabathini, uthuli kunye nomquba. Ukusabalala kukungena emzimbeni ngokusebenzisa isikhumba ephukile, ngokuqhelekileyo xa ulusu lukhunjulwa ngento ecocekileyo njengekhonkwane. I-Tetan isoloko ibizwa ngokuthi "lockjaw" kuba inokubangela ukuqina komelele kwemisipha yomhlathi. Oku kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki zempilo ezinzima, okwenza kube nzima ukuphefumula kwaye ude uginye.
- I-Pertussis ibangelwa ibhaktheriya yaseBordetella pertussis ezizibandakanya ezinqamlezweni ezincinane, ezinjengeenwele (ezibizwa ngokuba yi-cilia) ezenza umgca wokuphefumula. Iibhaktheriya zikhulula iibhox ezingangonakalisi kuphela i-cilia kodwa zenze ukuba i-airways ivule. Njenga-diphtheria, i-pertussis isasazeka ngokukhwehlela, ukunyunyuza, okanye ukuhlala nje kwindawo efanayo yomoya ngexesha elide. Izibonakaliso zivela kwiintsuku ezi-5 ukuya kwi-10 zokungcola kwaye zingabandakanya umkhuhlane we-low-grade, i- apnea (izikhefu ekuphefumla), ukuhlanza, ukukhathala, kunye nesigqirha, ukukhwehlela okuphezulu. I-pneumonia iyakhula.
Ngubani omele afumane i-DTaP Vaccine?
Ngenxa yokuba amagama abo afanayo, abantu abaqinisekanga ukuba bafuna i-DTaP okanye iTDaP yokugonya. Ngaphezulu, kukho iitoli ze-DT neTd, ezisetyenziswa ukukhusela kuphela i-tetanus ne-diphtheria.
Uhlobo oluphambili kulezi zitofu luya kubani abafanelekileyo. Ngokweengcebiso zeCDC:
- I-DTaP inconywa kubantwana abangaphantsi kwe sixhenxe kwaye iqukethe ama-antigen amaninzi ukuphucula kangcono ukukhusela umzimba.
- I-DT isinconywa kubantwana abangaphantsi kwe sixhenxe apho i-pertussis yokugonya igxininiswa (ngokuqhelekileyo kuba kukho impendulo edlulileyo).
- I-TDaP yindlovu yokukhusela i-booster enikwa abantwana abangaphezulu kwesixhenxe kunye nabantu abadala kwaye idinga ama-antigens ambalwa ukukhuthaza ukhuseleko.
- I-Td i-vaccine ye-booster enikwa abantu abaselula kunye nabantu abadala abangase babe phantsi komngcipheko we-pertussis.
Ukugonya kwe-DTaP kuthengiswa phantsi kwegama elithi Daptacel ne-Infarix. Ukugonya kwe-TDaP idayiswa phantsi kwe-Adacel ne-Boosterix. Okwangoku, ukugonywa kwe-Td kuthengiswa phantsi kwegama elithi Tenivac, ngelixa i-DT yokugonya iyatholakala ngokubanzi.
Kukho iindibaniselwano zokukhusela ezikhuselene nalezi nezinye izifo. Ziquka uKririx (i-DTaP kunye ne-polio), i-Pediarix (i-DTaP, i-polio, ne-hepatitis B), ne-Pentacel (i-DTaP, i-polio, ne- Haemophilus influenzae uhlobo b).
Ishedyuli yeShedyuli
Ukugonywa kwe-DTaP kunikezwa njengengxube ye-intramuscular, ihanjiswe kwisiswini sangaphandle somlenze kwiintsana kunye nabantwana abancinci okanye i-deltoid muscle yengalo engaphezulu kwintsholongwane kunye nabantu abadala. Inani kunye neshedyuli yamanani ahluke ngohlobo lomntu kunye nemeko:
- Kwiintsana, amahlumela amahlanu ahlukeneyo acwangciswe kwiinyanga ezimbini, ezine, neenyanga ezintandathu, phakathi kweenyanga ezili-15 neye-18, kunye nephakathi kwezine ukuya kwimithandathu. I-boosister dose yeTdap kufuneka inikezwe xa umntwana eneminyaka eyi-11 ukuya kwe-12. I-booster Td inokunikezwa emva kweminyaka eyi-10 emva koko.
- Kubantu abadala abadala abangazange bagonwe, ifowuni enye yeTDaP ingasetyenziswa. I-foster TD shot kufuneka inikezelwe yonke iminyaka eyi-10.
- Ukongezelela, abafazi abakhulelweyo kufuneka bafumane umthamo owodwa weTdap, mhlawumbi kwi-27 ukuya kweeyure ezingama-36.
Imiphumela
Imiphumo emibi evela kwi-DTaP yokugonya ithambekele kwaye iyabandakanya:
- Umkhuhlane ophantsi
- Ubomvu, ukuvuvukala, ukukhathazeka, okanye isisa kwiziko lokuxela
- Intloko
- Ukukhathala
Iimpawu zivame ukuhlakulela iintsuku ezintathu ukuya kutsho emva kokudubula kwaye zixhaphake emva kweeyunithi zezine okanye zesihlanu. Ukukhukhuma kuya kudla isombululo kwisithuba esinye ukuya kwiintsuku ezisixhenxe. Ngokuqhelekanga, ukuhlanza kunokwenzeka.
> Imithombo:
> Amasebe okuLawula nokuVimbela (iCCDC). "I-Diphtheria, iTetanus, ne-Pertussis Vaccine Recommendations." Atlanta, Georgia; hlaziywa ngoNovemba 22, 2016.
> CDC. "Ama-Vaccine Names US". Ukuhlaziywa kweDisemba 11, 2017.
> Klein, N. "Iigciwane ze-pertussis ezinelayisensi e-United States." Hl 2014; 10 (9): 2684-90. INGXELO: 10.4161 / hv.29576.