I-Oral and Injectable Formulations Available
Umkhuhlane we-typhoid (obizwa nje ngokuba yi-typhoid) akusisi sigulo esiyibona yonke into ehlala e-United States. Ukusuka kwimbono yomhlaba wonke, nangona kunjalo, kuthathwa njengengxaki enkulu yempilo yoluntu malunga nezigidi ezi-21 ezitsha kunye nokufa kwabantu abangaphezu kwezi-150 000 ngonyaka.
Ngapha apha eUnited States, abaninzi abantu abayi-5,700 bakholelwa ukuba banesifo rhoqo ngonyaka, ngokwemibiko evela kwiiNgingqi zokuLawula nokuVimbela (CDC).
Uninzi luyiphumo lokuhamba ngamazwe ukuya kwiindawo zehlabathi apho i-typhoid isasazeke khona.
Esi sifo, ngokuqhelekileyo esihambelana nemimiselo engcolileyo yokucoceka kunye neemeko zentlupheko yoluntu, inokuthintelwa kunye nesitofu somlomo okanye isitofu.
Indlela I-Typhoid Fever is Transmitted
Umkhuhlane we-typhoid unesifo esisongela ubomi esibangelwa yi- Salmonella typhi bacteria. Ibhaktheriya ikhona kuphela kubantu kwaye iphila ngokubanzi kwigazi okanye emathumbu.
Ukuba umntu unesifo se-typhoid, uya kutyhala iibhaktheriya ngamagqabi (izitulo). Naluphina uhlalutyo lwamanzi, ukutya, okanye iindawo ezinokubangela ukusabalala kwesi sifo. Ukudluliselwa komntu kumntu, njengokubambisana ngesandla, kuyaqhelekile.
Kwiindawo eziphuhliswayo ezikhuselekileyo zehlabathi, ukungabikho kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuthuthwa kwamanzi kuyimpembelelo enkulu ekukhuseleni isifo.
Iimpawu zoFood Fever
Xa sele usulelekile, i-bhakteria yanda ngokukhawuleza kwaye isasazeka ngegazi, ibangela uluhlu lweempawu kumanqanaba amathathu ahlukeneyo:
- Ngeveki enye, umntu unokufumana umkhuhlane, intloko, ukukhwehlela, ukukhathala, ukunciphisa izinga lentliziyo ( bradycardia ), ubuhlungu besisu, kunye neengxaki ze-nosebleeds.
- Ngeveki ezimbini, ukukhulelwa kuya kuqhubela phambili apho umntu engakwazi ukuvuka khona. Njengoko umkhuhlane uyaqhubeka ukuphakama, i- delirium iyaqhelekileyo. Iindawo ezinemibala e-Rose nazo zingahlakulela esiswini, ngelixa umntu enokufumana amaxesha amaninzi e-pea eluhlaza okanye edibeneyo.
- Ngeveki yesithathu, iingxaki zinokuguquka kwaye zingabandakanya ukunyuka kwamathumbu emathunjini, ukuvuvukala kwengqondo ( encephalitis ), ukunyuka kwamathumbu emathumbu, ukuvutha kwentliziyo ( myocarditis ) kunye nezifo zokuphefumula ezifana ne-pneumonia kunye ne-bronchitis.
Kuphela kuphela ekupheleni kweveki ezintathu ukuba izinga lokushisa eliphakamileyo liya kuqala. Unyango lubandakanya ikhosi yeziza-antibiotics (ezifana ne-amoxicillin okanye i-trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) kunye namaxesha amaninzi okukhusela ukukhulelwa kwamanzi.
Ukuba unyangwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo, i-typhoid ayikho nto ibangela ukufa. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ishiywe ingaphendulwa kwiveki yesithathu, umngcipheko wokufa ungakhula ngama-20 ekhulwini.
Izinyathelo zeTyidy Vaccine
Ukubonelelwa ngemiphumo yesifo se-typhoid, abantu abasemngciphekweni omkhulu banokubonelelwa ngokukhuselwa kunye ne-single dose egonyiwe egonyiwe okanye isitofu sokugonya ngomlomo.
Kukho ezimbini iigcino ezivunyiweyo yi-US Food and Drug Administration:
- ITyphim Vi isitofu esichengechunge se-typhoid esenziwe nge-bacterium engacwangcanga (engabulawa ngokupheleleyo) engenakubangela izifo. Ikhutshwe nge- intramuscularly (ngokuqhelekileyo ibe kwisisundu se-deltoid ingalo engaphezulu) kwaye idinga kuphela idosi enye. Ukugonya kufuneka kunikwe ubuncinane iiveki ezimbini ngaphambi kohambo kwaye kungasetyenziselwa umntu kuneminyaka emibini. Izibhengezo ze-Booster ziyakwazi ukuhanjiswa ngamnye kwiminyaka emibini kubantu kubantu abasemngciphekweni.
- I-Vivotif ngumlomo wokugonywa kwe-typhoid owenziwe nge- bacterium ephikisiwe (ephilayo kodwa ebuthathaka). Inikwe kwipakethi yee-capsules ezine, ngasinye sithathwa ngaso sonke imihla ngosuku kwisisu esingenalutho. I-Vivotif ingasetyenziselwa kunoma ubani kuneminyaka engama-6, ngelixa i-booster doses kuphela kufuneka ithathwe rhoqo kwiminyaka emihlanu. Njenge-vaccine ephilayo, kufuneka ifrijiwe kwaye ayifanele iwanikwe kubantu abaxhatshazwa ngumzimba ( njengabo abane-HIV ).
Ngaphandle kwemeko yolawulo (injection vs. oral) kunye nemingcele yomsebenzisi (ubudala kunye ne-immune status), zombini izitofu zinikela malunga ne-70 ekhulwini ukukhuselwa kwi-typhoid.
Oku kuthetha ukuba uya kufuneka ukhangele oko udlayo okanye uphuze ukuba uhamba ukuya kwi-hophopot ye-typhoid.
Iimpembelelo eziPhezulu kunye neNkcazo
Imiphumo emibi ibonakala ngokuqhelekileyo kunye neTyphim Vi kunye neepesenti ezingaphezu kwe-10 zabantu abanobuchopho, ukukhathala, iintloko, izihlungu zomzimba, kunye nentlungu yesaja. Nge-Vivotif, umngcipheko ungaphantsi (ngaphantsi kweepesenti ezisixhenxe) kwaye ungabandakanya intloko, isisongulu, kunye neentlungu zesisu. Kuzo zombini iimeko, iimpawu ziba nzima kwaye zizisombulule ngaphandle kwonyango.
Kwiphepha le-flip, kukho izidakamizwa ezininzi ezingqinaniyo kunye neVivotif kuneTyphim Vi. Okubaluleke kakhulu kokubambisa izidakamizwa ezinokudambisa umphumo wokugonya.
Kwezinye iimeko, kungenxa yokuba isilwanyana sinomkhuhlane we-immune ovimbela ukuveliswa kwamagciwane okukhusela. Ezi ziquka iziyobisi ezisetyenziselwa ukunyanga izifo ezinjenge-lupus, i-rheumatoid arthritis kunye ne-psoriasis. Kwezinye iimeko, kuya kufuneka unqande isigxina ixesha elide kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ngaphambi kokuba uphendulelwe i-typhoid.
Uluhlu lwezilwanyana ezingqiniswanga ukusetyenziswa kunye neVivotif zezi:
- UBenlysta (belimumab) , isichengululo sokuxilonga umzimba
- I-Cimzia (certolizumab pegol) , isistim sokukhusela isidumbu
- I-Cosentix (secukinumab), iziyobisi ezikhusela umzimba
- Hydrea (hydroxyurea), umhlaza wekhemotherapy
- I-Methotrexate esetyenziselwa ukunyanga i-cancer, i-psoriasis kunye ne-rheumatoid arthritis
- I-Taltz (ixekizumab), isichengululo sokukhusela umzimba
- I-Teflaro (i-ceftaroline), i-antibiotic
Uluhlu lwezilwanyana ezingqiniswanga ukusetyenziswa kunye neTyphim Vi zi:
- UBenlysta (belimumab) , ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ezisisigxina
- I-Cosentix (secukinumab), iziyobisi ezikhusela umzimba
- I-Taltz (ixekizumab), isichengululo sokukhusela umzimba
Ukuba ufuna i-typhoid yokugonywa, qiniseka ukuba ucebise ugqirha wakho kwanaluphina imithi onokuyithatha kunye nayiphi na imeko yonyango echaphazelekayo nokuxhatshazwa kwe-immune okanye isistim sokuzivikela.
Xa ufuna ukugonywa
NgokweKomidi elicebisi ngeeNtsholongwane (ACIP), ukugonywa rhoqo akukhuthazwa eUnited States. Noko ke, kukho imeko ezithile xa ugonyo lucebise kakhulu:
- Abahambi kwiindawo apho kukho umngcipheko weSalmonella typhi
- Abantu abahlala kunye nokuba nobudlelwane obusondeleyo nomntu oye waphathwa okanye uphathwa nge-fifoid fever
- I-microbiologist okanye abasebenzi bebhabhi abadibanisa ne- Salmonella typhi iinkcubeko okanye iimifanekiso
Xa uceba uhambo olwandle lwangaphandle, unokujonga iimfuno zokugonywa kwamanje kunye neengcebiso ngokuvakashela iwebhusayithi ye-advisory health guide elawulwa yi-CDC.
ILizwi
Nangona ukugonywa kwe-typhoid kunokunciphisa kakhulu umngcipheko we-typhoid fever, akuyiyo inkohliso. Ukuze uqinisekise ukuba uhlala ukhuselekile xa uhamba e-phesheya, kukho imigaqo eyi-10 evakalayo kufuneka ulandele rhoqo:
- Geza izandla zakho rhoqo ngesepha kunye namanzi ashushu.
- Yithwala inkunkuma yesikhokelo esisekelwe ngotywala ngamathuba apho amanzi engabikho.
- Gwema ukusela amanzi angatshatwanga.
- Nangona utywala iibhotile okanye utywala olusemathinini lungcono, cela isiselo ukuze uhanjiswe.
- Njalo ucele iziphuzo ngaphandle kweqhwa.
- Gwema izithelo eziqhambileyo kunye nemifuno nangona ziye zahluthwa.
- Khetha ukutya okutshisayo; ukutya okugcinwe okanye okwenziwa kwigumbi lokushisa kufuneka kugwenywe.
- Gweba abathengisi bezitrato.
- Sebenzisa amanzi asebhodleleni ukuxubha amazinyo.
- Zama ukungamanzi amanzi kwisitya.
> Imithombo:
> Amaziko okuLawula kunye nokukhusela (ii-CDC) zezifo "I-Fever's Fever." Atlanta, Georgia: ihlaziywe ngoJulayi 18, 2016.
> Ulawulo lokutya kunye neDrug (FDA). "IThiphim Vi." Silver Spring, eMaryn; hlaziywa ngoOktobha 10, 2017.
> FDA. "Vivotif." Ukuhlaziywa kweSeptemba 12, 2016.
> Jackson, B .; Iqbal, S; Mahon, B. et al. "Iziphakamiso eziPhakanyisiweyo zokuSebenza kweNtsholongwane yeTyidid - iKomidi elicebisa ngeZenzo zokuNgcwaba, eMelika, ngo-2015." MMWR. 2015; 64 (11) 305-8.