Isantya sezifo ezithathelwana ngesondo (STDs) eUnited States ngokunyuka. Ukususela ngo-2013 ukuya ku-2014 yedwa, inani lamatyala e-syphilis lanyuka ukusuka kuma-56,482 ukuya kuma-63,450, ngelixa i-gonorrheal izifo zanda ngokunyuka ngonyaka-ngonyaka ukususela ngo-2009.
Okona kunokwenzeka mhlawumbi, inani lama-chlamydia matyala sele liphantse liphindwe kabini kwixesha eliyiminyaka elishumi, lisuka ku-929,462 ngo-2004 ukuya ku-1,441,789 ngo-2014.
Ngeli xesha liyazi kakuhle ukuba ii-STD zinokunyusa kakhulu umngcipheko womntu wokufumana i-HIV, abaninzi abantu abasayiqondi ngokupheleleyo ukuba kutheni le ndlela okanye iindlela ezenza ukuba ii-STD zibe lula ukuququzelela ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane-nakwezinye izinto ezinobungozi obufana nezokwebelana ngesondo . Inyaniso yokuba ezininzi zezi zifo zihlala zingakhange zifumaneke kuphela zongeza kwiingxaki zokusuleleka.
Nangona kucacile ukuba izifo ezilonda i-ulcerative zifana ne-syphilis-engabonakalisa ngezilonda ezivulekileyo kwizitho zangasese-zinika indlela elula yokufikelela kwintsholongwane, i-20% yamatyala ayinaso izilonda. Ngaphezu koko, izilonda zesifo se-syphilitic kwi-rectum okanye i-cervix zisoloko ziphosiwe okanye zingakhange zibonwe, zakha iwindi yokhuseleko lokunyuka kwexesha lokuqala (emva kweeveki ezi-3-6).
Kodwa ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba izifo ezinamaqanda ezinjenge-syphilis ngandlela-thile "zibi" kunezinye ii-STD xa kuziwa kwi-HIV? Makhe sibone ngezizathu ezintathu zokuba kutheni oku kungenjalo.
I-STD ngokufanelekileyo "Iyabamba" iiseli ze-HIV ukuba zifeze
Nanini na i-pathogen (okt, i-agent-causing agent) iyangena emzimbeni, isistim somzimba siya kusebenza ngokukhawuleza, kubangele impendulo engokwemvelo. Ukuvuvukala kwenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokuba umsebenzi wokuzivikela omzimba ukhunjulwa kwi gear ephezulu, ukudala i-plethora yamaseli omzimba ukuhlukanisa nokubulala i-pathogen.
Kwintsholongwane ekhoyo, njenge-STD, amaseli ezikhuselekileyo njengeCD4 kunye ne- CD8 T-cell sele zifunyenwe kwimida yangaphambili. Ii-CD4 T-cell "zincedisi" iiseli ezikhokelela ngokuthe ngqo ukuba "i-CD" T-cell ibulala "i-cell" ukuze ingaphili i-pathogen.
Ingqungquthela kukuba iiseli zenzelwe ukubonakalisa ukuhlaselwa-i-CD4 iiseli-yizona ezijoliswe ngokukhethekileyo kwi-HIV kwintsholongwane. Ngoko ke, ukuhlaselwa kwe-pathogenic ngokuthe xaxa, iithagethi ezijoliswe ngakumbi ziyabalwa kwaye kulungele ukuba i-HIV iza kukwazi ukungenelela ekukhuselweni kwe-immune yomzimba.
Kungenxa yoko into eyenziwa yi-bacteria phantsi kwebubuko bepenisi inokunyusa ukufumana ukufumana i-HIV kuba ukuqokelela ibhaktiriya kunokushukumisa ukuphendula ngomzimba.
Ngoko nangona i-STD ingabonakali ngokukhatyathwa kwezicubu zomzimba, i-rectum okanye umhombo, ukuxilongwa kwamanzi e-immune kwisayithi yokusuleleka kunika i-HIV ithuba elihle lokukhula, ingakumbi ukuba usulelo luya kutshatyalaliswa.
Isifo se-STD sandisa ukongamela kwe-HIV kwi-Fluid Genital
Ngendlela efanayo ne-STD inokunyusa ukwanda komntu kwi-HIV, i-STD inokunyusa umngcipheko womntu wokudlulisela intsholongwane kwabanye. Ukuqhaqhazela, kwakhona, isizathu esibalulekileyo, apho amangqamuzana omzimba afunyaniswa ngokugqithiseleyo kwisayithi sosuleleko lwendawo.
Xa oko kwenzeka, inqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi "HIV shed" ingenzeka. Oku kuchazwa njengento yokuvuselela ngokukhawuleza kwe-HIV engapheliyo, okude kube oku kuphumla kwiindawo zamanzi ezifihliweyo . Njengomphumo wale shedayo, i-HIV esanda kusebenzwa inokuphindaphinda iphinde ingenise ukungena kwamanzi kunye nesisu, inyuke kwinani elingaphezulu kwezinto eza kwenzeka ngaphandle kwe-STD.
Ngokwe-meta-analysis ka-2008 evela kwiSikolo seYunivesithi saseKapa yeZiko loLuntu kunye neNyango yeMpilo, intsholongwane kaGawulayo kwisigxina somzimba iphinda iphindwe kabini ngenxa ye-gonorrheal okanye i-chlamydial infection.
Okubi kakhulu, kunokukwenza okokuba umntu uphathwa nge-HIV okanye cha.
Uphando lubonisile ukuba, phambi kosuleleko lwesifo sesandulela ngculazi, umntu onentsholongwane kaGawulayo unokufumana intsholongwane yobuncwane kwiimfihlo zentsapho nangona ukuba umthamo wentsholongwane egazini uphelelwe ngokupheleleyo.
Amanye ama-STD angenza ukuba i-HIV "ibuyiselwe"
Enye yeenjongo eziphambili ze- antiretroviral therapy (ART) kukukhusela ngokupheleleyo i-HIV kumanqanaba angabonakaliyo. Ngokwenza njalo, umntu onentsholongwane kaGawulayo akanako ukuthelela abanye. Enyanisweni, uphando oluninzi lubonakala lubonisa ukuba umntu osulelwe ngu-HIV unamaqondo angaphantsi kwama-90% angaphantsi kwe-HIV, engengenayo igciwane le-HIV.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuba loo mntu wayenokufumana isaphulelo se-viral (oko kukuthi, ukubuyiswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-HIV), umngcipheko wokusasazeka unokwanda ngokuthe ngqo.
Ngokomphandi nge-ANRS yeFransi (i-National Agency for AIDS and Hepatitis Research), abantu abanentsholongwane kaGawulayo banomngcipheko ophezulu malunga no-200% wokuguqulwa kwegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ukuba unesifo esiphathelene ne-syphilis. Ngokomyinge, ukusuleleka kwe-syphilis isisiphumo kubangele ubuncinci be-viral load increase of men HIV. Oku kubandakanya amadoda kwi-ART eqhubekayo, ngokunyanisekileyo kwaye iyenzeka kungakhathaliseki ubudala, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo, okanye isimo somzimba (njengokuba kulinganiswa nombolo ye-CD4 ).
Oku kugxininisa imfuno enkulu yokujonga i-syphilis kwiindawo ezinobungozi obuphezulu, ngokukodwa amadoda anesondo kunye namadoda (MSM) aphethe i-83% yezigulane ze-syphilis kumadoda kunye ne-30% yazo zonke i-HIV kwi-US.
Nangona kungabonakali ukuba nayiphi na intlangano phakathi kwamanye ama-STD kunye nomngcipheko wokuguqulwa kwegciwane, iingozi eziqhubekayo zokusasaza zihlala ziphezulu kubantu abangaphenduliweyo kwi-HIV.
Imithombo:
Amaziko e-US for Control and Prevention (CDC) yeZifo. Izifo Ezidluliselwa Ngosondo - IiNdaba Ezichaziweyo kunye neeRhafu zeeNkundla eziPhiweyo kwi-100,000 yabemi base-United States, i-United States, ngo-1941-2014. " Atlanta, Georgia; iphepha elihlaziywe ngoNovemba 17, 2015.
UJohnson, uL. noLee, D. "Iimpembelelo zezifo zentsholongwane ngohlobo lwe-HIV-1 egazini lomzimba: ukuhlaziywa okucwangcisiweyo kunye nokuhlaziywa kwemeta." Izifo ezithathelwana ngesondo . Novemba 2008; 35 (11): 946-959.
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Jarzebowski, W .; Caumes, E .; Dupin, N .; okqhubekayo. "Impembelelo yentsholongwane yokuqala ye-syphilis kwi-plasma umthamo we-viral load kunye ne-CD4 cells count in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: iziphumo ezivela kwi-FHDH-ANRS CO4." IiNcwadi zoLondolozo lwangaphakathi. NgoSeptemba 10, 2012; 172 (16): 1237-1243. .