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6 Izifo ezitshatyalaliswa nguMiyane-Borne DiseasesAbaninzi baseMerika bacinga ngamangqungqangi ngokwemiqathango jikelele: Ukuluma umlingo kubangelwa kummiyane. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobumpofu ngaphandle apho, kwaye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zobumongwane zixhaphaza ngaphezu kweyona nkathazo yempembelelo yendawo eyenziwe yinto ephilileyo okanye i-red bump bump. Umiyane ohlukeneyo unokusasaza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezifo ezinzulu.
Ngokomzekelo, uhlobo lwe- Culex lwemiyane lu sasaza intsholongwane yaseNtshonalanga yeNayile, iSt. Louis encephalitis kunye ne-arboviridae. Iingcambu zakwa- Anophelus zazisasaza i-malaria. Kwaye ke, u- Aedes umlingo-ngokuyinhloko i- Aedes aegypti kodwa kwakhona i- Aedes ablopictus- ijikeleze i-yellow fever, i-dengue, i-chikungunya, kunye ne-Zika virus.
Enye into ebalulekileyo eyenza ukuba ummi ukwazi ukusabalalisa ngokugqithiseleyo ukugula kukukhethiweyo kwendawo yokuhlala. I-Culex pipiens , eyasasaza iNayile yeNtshonalanga, iyathanda amanzi amaninzi, angcolileyo kunye namanzi angcolileyo. Iintlobo ze- Anopheles , ezisabalalisa i-malaria, ikhetha imithombo yamanzi engapheliyo, njengamachibi, amachibi kunye namanxuwa.
Ngokwahlukileyo, i- Aedes aegypti , eyasasaza i- virus yeZika , i-dengue, kunye ne-chikungunya, ngumswakama wamanzi anogumbeko onokuzaliswa ngamaninzi amancinci amanzi, kubandakanywa nezikhonkwane ezincinci. Ngokungafani ne- Aedes ablopictus , engaphezulu kwimiyane yasemaphandleni kwaye engasebenzi ngokusasazekayo kwizifo eziquka igciwane lesifo se-Zika, i- Aedes aegypti inokhetho olukhethekileyo kwiindawo zasezidolophini.
Ukuthatyathwa ndawonye, ezi ndawo zikhethiweyo zichaza isizathu sokuba kukho ukuqhuma kwintsholongwane ye-Zika kwi-wet, emanzi, kwindawo ezinabantu abaninzi ezinjengezo zaseBrazil. Njengoko usenokuva, malunga neengxaki ezi-4000 ze-microcephaly ezisanda kuzalwa, abaninzi banokucinga ukuba banxulumene nokutheleleka kwintsholongwane kaZika yintsholongwane, babonwa eBrazil ngo-2015.
Nazi izifo ezi-6 ezihlukeneyo zezifo:
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Ifiva ephuziNgowe-1904, amaMelika aqala ukwakhiwa kwiCanama Canal (emva kokuba amaFrentshi ashiye iphrojekthi), namhlanje ehlangene ne-Atlantic ne-Pacific Ocean. Ngowe-1906, iipesenti ezingama-85 zabasebenzi bezibhedlele nge-yellow fever okanye malaria. Kulezi zifo ezimbini eziguguze umlingo, i-yellow fever yayicatshulwa kakhulu.
Ifiveshi ephuzi ihanjiswa ngokubanzi yi- Aedes aegypti , eyaziwa nangokuthi umlingo we- yellow fever . Iibhedi ezitshatyalaliswayo zentsholongwane zibandakanya i-Afrika neLatin America Iimpawu zesifo se-yellow fever zinokusukela kwisifo esibuhlungu ukuya kwi-viral fever. (I-Ebola kunye neengulube zingakhokelela kumkhuhlane we-viral hemorrhagic fever.)
Ifiva ephuzi ibulala iipesenti ezingama-20 zabantu bonke abachaphazelayo. Iimpawu ezinzima zibandakanya umkhuhlane oqhubekayo, ukuxhamla, ukuhlanza, intloko, i-arrhythmias, i-coma, kunye nokutshitshiswa. I-classic triad yeempawu ziqukethe i-albuminuria (iprotheni kumchamo), i-jaundice (yingako le gciwane libizwa ngokuba yi-yellow fever) kunye ne-emesis emnyama, okanye ihlanza.
Unyango lwe-yellow fever luphawu kwaye luquka imishishini yokuphucula intlungu kunye namanzi. Kukhona ukugonywa okusebenzayo okuthintela i-yellow fever.
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ChikungunyaNjengomkhuhlane ophuzi, i-chikungunya isasazwa ngu- Aedes aegypti . I-Chikungunya nayo isasazwa ngumlingo we-tiger waseAsia ( Aedes albopictus ).
Mhlawumbi into enhle kuphela malunga ne- chikungunya , ngaphandle kwegama layo elihle, kukuba lesi sifo asiyi kukubulala. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba unamahloni ngokwaneleyo ukuba unokusuleleka kwesi sigulo, zilungele ukuhamba ngeveki enye yesihenqo.
I-Chikungunya ibangele ubuhlungu obukhulu, intloko, umkhuhlane kunye nokugqithisa. Intlungu ehlangeneyo ingaqhubeka iminyaka emva kokusuleleka.
Ngaphandle kwonyango oluxhasayo, njengamanzi kunye neentlungu ezinjengeTylenol, akukho nto enokuyenza ukuze i-chikungunya. Akukho ncithakalo yokukhusela esi sigulo. Abantu abahlala kwiindawo apho i-chikungunya ihlala khona kufuneka igqoke i-insects repellent kwaye igubungele ukukhusela umlingo.
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DengueI-Dengue isasazwa yi- Aedes aegypti kunye no- Aedes albopictus .
Iengqungquthela iveza ezininzi njenge-chikungunya; umkhuhlane, ukukhawuleza, kunye nentloko zizonke zihamba ngekhosi. Nangona kunjalo, endaweni yesifo esihlangeneyo (arthralgia) efana ne-chikungunya, i-dengue iveza iintlungu zomzimba okanye i-myalgias. Ezi ntlungu ziba nzima kangangokuthi i- dengue iye yafuna i-moniker yayo: "i-breakbone fever."
Uninzi lwabantu abanomkhuhlane we-dengue babuya . Ngelishwa, ezinye ziqhubeka ukuhlakulela i- dengue i-femrrhagic fever , ebulalayo ngaphandle kokunyamekela nokunyamekela ngokunyamezelayo kunye nokunyuka kwamanzi, ukunyelwa igazi kunye nokunyamekela okukhulu. Abantu abanomkhuhlane we-dengue obangelwa ngumkhuhlane abangashiyiweyo baphela ekuphumeni kwegazi kwiindawo ezininzi zomzimba kwaye bangafa ngenxa yokothuka.
Umkhuhlane we-Dengue uphathwe ngokuphawulekayo, kwaye akukho nonyango ekhoyo.
Emva kweminyaka engama-20 yophando, iqumrhu laseFransi lenkampani yeSanofi ladala ugonyo lwe-dengue ngo-2015.
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MalariyaI-Malaria isasazwa ngu- Anophelus ummiyane, ophethe i- Plasmodium ye- parasite.
I-Malaria inoxanduva lokufa kwabantu abayizigidi ezigidi ngonyaka; isasazeka kwiindawo ezininzi eziphuhlisayo kunye neendawo ezisezantsi nakwindawo ephantsi komhlaba.
Nazi ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-malaria:
- Ukuhlaselwa ngokukhawuleza komkhuhlane, ukujuluka, kunye nezikhukhula
- intloko
- ukuhlanza
- intlungu yesisu (myalgia)
- i-anemia
- i-thrombocytopenia (ukutshatyalaliswa kweeplatelet)
- i-splenomegaly (ipeni ekhulisiweyo)
Ukusuleleka kakhulu ngentsholongwane ka-malariya kufaka umonakalo owenzela ubomi obunobungozi, umxholongwane (uxinzelelo olungaphantsi kwegazi), i-edema ye-pulmon (umkhuhlane emiphakeni), i-anemia enkulu, i-metabolic (ityiliti yomzimba) kunye nokunye.
Ngethamsanqa, iziyobisi ze-malaria ziyasebenza ekuphatheni i-malariya; i-chloroquine yonyango lokuqala lonyango.
Iziyobisi ze-Antimalarial nazo zingasetyenziswa njengeprophylaxis ukukhusela i-malaria kubahambi.
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Intsholongwane yaseNtshonalanga yeNayileKwi-seaboard yaseMpuma yaseUnited States, uCulex pipien usasaza intsholongwane yaseNtshonalanga yeNayile. Ngokungafani nezinye iintozane ezikhankanywe ngasentla, ezithatha isifo kubantu, uCulex pipiens udlulisela iNayile eNtshona emva kokubetha intaka kuqala aze abe ngumntu wesibini.
Uninzi lwabantu abasuleleke yiNtsholongwane yaseNtshonalanga behla bengenazo iimpawu kwaye ngoko ke bangabonakali. I-CDC ilinganisela ukuba omnye wabantu abahlanu abanesifo sengculaza yaseWest Nile bavelisa iimpawu zekliniki ezinobunzima, kuquka umkhuhlane, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, ukugqithisa, kunye neentlungu neentlungu.
Ubuncinane babantu - ngokubanzi abantu abadala kuneminyaka engama-60 ubudala kunye nezimo ezifana nesifo sikashukela, umfutho wexinzelelo, okanye umhlaza-qhubeka uhlakulela intsholongwane ephezulu. Usulelo olunzulu lubandakanya iingxaki zeengxaki: i-meningitis okanye i-encephalitis. Phantse iipesenti ezili-10 zabantu abahlakulela isifo esinjalo sisifo.
Akukho nonyango okanye ugonyamelo lweNtsholongwane yeNayile eNtshona. Kubantu abanokugula okumnene, unyango olumqondiso lunikwa. Abantu abanezifo ezinzima badinga ukunakekelwa nokunyamekela.
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Zika VirusNjengengqungquthela, i-yellow fever, kunye ne-chikungunya, i-virus ye-Zika iphambili ngokusasazwa ngu- Aedes aegypti .
Ngasekuqaleni kuka-2016, i-WHO yathi i-Zika virus isifo esiphuthumayo kwihlabathi jikelele ngokubhekiselele kwisikhonkco esibuhlungu kwi-microcephaly kunye nezinye iziphazamiso zokuzalwa phakathi kweentsana zaseBrazil.
Imithombo:
IPadakis MA, McPhee SJ. Malariya. Ku: Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ. eds. Ukuxilongwa ngokukhawuleza kwezoNyango kunye noNyango 2016 . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2016. Kufumaneka ngoFebhuwari 05, 2016.
Venugopal R, D'Andrea S. Abahambi belizwe lonke. Ku: Tintinalli JE, Stapczynski J, Ma, Yealy DM, Meckler GD, Cline DM. eds. I-Tintinalli Yonyango Elijongene Noxinzelelo: Isikhokelo Sokufunda Esipheleleyo, 8e . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2016. Kufumaneka ngoFebhuwari 04, 2016.