Ama-Pathogens, okanye ama-agent agangela izifo, ezele kwihlabathi esiphila kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, njengokuba zifana nokuba zihlobo kunye nesakhiwo, izifo-nzo zonke zinento efanayo: Ukuze kubangele izifo, kufuneka bahlasele ngempumelelo umkhosi. Ama-Pathogens adluliselwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ngomoya, ngesondo, ngegazi nakweminye yamanzi omzimba, okanye ngeendlela zomlomo.
Iintlobo ze-Pathogens
Ngokuqhelekileyo, ii-pathogens ziwela kwesinye sezigaba ezine zilandelayo:
Iintsholongwane: Ezi zixhobo ezinokusasazeka zifuna i-host host to replicate and prosper. Iintsholongu zifezekisa ngokungena emzimbeni womntu kwaye zihlasele iseli apho zizikopisha ngokwazo kwaye zandwendwela kwezinye iiseli. Imizekelo yeentsholongwane zivela kwizifo ezinzima ezifana nesifo sobushushu kunye nesisu esiswini kwisifo sengculazi (i-HIV) kunye ne- hepatitis C.
Iibhaktheriya: Nangona iibhaktheriya ezininzi zingabangeli izifo kwaye ngenxa yoko aziyizifo eziphilayo, ezinye zezinto eziphilayo ezincinci, eziqhelekileyo zibonakala zimelele njengeendonga, i-spirals, okanye i-spheres. Iibhaktheriya zisoloko zikhulu ngobukhulu kuneentsholongwane, kwaye abantu banomdla wokutheleleka kwe-bacterial emva kokuba i-immune system isele ithathaka ngenxa yentsholongwane. Imizekelo yeentsholongwane ze-bhakteria iquka umthamo we-throp throat, i-meningitis, kunye nokutyhelwa kokutya.
Iifungi : Iigwele, ukubunjwa kunye nama-mushroom ziintlobo zonke zefungi ezingabangela izifo kubantu.
Iifungi ziyi-eukaryoti, ezithetha ukuba iiseli zabo ziqulethe i-nucleus kunye nezinye izakhi ezifakwe ngaphakathi kweembrane. Oku kuthetha ukuba kunzima ukuwabulala kwaye amaninzi amayeza akhoyo ayasebenza kangangoko kunokuba, umzekelo, i-antibiotiki ngelixa kubangela nemiphumo engaphezulu kumntu owathathayo.
Imizekelo yezilwanyana ezifayilini zibandakanya imvungu, i-hertoplasmosis, kunye nezifo zesisu zesisu.
Izidumbu : Ezi ziphilayo zihlala kwindawo yokuhlala kwaye zifumana amandla (ukutya) ezivela kulo mkhosi, zidla ngokubangela ukugula kwinkqubo. Iintlobo ezintathu eziphambili zeepasites ezenza izifo zabantu ziyi-protozoa, helminths, kunye ne-ectoparasites. Imizekelo yezidumbu ezibangelwa ukugula kwabantu yi-tapeworm (ezibangela ukugula kokugaya), iikhiza (ezibangela isifo seLyme), kunye ne-plasmodium (ebangela i-malaria).
Ukukhusela ama-Pathogens
Iyeza lonyango lamanje linendlela ezininzi zokulwa nezifo ezifana nezigulane, i-antibiotics, kunye ne-fungicides, kodwa umzimba womntu uxhotyiswe ngeendlela ezininzi zokukhusela izifo ezigugu kunye nezifo abazibangelayo. Ngokomzekelo, isistim somzimba kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeseli ezivelisa (i-leukocytes, i-neutrophils, kunye ne-antibodies) ezikwazi ukulwa nezifo. Ukongezelela, ezinye zeempawu zokugula ezifana nokukrazula nokukhwehlela, ngokwenene umzamo womzimba wokuxosha ama-pathogens emzimbeni.
Enyanisweni, iindlovu, ngoxa zicinga ukuba zizibonakaliso zokugula, ngokwenene ziyindlela yomzimba yokuphakamisa ubushushu bawo kwizinga elingenakuhlala nazo ezinye izifo. Yindlela ekhuselekileyo yokukhusela enganceda ukubulala amagciwane kunye nokubuyisela impilo.
> Umthombo:
> Alberts B; Johnson A; Lewis J; okqhubekayo. (2002). "Intshayelelo kuma-Pathogens". Biology Biology yeSeli (4th ed.). Garland Science.