Okungaphezu Kwama-Semantics nje.
Nangona amagama athi "usulelekile" kwaye "asulelekile" asetyenziswa ngokungaqhelekanga ukuchaza izifo, zithetha izinto ezimbini ezihluke kakhulu.
Izifo ezithathelwanayo
Ngokucacileyo, isifo esithathelwanayo sisifo esingabangela isifo. Oko kukuthi, xa i-microorganism ifika emzimbeni wakho, kwaye iyenza ikhululekile. Kwiibhaktheriya okanye i-fungi, oku kuthetha ukuhlukanisa nokwandisa iiseli ezintsha kwizinga lokuhlola.
Iintsholongwane, ngakolunye uhlangothi, unesithintelo esongeziweyo sokungena kwiiseli zomntu nokuthatha amaziko abo okulawula ukuze bakwazi ukwenza ngokwabo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba i-arhente okanye indlela, ichaphazela ngaphakathi: izifo-mzimba ziza ngaphakathi emzimbeni wakho kwaye zandwendwela kuwo wonke. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kungakhokelela kwimpawu. Ngamanye amaxesha akwenzi.
Izifo ezingabonakaliyo
I- papillomavirus yomntu ngumzekelo we-pathogen engabangela intsholongwane kodwa kungekhona impawu. Phantse bonke abantu abadala baseUnited States baya kuhlaselwa yi-HPV, kodwa baninzi abakwaziyo. Nangona intsholongwane ingakhokelela kwimivimbo yesifo somzimba okanye umhlaza kwabanye abantu, ubuninzi bexesha alibangeli nayiphi na impawu. Umzimba wakho unako ukucima intsholongwane ngaphandle kokuba ugule-kodwa usenokusasaza kwabanye.
Izifo ezixubileyo
Isifo esicetywayo sisisifo esithintekayo. Umphumo ungaphandle. Ukuba umntu ubamba isigulo, angagula aze asasaze i-pathogen-kuba kubanda, intsholongwane, okanye enye i-agent-causing-person on the next person.
Oku kunokukhokelela ekuqhambaneni okuncinci, okungaqhelekanga okanye izifo ezizeleyo.
Umzekelo wale nto uyenzeka ngamnye ngonyaka kwiUnited States ukususela ngo-Oktobha ukuya kuMeyi: umkhuhlane . Njengoko iipilisi zentsholongwane zidluliselwa ukusuka kumntu ukuya kumntu kunye nezinto ezingcolileyo, intsholongwane isasazeka kude. Kulowo nalowo umntu onomkhuhlane, omnye umntu kwabanye ababini uya ku suleleka ukuba aphelelwe ngumzimba.
Le nqanaba yokuthi i-pathogen isasazeka ngokukhawuleza ibizwa ngokuba yiyona namba yokuzala, okanye i- R0 , kwaye incike kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nendlela i-microbe ehamba ngayo kubantu abatsha.
Izindlela zokuThumela
Ubume abukho ukusweleka kobuchule kwindlela amayeza angakwazi ngayo ukuhamba ngokubanzi. Ezi zimbalwa zeendlela eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukusasazeka.
Umntu-kumntu
Ama-Pathogens aphuma kumntu omnye ukuya kwelinye angadluliselwa ngeendlela ezininzi, ezifana nokuhlaziya okuphefumulayo, ukukhwehlela okanye ukukrazula, umsebenzi wesondo, udibaniso negazi, okanye kumama ukuya kumntwana ngexesha lokukhulelwa, ukuzalwa okanye ukuncelisa.
Ukugula okukhuselekileyo apho udibanisa okanye ukukhwehlela okuninzi kunokunika ithuba le-microbe ithuba lokusasazeka, kodwa akudingeki ukuba ube neempawu zokusasazeka. Akunakuze ube neenxa zonke. Imiphunga, umzekelo, inokudluliselwa kwisithuba seentsuku ezine ngaphambi kokuba uhlakulele ukutshabalalisa , kwaye intsholongwane ingakwazi ukuhlala emoyeni ixesha elide emva kweeyure ezimbini emva kokushiya kwigumbi.
Vectors
Ezinye ii-microbes azifaki ukususela kumntu-kumntu, kodwa kunokuba zihambe kunye nomntu onomjikelezo womntu. Uxanduva lwezigidi zezifo ngamnye kunyaka, ummiyane ungenye yezinto eziqhelekileyo ezibonakalayo kwihlabathi.
Ngokomzekelo, isifo seMalariya sisasazwa ngamangqungquthela abathatshulwa emva kokubetha umntu onesifo, kwaye emva koko, badlula i-parasite kumntu olandelayo abalumayo.
Ubukho beentongwane kuphela abukwanele ukusasaza izifo. Ziphela nje ukudlula. Ukuba akakho na abantu abahlala kunye ne-malaria, i-mosquitos ayikwazi ukusasazeka kwesi sifo.
Fomites
Ezinye izifo azidingi into ephilileyo ukusulela abantu abatsha-nje nje ngomhlaba ukuxhoma. Esinye sezizathu zokuhlamba izandla kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhusela izifo kuba kukho itoni yezinto esizichaphazelayo imihla ngemihla egcwele iigciwane ezinokukugula.
Ngethuba lexesha lokubandayo kunye nomkhuhlane, ukungabikho kwengqondo ekuphambeni iipumlo ezigqithisiweyo kunye nokuchukumisa i-cockorkob yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuba iintsholongwane ziqhube uhambo oluya kumntu olandelayo. Xa ufika emva kwabo ukuvula umnyango ofanayo, iintsholongwane zifika elukhumbeni lwakho kwaye zilindele ithuba lokungena ngaphakathi emzimbeni wakho-ngokuphindaphindiweyo xa uthintela impumlo okanye uhlambe amehlo akho.
Ukutya okungcolileyo okanye Amanzi
Indlela ekhethekileyo yintsholongwane yokuhamba ihamba ngeendlela zomlomo-oko kukuthi, ngokutya okanye ngamanzi angcoliswe ngumbandela wefecal, oko kukuthi i-poop. Ukutya okanye amanzi okusela angangcoliswa xa abantu abanesifo abahlambulukanga izandla ngaphambi kokuba benze ukutya kokutya okanye ukuba abanalo ucoceko olwaneleyo xa beza kuhlamba. Esi sizathu esiqhelekileyo sokutya utyhefu.
Usuleleke kodwa awunxibelelwano
Nangona zonke izifo ezithengiswayo zisuleleka, akubona zonke izifo ezithintekayo. I-Tetan , umzekelo, inokubangela ukusuleleka, kodwa umntu onetetanus akakwazi ukusasaza kwabanye abantu. Iibhaktheriya zihlala kwindawo yokungcola kunye nothuli, kwaye zingene ngaphakathi emzimbeni wakho ngokusebenzisa izibonda ezifana nokusika, ukuchithwa, okanye i-punctures. Nangona i-pathogen ingakhokelela kwisifo esiyingozi kakhulu kunye nokugula kubantu, ngokuqinisekileyo akuyi kubangela ukuba ubhubhane emhlabeni wonke.
> Imithombo:
> Clinical Mayo. Izifo ezithathelwanayo.
> INtaba yeSinayi iSibhedlele. Izindlela zokuDluliswa kwezifo. KwiSebe leMicrobiology.