Kwiminyaka edlulileyo okanye kunjalo, abantu baye balwa-kwaye bafumana inxaxheba yabo efanelekileyo yemfazwe nezifo. Iigonyi zatshitshiswa i- smallpox . Iintsholongwane zanqoba umkhuhlane obomvu . Kwaye i-insecticide yanyuka emva kwezigulane ezithwala izifo.
Nangona ezi mpu melelo, ezinye izifo zibonakala zibuyisa. Ukuqhaqha kwamasisi kunye neemvumba zenze ngaphezu kwezihloko ezimbalwa zexesha elidlulileyo, kunye ne-once-lost of pathogens ezifana nekholera ziqhubela phambili kwiimbali zonyango. Nangona izizathu zokunyuka nokuwa kwezifo zihlala ziyinkimbinkimbi kwaye kunzima ukuzinqumla phantsi, zezi zizathu ezimbalwa ezibangela ezinye zezinto ezibuyiselwayo.
I gciwane lokuNqanda
Enye yempumelelo enkulu kwimpilo yomphakathi kwimbali, izitofu zithathwa ngokunciphisa okukhulu kwezifo ezinobungozi ezifana nesifo sesingqungquthela kunye nepholio. Nangona uninzi lweentsapho luvuma ukugonywa, inani elikhulayo libonakala lilibale okanye likhuphe izitofu ngokupheleleyo ngenxa yokungaqondi kakuhle ukhuseleko, ukuphumelela, kunye nokufuneka kwegciwane.
E-Texas, umzekelo, inani labafundi abangenayo imimiselo engeyiyo imimiselo kwiimfuno zokugonya zezikolo ziye zavela kwi-10 404 kuphela ngo-2007 ukuya ku-52 755 ngo-2017. Nangona izinga lokugonywa lilonke le-measles eTexas lugcinwe kakuhle phakathi kuka-2007 no-2017 ngesantya malunga Amaphesenti angama-97 kubafundi, uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abangenasigxina bavame ukuqokelela kwiindawo ezifanayo kunye nezikolo, okubangele ukuphazamiseka kokukhusela umkhuhlane wezilwanyana kunye nokushiya abo bantu basengozini yokuhlaselwa kwezifo.
Kwimeko yaseTexas, ngaphezu kwezi-360 zezikolo ezizimeleyo zesikolo ezizi-1,745-okanye iipesenti ezingama-21-zinezifo zokugonywa kwe-measles ngaphantsi kweepesenti ezingama-94 ezicetyiswa ukuba zifikelele emzimbeni, kwaye ubuncinci izithili zichaze i-measles vaccination rates of 50% okanye ngaphantsi . Ukuba umntu osuleleke kumasisi kufuneka angene kuloo mihlali, eso sifo singasasazeka njengomlilo wasendle.
Iingxube yenye yezona zifo ezininzi ezichaphazelekayo ezaziwa ngabantu. Kwaye kwavakaliswa ngokusemthethweni kwi-United States ngo-2000, kodwa ukususela ngaloo ndlela, ukugqashuka kwezigidi kunye namawaka eemeko kuye kwabikwa-kuquka ukuqubuka okubandakanya iDisneyland eyakhokelela kwiimeko ezingaphezu kwama-300 e-United States naseCanada.
Ngokomhla wokuhlaziywa okushicilelwe kwi-JAMA, amaninzi aphezulu abameli bokugonywa kwintlalo enikeziweyo yandisa umngcipheko weevolisi kungekhona nje kubantu abangagciniweyo, kodwa nabantu abagonywe. Kungenxa yokuba akukho sitofu sokugonywa ngama-100 ekhulwini. Abanye abantu abafumana isicontsho abasenokungayiphenduli kuyo kwaye banokugula nangona kunjalo ukuba bafumaneke kwintsholongwane.
Ngaphandle kokuba iUnited States iyakwazi ukwanda kwamazinga okugonya kwimimandla kulo lonke leli lizwe, ezi ziqhamo ziya kuqhubeka ziqhubeka.
Ukuxhatshazwa okanye ukungakhuseli okwaneleyo
Izilwanyana akusiyo kuphela isifo esikhuselweyo sokukhusela i-vaccine. Iziganeko ze-pertussis kunye nama-mumps ziye zenyuka, kwaye ngelixa i-vaccine yenqatshelwe ngokuqinisekileyo yinto ebalulekileyo, kunomnye umntu onokuthi uyadlala ekuthandeni: ukungakhuselekanga okanye ukuxhatshazwa komzimba.
Uninzi lwabantu ababandakanyekayo ekugqibeleni kweemvaphu kunye ne-pertussis bekuncinci begonyelwe. Ngaba oko kuthetha ukuba igonti ayisebenzi? Akunjalo.
Iigciwane le-Pertussis kunye nama-mumps zi malunga ne-80 ekhulwini xa zinikwa kuqala. Njengoko ixesha liqhubeka, uphando lubonisa ukuba ukukhuseleka kubangelwa, kunye nokunyuka kwamanani angadinga ukukhusela ekuchaseni.
Iigonti zisebenza ngokuqeqesha umzimba wakho ukulwa ne-pathogen ethile, njengentsholongwane, ibhaktheriya, okanye i-toxin. I-immune system yenza ama-antibodies ukulwa nesitofu sokugonywa, aze agcine kude ulwazi xa beqhagamshelana nesifo kwixesha elizayo. Isixhobo esinamandla, kodwa akufani nokutshintshela umtshini. Iigonkco aziqinisekisi ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuphila okukhuselekileyo kumntu wonke obafumanayo, kwaye kuyafana nokusuleleka kwintsholongwane yesifo.
Ukuba umzimba awubonakalwanga kwi-pathogen okanye igonyo kwakhona ixesha elide, umzimba uya "ukulibala" indlela yokwenza i-antibodies, kwaye ayikwazi ukulwa ngokwaneleyo intsholongwane-nangona loo mntu ugonywe. Izibhengezo ze-"Booster" zinganceda ukugcina umzimba wokhuseleko lomzimba ulungiswe kwaye ulungele ukuba unxulumane nesimo sawo sasendle, kodwa ngubani na kaninzi kangakanani ufuna enye i-dose yokugonya.
Nangona ezinye izitofu zibonelela ngokuzikhusela komzimba wonke, ukhuseleko lwabanye lubonakala ngaphezu kwexesha, kwaye-njengokuba kunjalo ne-vaccine ye-measles-kungekhona wonke umntu oza kufumana impendulo ekhuselweyo yomzimba. Oko kuthetha ukuba inani labantu abanikezelweyo liya kuba yingozi, nangona ukuba izinga lokugonya liphezulu.
Kwimeko ye-pertussis ngokukodwa, kukho ubungqina bokuba abantu abagonyweyo banokukhuselwa kwisifo esisebenzayo-kodwa kungekhona ukususela kwiikholoni. Kulula nje, ukuba umntu ogonywayo udibene ne-bhakteria, abanakho ukukhwehlela okanye umkhuhlane, kodwa basenokusasaza iibhaktheriya kwabanye ngokuphefumula kwabo-njengamabhere, umzekelo. Noko ke, abaphandi bajonge kulo.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngelixa iigcini zingagqibekanga, zisengcono iindlela zokuthintela izifo ezifana nama-mumps kunye ne-pertussis.
UkuShatyiswa kweMithi
I-antibiotics isetyenziselwa ukuba ibe yintsholongwane yemilingo yokuphilisa izifo ezininzi. Ukufunyanwa kwe- penicillin ngasekupheleni kwee-1920 kwakuyi-game changer for the people, njengoko izifo ezazisetyenziselwa ukuthetha ngokufa ngokukhawuleza zaphulukiswa. Kodwa nje ngokuba abantu baye bafumanisa iindlela zokunqanda isifo, iintsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya ziye zatshintsha, nazo.
Isifo sofuba, umzekelo, esetyenziselwa ukubulala abantu abangaphezu kwabayisixhenxe abayifumanayo. Ukuxilongwa ngokufanelekileyo nokunyango kuye kwabangela ukuhla kwamanani emigangatho e-United States nakwihlabathi jikelele , kodwa loo nkqubela isongelwa nje ngokuba isifo sofuba esingaxhatshazwayo sisenza isityalo kwihlabathi jikelele. Kwezinye iimeko, iibhaktheriya zibonakala zingenakuphulukiswa kunye neenkqubo kunye neyeza.
Yaye akuyena kuphela. Ukuchaswa kweziyobisi kuye kwabonwa ngezona zifo- ezinye zazo zibeka iingongelo eziphuthumayo kwimpilo karhulumente, kuquka nezifo ezithathelwana ngesondo ezifana ne-gonorrhea. Izizathu zokuthi ukuchasana kuyahluka njani, kodwa konke kuya kweendlela kwaye zisetyenziswa njani na ezi ziyobisi.
Xa unentsholongwane ka-bhakteria, kungenzeka ukuba sele unama-bacteria anesifo somzimba kwi-antibiotic ngaphakathi kwakho, kunye namanye amabhaktheriya "alungileyo" anceda ukukhusela umzimba wakho kwiibhaktheriya "ezimbi". Ii-antibiotics zibulala zombini, kodwa xa zingasetyenziswanga ngokuchanekileyo-zingagqiba yonke imirhumo emiselweyo, umzekelo-ziyakushiya ezinye zee-bhakteria ezibi, ezinokumelana emva. Ngaphandle kweebhaktheriya ezintle zokuzigcina zikhulile, ezi "superbugs" zingandisa, zithatha, kwaye zisenokuba zisasazeka kumntu ukuya kumntu okanye zidlulisele amandla akhe amakhulu kwezinye iibhaktheriya.
Elinye lamanyathelo abalulekileyo kunxamnye nokulwa nokuxhatshazwa kweziyobisi kukutshintsha indlela i-antibiotic isetyenziswa ngayo kwaye imiselwe. Ngokutsho kwamaZiko okuLawulwa kweNtsholongwane kunye nokuKhusela, ama-50 engama-50 exesha le-antibiotics anqunywe, anqunywe ngokungalunganga okanye ngendlela engathandekiyo-umzekelo, ukuchaza i-antibiotiki yinto enokusuleleka ngentsholongwane ka-viral, njengobanda.
Ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemithi yokulwa nezidakamizwa kwizilwanyana ezivelisa ukutya kunokukhokelela ekuchaseni izidakamizwa zezifo ezithwala ukutya ezifana ne-salmonella kubantu, kwaye ke kufuneka kusetyenziswe kuphela phantsi kweliso kunye nolawulo lwezilwanyana zezilwanyana ezisemthethweni. Abantu ngabanye banokuthi baninzi ukukhusela ukunganyangeki kwezidakamizwa ngokusebenza kanzima ukukhusela ukugula ngokubanzi ngokuhlamba izandla, ukutya kokutya okukhuselekileyo kunye nokusebenzisa imishanguzo kuphela xa kuyimfuneko kwaye njengoko kuchazwe.
Imo iyatshintsha
Mhlawumbi ukuhlaziywa okukhulu kwezifo akuza kuza. Ngokunyuka kwamaqondo okushisa komhlaba, umhlaba ubona utshintsho kungekhona kwimo yendalo kuphela, kodwa kunye nokutshintshwa kwendawo yokuhlala yezilwanyana kunye nokusebenzisana kwabantu njengemimandla yemozulu engqongqo-isoloko isongelo kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokhuseleko-iba rhoqo.
Iingcali zenzululwazi ziyalumkisa ukuba iplanethi efudumeleyo, emanzi iya kubangela ukuhlaziywa kwezifo ezininzi. Umlambo omkhulu kunye nezikhukhula ezilandelelanayo, umzekelo, unokugqithisa iimvula kunye nemigca yokuhambisa amanzi , okukhokelela ekungcoleni kwamanzi kunye nokugqashuka kwezifo ezifana nekholera. Ukufudumala kwamaqondo okufudumala kunye nokwanda kwamanzi kukuvumela ukuba izilwanyana ezinobungozi zisondele ngakumbi kwizibonda, zibeka ingozi kwizifo eziphathekayo ezifana ne-malariya. Kwaye ukunyuka kwamanqanaba olwandle kuya kubakho ukuxosha uluntu jikelele kwaye kubanyanzisele ukuba baye kwiindawo zedolophana ezandayo, apho izifo zingasasazeka ngokulula.
Zizaphi kwaye zeziphi iziganeko eziza kwenzeka-kweli nqanaba-ngokubanzi ngokwemvelaphi ngenxa yobume obuyinkimbinkimbi yeendlela zokudlulisa izifo. Kodwa izikhulu zempilo ziqikelela ukuba ukutshintsha kwemozulu kuya kwenzeka ukuba, kuncinci, kunzima kwaye kwandise imiba yempilo yangoku, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezingenazo iziseko kunye nezixhobo zokulungiselela nokuphendula.
I-Flickers yaleyo sele iqale ukuvela. Iziganeko zentsholongwane ye-Dengue iye yanda kakhulu kwiminyaka emininzi edlulileyo, ngenxa yecandelo lokushisa okufudumalayo kunye nokukhuphuka kwamanzi okuvumela ukuba umtshini walo, umlingo we-Aedes, wandise umkhwa walo. Iziganeko zeziganeko zezifo zesifo sokurhoxiswa kwamanzi ezibonakalayo emva kokutshatyalaliswa kwemvula enjenge-legionella kunye ne-cryptosporidium-baye babona ukunyuka kwiminyaka yamuva nje, kwaye amanzi ashushu ayenze ibhaktheriya ebangela ukwanda kwiindawo ezingenakwenzeka ngaphambili. Olu kongeza lunokuqala kuphela.
ILizwi
Isibonda kunye nokuhamba kwezigulane zezifo ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwaye phantse kungekho ngenxa yeso sizathu. Imizekelo eshiwo ngasentla ichazwe ukubonisa indlela ezi zinto zichaphazela ngayo ukuguquka kwezifo, kwaye azithethi ukuba zimelele inkcazo epheleleyo yokuba kutheni isifo esithile senza ukubuyela.
Ukongezelela, ngelixa ezinye zezifo-mzimba zibonakalisa iimpawu zokuvuselela, ezinye ezininzi zinokutshatyalaliswa imihla ngemihla ngemizamo emininzi yempilo yoluntu. Ukubaluleka kwesi sifundo akufanele kunganakwa.
> Imithombo:
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Ngokuchasene neAntimicrobial Resistance.
> I-Dayan GH, iRubin S, i-Plotkin S. Amaphule aphumayo kwiindawo ezigonyelweyo: Ngaba ama-Mumps atholakalayo ayenayo ngokufanelekileyo ukukhusela iziqhamo? Iiklinikhi ezingenayo. 2008; 47 (11): 1458-1467.
> Phadke VK, Bednarczyk RA, Salmon DA, Omer SB. Umbutho Phakathi kweNyanga yokuNqanda iHIV kunye neZifo eziVimbelayo kwi-United States: Ukuhlaziywa kwama-Measles ne-Pertussis. JAMA . 2016; 315 (11): 1149-1158.
> I-Warfel JM, i-Zimmerman LI, iMerkel TJ. Ii-Acellular pertussis vaccines zikhusela kwizifo kodwa zithintela ukuthintela ukusuleleka kunye nokutshintshwa kwindlela yokungabikho komntu. Iinkqubo ze-National Academy of Science ze-United States of America . 2014; 111 (2): 787-792.
> Umbutho WezeMpilo Wehlabathi. Iiprofayili zeMimoya kunye nezeMpilo - 2015: I-Overview Overview .