Imbali yokuhlamba izandla, Amanzi acocekileyo kunye neenqwelo zokukhupha
Kule mini kunye neminyaka, oogqirha kunye nezigulane ngokufanayo ziya kutsheknoloji yezobugcisa zanamhlanje ukulwa nazo zonke iintlobo zezifo kunye neengxaki. Indlela yokwenza unyango lwezifo ezithathelwanayo ayifani, kwaye izigulane ezininzi zifuna imimiselo ye-antibiotics kunye nempawu ezincinci. Ngelishwa, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwee-antibiotics kunokukhokelela ukwanda kwe- antibiotic-resistant strains of microbes, apho ukusuleleka kungonakalisa kwaye ngezinye iziphumo ezibulalayo.
Ngaphambi kokufunyanwa kwezilwanyana eziphilayo ezincinci, abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba izifo zibangelwa yimimoya emibi. Nangona kunjalo, iminikelo yenzululwazi ngexesha le-1800 nguLouis Pasteur noRobert Koch yabonisa ukuba izilwanyana ezincinci zingabangela izifo ezibulalayo kunye nezifo ezinokukhubazeka ezifana nesifo sofuba nesibhoxo. Kodwa ngaba uyayazi ukuba ukunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo kwizifo ezithathelanayo phakathi kokufunyanwa kwegalelo lezinto ezincinci kunye nokufumanisa kwee-antibiotics (aka "izidakamizwa ezimangalisayo") kwakungabonakali kwiindlela zonyango eziphezulu, kodwa kunoko, utshintsho ekuphatheni kwabantu?
Abantu abathathu, u-Ignaz Semmelweis, uJohn Snow noTomas Crapper, baxelelwa ukuba baqalisa indlela yokuphila kwansuku zonke yokuhlamba izandla, ukusela amanzi ahlambulukileyo kunye neyendlu yangasese.
Imbali yokuhlamba izandla: Ignaz Semmelweis
Cinga ukuba ubomi buya kuba njani xa ukuhlamba izandla kwakukhethwa ngokukhethekileyo phakathi kwabagqirha. Ehlekisayo, akunjalo? Emazweni athuthukileyo, ukuhlamba izandla kukhuthazwa kakhulu kubantu bonke ubudala kunye nokuhamba kobomi, kodwa abantu abambalwa bayayazi imbali yokuqala kwayo.
Ngowe-1847 u-Ignaz Semmelweis ogqirha waseHungary oye wazalwa wenza izibhengezo ezibangela ukuba kuhlambuluke izandla kwiikliniki zonyango. Ngenkathi esebenza kwikliniki yokuphazamiseka eVienna, uDkt. Semmelweis wayephazamiseka kukuba ukukhulelwa komntwana (okanye "puerperal") kwenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kubasetyhini abancediswa ngabafundi bezonyango, xa kuthelekiswa nalabo babancediswa ngababeleki.
Ngokuvavanywa ngokucokisekileyo kwemisebenzi yeklinikhi, wafumanisa ukuba abafundi bezonyango abaye bancedisa ekubelekeni babevame ukwenza njalo emva kokuba benze izigulane eziye zafa ngenxa ye-sepsis (ye-bacterial origin). Emva kokumisela umgaqo oqinileyo wokuhlamba izandla ngesisombululo se-antiseptic echlorinated, amazinga okufa ahla ngo-10 ukuya kwe-20 ngaphaya kweenyanga ezi-3, kubonisa ukuba ukudluliselwa kwezifo kunokuncitshiswa kakhulu ngolu hlobo oluhlambulukileyo lwezempilo.
Akakwazanga ukukholisa abo asebenza nabo ngokubaluleka kokufumanisa kwakhe. Wayecingelwa ukuba uye wafa waza wafa esikhungweni esivela kwi-sepsis kwintlungu eyayifumana apho, njengabafazi abaninzi ayefuna ukukhusela.
Ukucoca Amanzi okuNwa: uJohn Snow kunye nePomplethi yaseBroad Street
Ngaba unokucinga ukuba ubomi bakho buya kuba njani ukuba umthombo wakho wodwa wamanzi okusela uhlambulukile ngesifo sohudo kubantu ababulawa yiKholera ? Izandi ezihle kakhulu, akunjalo?
Ekhulwini le-19 leminyaka yeNgilani, ukuqubuka kwekholera (ye-bacterial origin) kwabangela ubhubhane lobungakanani obukhulu, kwashiya amashumi amawaka abantu abafa kunye nokugula. Ngelo xesha, abantu babengazi kakuhle malunga nemvelaphi emininzi okanye ukusasazeka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo. Kunoko, babekholelwe ukuba isifo sekholera sabangelwa yizinto ezinobuthi ezinobuncwane bokuthuthwa kwamanzi, amathuba avulekileyo kunye nezinye indawo zokubola.
UJohn Snow wayengumgqirha ogqirha owakubona ukuba ikholera ibonakala ingasasazeka ngomoya otyhefu, kodwa kumanzi angcolileyo. Waqaphela ukuba ezininzi zokufa kwekholera zenzeka kufuphi nepom kwi-Broad Street, apho abahlali belo ndawo babehlala bemi ukusela amanzi. UDkt. Snow wasusa umpompo, kwaye phantse ngokukhawuleza, ukusasazeka kwesi sifo kwakuqulethwe. Nangona kuthathe ixesha lokuba urhulumente wengingqi akholwe ngamazwi akhe kwaye athathe inyathelo, iingcamango zikaDkt. Snow kunye neziphumo zimelela kakhulu ekuqondeni imvelaphi yezifo ezithathelwanayo kunye nokusasazwa kwamanzi ahlambulukileyo.
I-Modern Craft Toilet: Thomas Crapper
Ukhumbule iintsuku zendlu? Okanye umgodi emhlabathini, kwezinye iimeko? Yenza unombulelo ngakumbi kwindlu yangasese yokutshiza, akunjalo?
UThomas Crapper, owazalwa ngowe-1836 eYorkshire, eNgilani, uye wabhalwa ngokuba ngumvelisi wendlu yangasese. Enyanisweni, akazange amise indlu yangasese ekhutshulwayo kodwa kukholelwa ukuba uye waba negalelo elikhulu ekuphuhlisweni nasekuhanjisweni kwalo kuluntu wanamhlanje. Ngokufezekisa inkqubo yesimiso yesimanje esaphula amanzi aphuma emadolobheni, abahlali babengenakunqwenela ukufumana izifo ezivela kwiinkomfa ezitholakala emantwini omntu. Ngoko ukuba okanye uTom Crapper owenziwe ngumntu owenene negalelo lokungcebeleka kwindlu yangasese, uya kuba yingxabano, kodwa indlu yangasese igxininisa ibhekiselele ekuphuculeni impilo yoluntu.
Yintoni Umyalezo Wasekhaya Wothatha?
Abantu abathathu bathathwa ngokuba yizikhwepha ezinkulu kwiininzi zabantu, ininzi apho sithatha ngokungenanto. Ukuphunyezwa kwale mihla ngemihla kwenzeka ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwee-antibiotics kwaye nangaphambi kokuba kuqondwe ukuba izifo zingabangelwa yi-microbes. Yintoni umyalezo osuka ekhaya? Ukutshintsha kwindlela yokuphila kuya kwenza ukubahluko omkhulu xa kuziwa ekukhuseleni izifo ezifayo.
> Iingcaciso
> Ubomi: Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. Julayi 30, 2008
> Thomas Crapper: Inkolelo kunye Neyinyaniso. Plumbing & Mechanical 1993
> Ukubamba, uJudith. "I-Broad Street Pump Outbreak" . Umlando waseLondon oMbala oMbala kakhulu. EBloomsbury, eLondon, ngo-1989; iphe. 113-117