Iingxube zintsholongwane echaphazelekayo ezibangelwa kukungcola kumntu one-HIV. Ukukrazula, ukukhwehlela kunye nokuthetha kunokusasaza, kodwa intsholongwane ikwazi ukuhlala kwiindawo kunye nomoya ixesha elide-elide ukwenzela ukuthelela umntu omtsha. Ngaphambi kokuba i-measles yokugonywa rhoqo iqaliswe e-United States ngowe-1963, kwakukho iziganeko ezimalunga nezigidi ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-4 zamasisi ngamnye ngonyaka.
Nangona ugonyo luye lwafaka isantya kwixhala lexesha elidlulileyo eUnited States, lisaxhalabisa kwamanye amazwe. Ukuqhaqhaqhaqha emhlabeni wonke kusekhona kwaye abo abangenasifo sengcinezelo banokuzibeka kunye nabanye abasengozini.
Izizathu eziqhelekileyo
Iingxube zibangelwa igciwane lesandulela ngculaza elibizwa ngokuthi i-paramyxovirus ephindaphinda emqaleni nasemphunzini. Isasazeka ngamaconsi okuphefumula xa umntu osulelekileyo egxothayo, ukukhwehlela, okanye intetho. Intsholongwane ingaphila emoyeni nasemacaleni ukuya kwiiyure ezimbini emva kokuba umntu oneempawu zeMasile uye washiya indawo. Ingena kwinkqubo yakho yokuphefumula, ebangela imfiva kunye neempawu ezifana nezifo, kwaye zisasazeka kuwo wonke umzimba wakho. Njengoko izikhusela zakho zihlasela intsholongwane, umonakalo kwiindonga zeemithambo ezincinci zegazi zenzeka, ezikhokelela ekugqibeleni imasisi.
Umntu osulelekileyo uyasasazeka ngeentsuku ezisibhozo-iintsuku ezine ngaphambi kweentsuku ezine emva kokuba kuvele ukugqithwa kwemasisi.
Iimfucu zixhaphaza ukuba umntu osulelekileyo ochazwe kubantu abayi-10 abangenasifo semasisi uya kuphazamisa 9 kwi-10.
Amaphesenti angama-20 eengxaki zamasisi afuna ukulaliswa esibhedlele kwaye ngakumbi ukuya kugqirha okanye kwigumbi elingxamisekileyo ngenxa yomkhuhlane ophezulu. Oku kunokubeka abanye abantu kulezo zicwangciso, ngokukodwa abo baneengxaki ze-immune, engozini xa behlukileyo ngokuhlukileyo.
Ngelishwa, xa abazali bethatha abantwana babo ngemasisi ekunakekeleni unyango, abanqabilekanga ukuba banesisulu kwaye baveze abantu abaninzi kubantwana babo xa besasazeka kakhulu.
Ukugonywa i-measles akugcini nje ukukhusela ukuba ungagula, kukwayekelela ekusasazeni imasisi kwabanye. Abantu abangagciniweyo baqhubeka beya kwamanye amazwe apho ukuvuthwa kwemasisi kuqhelekileyo kwaye babuyisele apha, basasaze kwabanye. Nangona ukukhathazeka ngokubanzi malunga nokuqhagamshelana phakathi kokugonywa kunye ne-autism, uphando oluninzi lubonise ukuba akukho nto ibonakala ngathi nayiphi na intlangano phakathi kwababini.
Imisipha Emva kokugonywa
Kukho olunye uhlobo olubi kakhulu lwamasisi okubizwa ngokuba ngumasisi we-atypical. Oku kwenzeka kubantu abaye bagonywa ngopompo lokuqala lwe-measles phakathi ko-1963 no-1967, owenziwe yi-virus okanye engasebenzi. Ngenxa yokuba abazange bahlakulele ngokupheleleyo, aba bantu banako ukufumana isifo sengculaza xa betyhila umntu onomasisi. Iimpawu zinzima kakhulu kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ziqala ngentsholongwane enkulu kunye nentloko. Ukuqhaqha ngokuqhelekileyo kuqala kwi-wrists okanye kwi-ankle endaweni yobuso kunye nentloko, kwaye akunakuze ufike kwi-trunk. Le fomu yemasisi ibonakala ingenasasazeka kwaye iyinto engabonakaliyo ngoku ngoku.
Uninzi lwabantu abaye banamayeza omasisi, ama-mumps, kunye ne-rubella (MMR) abaxhomekeke kumasisi, nangona abantu abangama-3 kwabangama-100 abaye bafumana izilingo zombini banokuthi bafumane imilenze ukuba bavelele kuyo. Iingcali zezempilo aziqinisekisi ukuba kutheni le nto, kodwa kungenxa yokuba ezinye izigulane ze-immune zabantu aziphenduli kakuhle kwisitofu sokugonya. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba unayo izitofu kwaye uhlala ufumana imasese, eyaziwayo kule meko njenge-measles eguqulwayo, isigulo asiyi kuba nzima. Aphelelanga kakhulu, naye.
Ukuqubuka
Ukuqhambuka kwenzeka xa ezinye izifo zesifo zisenzeka kwindawo, kwindawo yendawo, okanye ixesha elidlulileyo kunokuba lilindeleke.
Izinto ezininzi zinceda ekunciphiseni ukuqubuka kwemasisi e-United States, nangona sibone ezinye zazo kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kukuba nangona kukho intetho yokukhutshwa kwezigodlo kunye nabazali abachasayo abafumani abantwana babo igonywe, sisenokukhuseleka kwabantu abaninzi.
E-United States, iipesenti ezingama-91.9 zabantwana zithatha ubuncinane umthamo omnye we-MMR wokugonywa ngelixesha abaneminyaka engama-35 ubudala kunye neepesenti ezingama-90.7 zentsholongwane zineenthamo ezimbini. Ngethuba lingafezekanga, eli liphezulu kakhulu kunamanye amanqanaba okugoma emhlabeni jikelele. Esikhundleni samanani aphantsi okugoma amaninzi, iUnited States ineziqoqo zabantwana abangaphantsi kwe-vaccin. Kulezi ziqoqo kunye noluntu ukuba iziqhambuka ziya kwenzeka.
Ngo-2014, iUnited States yabona ukugqabhuka okukhulu kunawo wonke ukususela ngo-2000 kunye neengxelo ezingama-667 zemasisi ezichazwe kumazwe angama-27. Ukuqhambuka okukhulu, okuchaphazela abantu abangama-383 balaba bantu abangama-667, kwenzeka ngokubanzi kwimiphakathi yama-Amishi e-Ohio. Zininzi zala maxesha ziye zaxhunyaniswa nePhilippines, apho kwakukho ukuqubuka okukhulu kwemasisi.
Iimbali ezimbalwa kwiimeko zokuvuthwa kwemasisi kulezi ziqhumane ziphakathi kwabantu abaphethwe ngokupheleleyo. Ngokomzekelo, ekugqibeleni eYurophu ngonyaka we-2011-xa abantu abangama-30,000 bafumana isisisi, kubangele ukufa kwabangama-8, ama-27 amatyala e-encephalitis, kunye nama-1,482 amathambo e-pneumonia-amaninzi amaninzi ayengavunywanga (ama-82 ekhulwini) okanye angagonywanga ngokupheleleyo (13 ekhulwini) .
Ukongezelela kumazwe amaninzi aphuhlisayo apho ukuvuthwa komasisi kusekhona, ukuphazamiseka kwamasistim emazwe ngamazwe kuye kwaxelwa eJapan, eUnited Kingdom, ePhilippines nakwamanye amazwe, okwenza kubalulekile ukuba uqinisekiswe ukuba ugonywe ngokupheleleyo ngaphambi kokuba uhambe e-United States .
I-Anatomy yeSigleko
Ukujonga ngokukhawuleza ukugqashuka kwemasisi eSan Diego, eCalifornia, ngo-2008 kunokukunceda uqonde ngakumbi oko kwenzekayo ngenye yezi ziqhambuka kunye nokuba bangaphi abantu abanokusuleleka.
Umntwana oneminyaka engama-7 ubudala owayengenasigxina kuba abazali bakhe babekholelwa ukukhutshwa kwintlawulo yokugonywa eSwitzerland kunye nentsapho yakhe. Emva kweveki emva kokubuyela ekhaya ukusuka eluhambweni, wagula kodwa wabuyela esikolweni emva kweentsuku ezimbalwa. Emva koko waqalisa ukugqithisa kwaye wabona ugqirha wakhe wosapho, walandelwa ngumntwana wakhe, waza wabuyela eklasini yongxamiseko ngenxa yokuba waqhubeka enomkhuhlane ophezulu kunye nokukhawuleza, zombini iimpawu ze- measles .
Ekugqibeleni wagqithwa ukuba unesisulu, kodwa kungekhona ngaphambi kokuba abanye abantwana abayi-11 bahlaselwe isifo semasisi. Oku kwakuquka ababini abantakwabo, abantwana abahlanu esikolweni, kunye nabantwana abane abayifumene kwiofisi yakhe.
Akuyinto elula njengaleyo, nangona kunjalo. Ngethuba lokuqhambuka kwemasisi:
- Abathathu kwabantwana abathatshulwayo baneminyaka engaphantsi kweenyanga ezili-12 ubudala, ngoko ke bancinci ukuba bagonywe.
- Abasibhozo kwabanye abasithoba abasithoba abantwana ababengaphantsi kweenyanga ezili-12 babengenasigxina ngenxa yokuba babekho ukukhutshwa kwemithi yokukhusela.
- Abantwana abangaba ngu-70 babekwe phantsi kohlengahlengiso ngokuzithandela iintsuku ezingama-21 emva kokudityaniswa kwabo kokugqibela kuba babeveleleke kwiimeko ezithile ze-measle kwaye mhlawumbi abazange bafune ukugonywa okanye beselula.
- Omnye weentsana ezinomasisi oye eHawaii, ephakamisa ukwesaba ukuba ukutshabalalisa imasisi kunokusasazeka khona.
Bonke, abantu abangama-839 bavelele kwigciwane lesirayisom kuqala ngokuqala komntwana omnye osulelekileyo.
Omnye wabo wayengunyana oneminyaka eyi-10 osuleleke ekuhloleni umntwana wakhe, wayemncinci kakhulu ukuba afumane ukugonya kwe-MMR okwamanje, kwaye wagqiba ukuchitha iintsuku ezintathu esibhedlele kwisimo esisongela ubomi.
Izinto ezinobungozi eziqhelekileyo
Ukuba ngumntwana osemncinci, ongatshitshiyo ngumngcipheko omkhulu wokubambisana negciwane lesiraga kunye nokuphuhliswa kwengxaki. Ukuba unobungozi begciwane lesirafu kwaye awuzange ugonywe, ithuba lakho lokufumana ipesenti ezingama-90, kungakhathaliseki ukuba uneminyaka engakanani.
Eminye imingcipheko eqhelekileyo yemasisi ibandakanya:
- Iintsana ezingabonakaliyo ngenxa yokuba zincinci kakhulu: Ukugonywa kwe-measles akusebenzelanga iintsana kuba amasosha omzimba awazange akhulise ngokwaneleyo ukudala impendulo efunekayo yokukhusela i-immunologic kwisigontsho. Kwiintsana eziya kuhamba ngaphandle kwe-United States, kunconywa ukuba bafumane i-MMR kwiinyanga ezili-6 ukuya kwe-11 zobudala kunokuba balinde ukuya kwiinyanga ezili-12 ukuya kwezi-15.
- Abantu abangenasigxina ngenxa yezizathu zonyango: Abanye abantu abakwazi ukufumana ukugonya kwe-MMR ngenxa yezinto ezinjenge-immunocompromised okanye into yokuba bathatha izidakamizwa ezithile, njengokwenza i-chemotherapy yomhlaza okanye amanqanaba aphezulu e-steroids.
- Ukugonywa ngokungapheliyo: Abo abazange bafumane isisombululo sesibini se-MMR asinayo igciwane elipheleleyo kumasisi. Uninzi lwabantwana alufumani i-booster yabo ukusukela kwiminyaka emi-4 ukuya kwe-6. Isigodlo sokuqala siphezulu malunga neepesenti ezingama-93, kodwa okwesibini i-97% ephumelelayo.
- Ukugonywa ngokupheleleyo kodwa kungakhuseli ukukhuselwa komzimba: Oku kwenzeka malunga nama-3 ekhulwini abantu abagonywe.
- Abantu abangenakuxilongwa: Oku kuyinyaniso nokuba ngaba babesifumene nesigxina se-MMR ngaphambili.
- Ubunqongophala beVithamini A: Oku kukukhathazeka kunokwenza ukuba ufumane isifo semasisi kwaye ukugula kube nzima kakhulu.
Izinto zokuPhila kweengozi
Ukuhamba ngamazwe ngamazwe kunye nokukhetha ukungagonyanga yimiba emibini yobungozi bokufumana isifo semasisi, kwaye zibalulekile. Ehlabathini lonke, imasisi yenye yezona zimbangela zokufa kubantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-5. Ngaphambi kokusetyenziswa kwesigonyo sesiguwu kunye ne-measles, yamasps, kunye ne-rubella (MMR) yokugonya (1971), ii-casel-casels-and complications kwezo ziganeko-ziphezulu. Kwamanye amazwe asathuthukayo, ahlala ephakamileyo kakhulu kunase-United States namhlanje.
Ukwahlukileyo ngoku kukuba kunokuba sisasazeke eUnited States njengokuba isetyenziswe ngaphambi kokugonya, phantse onke amanqaku omasisi axhumene nokuhamba ngaphandle kwelizwe, ngokukodwa kumazwe asakhulayo. Kwaye kunokuba kwenzeke kubantu abangenakho ukufikelela kwiigonti, amaninzi amaninzi ngoku e-United States aphakathi kwabantu abakhetha ukuzithobela ngokwabo kunye nezingane zabo.
> Imithombo:
> Amasebe okuLawula nokuVimbela (iCCDC). Iimpawu. Hamborsky J, Kroger A, Wolfe S, eds. Ku: I-epidemiology kunye nokukhuselwa kwezifo ezikhuselweyo. 13th. I-Washington DC Isiseko seMpilo kaRhulumente; 2015.
> Amasebe okuLawula nokuVimbela (iCCDC). Izilwanyana, i-Mumps, neRubella (MMR) Ukugonywa: Yiyiphi na umntu omele ayazi. Ukuhlaziywa ngoFebruwari 2, 2018.
> Abasebenzi beKliniki yabasebenzi. Iimpawu. Clinical Mayo. Ukuhlaziywa kweyoKwindla 9, 2018.
> Sugerman DE. Ukuqhambuka Kwemigodi kwiBantu abaPhezulu abaNcinci, iSan Diego, ngo-2008: Umsebenzi weNgxowa-mali engekho phantsi. Pediatrics. Epreli 2010; 125 (4): 747-755. i-doi: 10.1542 / iipedesi.2009-1653.
> Umbutho WezeMpilo Wehlabathi. Iphepha leNkcazo yeeMvavanyo. Matshi 2017.