Ngaphantsi konyaka emva kokuzamazama kwenkunkuma ephahlakeleyo eHaiti ngo-2010, amagosa ezempilo karhulumente emhlabeni aphawula into ebalulekileyo. Abantu abaninzi babesifa ngenxa yesifo esasingabonakaliyo eHaiti ngaphezu kwekhulu: ikholera .
Inyikima ngokwayo yayiyingozi. Abantu abangaphezu kwama-230,000 babulawa kunye ne-1.5 yezigidi ezifudumele. Iintlungu zaza zenziwa ngokuqhambuka kwekholera eza kuqhubeka zigula abantu abangama- 300 000 kwaye zibulale ngaphezu kwama-4 500.
Oku kwakubuhlungu-kwaye kuyathinteka-kodwa kungekhona into engalindelekanga.
Nangona ukutshabalalisa ngokukhawuleza kwinto edlalwa rhoqo emva kweentlekele zemvelo, iziganeko zinokuba neziphumo ezihlala ixesha elide, ezinobungozi kubemi. Xa izibonelelo ezingundoqo ziphazamisekile kwaye abantu bachithekile, bangenza indlela yeengxaki ezininzi zempilo karhulumente, kwaye ukuqonda ezi ngxaki kubalulekile kubaphenduli bokuqala kunye nemizamo yokubuyisela umbane.
Uhudo
Ukuqubuka kwe-k'holera yaseHaiti kwaxhaswa yimingeni ebalulekileyo edlalwa yientlekele: amanzi angakhuselekanga kunye nokungabikho kococeko. Inyikima yenzeka ngonyaka ka-2010 yashiye abaninzi abangenakho ukufikelela kumanzi acocekileyo okanye kwiindawo zokuhlambela-kubandakanywa nabasebenza kunye nokuhlala kwiinkampu zeZizwe eziManyeneyo.
Nangona kungenakwenzeka ukukwazi ngokuqinisekileyo, ingxelo yeZizwe eziManyeneyo ibonisa ukuba umgcini wezoxolo wazisa ikholera kunye nabo eHaiti, kwaye ngenxa yokungabi ncedisi lweenkonzo zococeko, ibhaktheriya yaya kumlambo osondeleyo, ihlambela amanzi angingqi.
Ngelo xesha, amaHaiti angaphantsi kwenkampu basebenzisa amanzi asemlambo ukusela, ukuhlamba, ukuhlamba, nokunkcenkceshela izityalo. Njengoko abantu abaninzi banokusuleleka, bafumana amaninzi amabhaktheriya ekuhambiseni amanzi, kwaye ngeenyanga, ilizwe lijongene nesifo esiyingozi.
Ekuphumeni kwentlekele, ukuhlamba izandla okanye ukupheka kwamanzi akho kubonakala ngathi kulandeleka, kodwa amanzi ahlambulukileyo kubalulekile ukugcina ii-deaths to deaths.
I-diarrhea ingakhokelela ekungcoliseni ubomi obusongela ubomi, ngakumbi kwiintsana eziselula.
Ngoxa i-Haiti yaqhambuka ngenxa yekholera, ezininzi izinto zingabangela urhudo. Amagaraji, umatshini, okanye iindawo zoshishino ezinokukhukula zingakhokelela kwiibhoksi zifike kumanzi amaninzi. Ngaphandle kumazwe ashishino afana ne-United States, kufuneka uthathe amanyathelo okuthintela isifo sohudo: Geza izandla ngokugqibeleleyo emva kokuba udibene nomlambo wamanzi nangaphambi kokuba utye, uphilise nayiphi na indawo enezikhukhula okanye izinto-njengamathoyizi-ngaphambi kokuba usebenzise, kwaye ungaze udide okanye vumela abantwana badlale kwiindawo ezikhukhulayo.
Ukulimala Kwenyama kunye noGawulayo
Ukuzamazama komhlaba, ukukhuphuka kwamanzi kunye nemimoya ephezulu kunokubangela ukuba isisongelo senyama sisondele, kodwa ukulimala kuya kwenzeka nangaphambi kokuba inhlekelele yendalo yenzeke. Ngo-2005, isiqhwithi seRita sasingazange senze ukuhlaselwa kwabantu xa abantu abaninzi befa ngexesha lokufuduka kwe-Houston kunye ne-Texas yonxweme. Ukubaleka kwimeko engxamisekileyo kubangele ubungozi bawo, kwaye inani elincinci labantu abanoyiko elibandakanyekayo ekukhutshweni komzi omkhulu liqinisekisa ukuba ezinye zeziganeko ziya kwenzeka endleleni. Ngokomzekelo, ngo-Rita, abantu abangama-23 babulawa ngomlilo omnye webhasi. Iindlela ezigqithisiweyo zikhona enye ingozi xa i-traffic ihamba ngokukhawuleza.
I-Gridlock inokushiya abaphumayo abasengozini kwizithuthi zabo xa isiqhwithi sichitha.
Ngokufanayo, ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo okanye i-windswept i-debris ayibangeli nje ukulimala ngexesha lemozulu yezulu. Nangona emva kokuba isiganeko siphelile, izakhiwo zingazinzi kwaye zidibanise iiyure, iintsuku okanye iiveki kamva. Oku kuyinyani ngokukodwa kwimeko yenyikima-mhlaba xa ukulandelelana kwezinto kutyumba izakhiwo ezidlulileyo kunye nokuphumela kubasebenzi bokuhlangula bevelele kwiingozi ezintsha.
Ukuhamba ngokukhukhula kwamanzi kungakhokelela ekubanjweni kwengozi. Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukubona apho uhamba okanye ukubhukuda, unokuwela emkhombeni ongafumaniweyo, uhambo olungagqibekanga, okanye ukugawula izinto ezibukhali phantsi kwamanzi.
Kukho nokuba izidalwa ezinobungozi zokubhukuda zingabonakali ngaphandle kwakho. Xa izikhukula ezibangelwa yiNkantwa yaseHarvey zahlasela eHoston ngo-Agasti 2017, abahlali babika ukuba babona i-alligators, izinyoka, kunye neebhola zezilwanyana ezinamanzi ezijikelezayo.
Nangona ukulimala kungekhona ukongela ubomi ngelo xesha, kunokuba kube kamva xa kungenakunakekelwa kakuhle . Kodwa ekuhambeni kwesiganeko esiyingozi, amanzi ahlambulukileyo kunye namaqhonkco ukutshatyalaliswa kwesilonda kunye nokugqoka isilonda kunokungabi ncinane, kwaye ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane kungaphenduka. I-Tetan, ngokukodwa, iyona nto ixhalabisa kakhulu ngenxa yeentlekele. Iibhaktheriya zihlala kwindawo yokungcola kunye nothuli-zombini zihlala zikhankanywa okanye zitshintshelwe kumanzi ngexesha lomcimbi omkhulu. Ukuba benza indlela yabo kwilonda elivulekile, linokubangelwa yingozi.
Izibhengezo zeTetan ziyakunceda ukukhusela oku kungenzeki, kodwa xa abasebenzi bezonyango kunye nezinto ezithengiswayo zityalwe, izitofu zingathatha isithuba esiphezulu kwiinkxalabo ezingakumbi. Yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uhlale usesikhathini sakho phambi kweentlekele zendalo.
Izifo eziHlanganisiweyo
Abantu bahlala beqoqela ndawonye ngexesha lokubhujiswa. Imindeni kunye nabamelwane badibanisa kumakhaya angaphazamisekiyo, kwaye abantu abahlangeneyo bangabutha ngamawaka kwiindawo zokukhusela okanye ukunikezela ngamaphuzu okuhambisa. Xa uninzi lwabantu lugxininiswe kwisithuba esincinci, izifo ezifana neentsholongwane kunye neebhaktheriya zinokudlulela kumntu omnye ukuya kwelinye ngokukhawuleza.
Oku kuyinyaniso ngokubhekiselele kwizifo zokuphefumula ezifana nokubandayo kunye nomkhuhlane. Ngelixa ezininzi izifo zokuphefumula ziba nobubele, ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelela kwiimeko ezinzulu ezifana ne-pneumonia, ngakumbi kubantu abadala kunye nalabo abanamasosha omzimba. Ezi zifo-gciwane zixhuma kumntu ukuya kumntu ngamanzi ashushu--sasaza ngokusula iipumlo ze-runny kunye nokuchukumisa i-cookie, okanye ukukhwehlela ngelixa isihlwele. Ukuba omnye umntu uphefumlela emaconsi okanye achukumise ubuso bakhe emva kokudibanisa nomhlaba ongcolileyo, banokusuleleka, kunye nabo. Abantu abaninzi abanokusuleleka, bayasasazeka ngokukhawuleza.
Iindawo zokukhusela ezikhuselekileyo zinokubakho ubuncipheko kulezi zifo. La maxesha amaninzi-izakhiwo zesikhashana zingenakucima umoya kwaye zininzi. Oko, kunye nobunzima bokugcina ucoceko oluqhelekileyo kunye nokuhlamba izandla rhoqo, kunokukhokelela kwizifo ezixubileyo ezisasazeka ngokukhawuleza.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba-nangona iimeko ezibuhlungu kunye nezigulisa-izidumbu ezishiye ngenxa yentlekele yemvelo zithintela ingozi enkulu yezifo. Ngaphandle kokuba ukufa kwaba ngenxa yezifo ezincinci ezifana ne-k'holera okanye i-ebola, akunakwenzeka ukuba yayiya kuba ngumthombo wokuqhambuka. Ukubuyiselwa komzimba akufanele kuguqulwe izibonelelo ezisuka kwimisebenzi yokugcina ubomi kunye nokunyamekela kwangaphambili. Kodwa ke, kubalulekile ukuba uphuculwe ngokwengqondo nangokomoya kwabasindileyo.
Izifo ezithwala izifo
Ezinye izifo azange zisasazeke kumntu ukuya kumntu, kodwa kunoko zisasazeka kwiimvenge, njengemiyane. Iziganeko zeMeteorologic, ezifana nezikhukula, iziphepho kunye namaqhwithi, ziyakunqanda iziza ezithile zokuvelisa-kuphela ukudala ukuqhuma kwenani labatsha ngeveki okanye ezimbini emva koko. Oku kungakhokelela ekunyuseni okukhulu kwintlobo yabantu kwaye, emva koko, ukuqubuka kwezifo abaziphetheyo. Kwimeko yezinyosi, oko kunokuthetha ukugqithwa kwezifo ezifana ne- malaria okanye i- dengue fever .
Nangona amazwe amaninzi aneendlela zokulawula umlumko ngokusebenzisa iinzame ezifana nokutshiza izibulala-zinambuzane, iintlekele zemvelo zingaphazamisa ezi nkonzo, zishiye i-vectors ukuba ivelise ingakhange ihlolwe. Oku kuyinyaniso nakumazwe athuthukileyo afana ne-United States, apho izifo ezithwalwe yizilwanyana ezinjengeNayile eNtshona zikwazi ukukhupha emva kwemvula okanye imvula enkulu.
I-virus ye-Zika, ngokukodwa, yinkxalabo emva kweziganeko zemozulu ezibi kakhulu, njengoko zidibaniswe neziphene zokuzalwa kunye neminye imiba ephathelene nokukhulelwa. Ezi zintsholongwane ezithwala igciwane le-dengue kunye ne-West Nile nazo zingadlulisela iZika, kwaye ezi ntlobo zifunyenwe kwiindawo ezininzi zaseUnited States nakwihlabathi lonke.
Nangona iintsholongwane ze-Zika virus ziye zazingabonakaliyo eUnited States, izikhukhula ezinzima-njengento eyenzekayo eHouston emva kweNkuthaza iHarvey ngo-2017-zinokukwenza indawo ethile ingasetshenziselwa intsholongwane yesandulela-ntsholongwane njengokuba abantu bemiyane banda kwaye baphumelela emakhaya abo kwezinye iindawo.
Iimeko zeMpilo yengqondo
Ekuvukeni kweNkantyambo yeKatrina, iNew Orleanians yafumana ubunzima obukhulu. Umonakalo ongaphezu kweerandi eziyi-100 zeebhiliyoni wenziwa kumakhaya nakwamashishini, amawaka ayefuduka, kwaye abantu abangama-1,836 bafa. Nangona ukulimala ngokukhawuleza kweso siganeko kwakuyiloyiko, impembelelo kwimpilo yengqondo yathatha ixesha elide ukuyiqonda.
Ukuxinezeleka okukhulu kunye neentlungu ezibangelwa ngabasindayo beentlekele zendalo zingenokuba nemiphumo emide. Imiqathango efana noxinzelelo olungapheliyo, ukuxinezeleka, kunye nesifo sengxaki yokuxinwa kwimiba yokuxinzelela ingxaki kunokuba nzima ukunyanga ngenxa yeentlekele-ukuba, ngokwenene, bafumaneke nakubakho-ngenxa yeengxaki kwiinkqubo zempilo kunye nobunzima bezemali. Xa le miqathango ingahambelwanga, ingaba nefuthe elibi kwimpilo nakwimpilo.
Oku akuyonto nje kuphela kulabo abahlala kwintlekele ngokwabo, kodwa nakwababakhathaleli abancedisayo ekubuyiseni. Abasebenzi bokunceda bafumana ukutshiswa, ukuxhwaleka, kunye nezinye iintlobo zengcinezelo yengqondo kwizinga eliphezulu kunabantu bonke.
ILizwi
Oku akunjalo noluhlu olupheleleyo. Ezinye izimo zendalo-njengama-mold spores kumakhaya akhukhulayo kunye ne-Legionella ibhakteria ekumeni kwamanzi okanye emithonjeni-kunokukhokelela kwizifo zokuphefumula. Izimo ezingapheliyo ezifana nesifo senhliziyo kunye nesifo sikashukela singadala okanye sihlakulele ngenxa yokungabikho kwamachiza okanye unyango olwaneleyo. Ukwandiswa kobundlobongela kuya kwenzeka, ngakumbi kubantwana nakubalingani basekhaya. Kwaye ezinye iziphumo ezinobungozi ziza kuba ngumphumo othe ngqo okanye ongathanga ngqo wentlekele.
Oko kuthethwa, olu luhlu aluhloswanga kukusongela. Ukwazisa kuyisisiseko sokuthintela. Iingozi zempilo zikawonke-wonke njengalezi zingentla zingawela phantsi kwe-radar emva kwentlekele, njengoko iimfuno ezikhawulezayo ezifana nokukhusela nokukhuseleko kuqala. Ukuqonda iingozi ezinokuthi kunokukunceda, intsapho yakho kunye noluntu lwakho lukulungele kangcono ukulungiselela iziganeko eziyingozi kunye nokuphuthuma ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba zenzeke-kwaye ngokwenza njalo, qhubeka uchitha iinombolo zamatyala ekukhuphukeni phezulu.
> Imithombo:
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Amanzi, ucoceko, kunye noNgcino (i-WASH) -kuxhatshazwa kwexesha elibi kunye nokuqhaqha.
> Jafari N, Shahsanai A, Memarzadeh M, Loghmani A. Ukuthintela izifo ezithintekayo emva kwentlekele: Ukuhlaziywa. Umbhalo woPhando kwiSayensi zezoNyango: I-Official Journal ka-Isfahan kwiYunivesithi yezoNyango . 2011; 16 (7): 956-962.
> I-SC War, iBrown BJ. Ubungozi beZifo eziQhathelanayo Ukulandela iintlekele zendalo: Impendulo yezempilo yomphakathi. Impendulo yoLawulo lweNtlekele 2005; 3: 41-7
> Watson JT, Gayer M, u-Connolly MA. Iintsholongwane emva kweentlekele zeNdalo. Izifo ezithathelwanayo . 2007; 13 (1): 1.