Isiphene sokuzalwa esibizwa ngokuba yi-microcephaly sagxininiswa ngo-2016 ngenxa yegciwane lesifo se- Zika , esasasazeka kwiBrazil nakwezinye iindawo zaseLatin America, ebangela i-World Health Organisation ukuba ivakalise imeko yongxamiseko. Intsholongwane ekugqibeleni ifunyenwe kubangela ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa.
Amaziko okuLawula nokuKhuselwa kwezifo (CDC) uyaqhubeka nokucebisa abafazi abakhulelweyo ukuba bayeke ukuhamba kwiindawo kunye noZika ngenxa yokukhathazeka ukuba unyango lomama kunoma yimuphi umgangatho wokukhulelwa lunokunyusa umngcipheko we-microcephaly.
I-CDC iphinda ikhuthaze abo bacwangcisa ukukhulelwa ukuba baxoxe kunye nogqirha wabo ukuba baqwalasele ukuhamba kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo.
Yintoni i-Microcephaly?
I-Microcephaly yintloko apho umntwana incinci kuncinane. Igama libhekisela kwincinci ( encinci ngesiLatin) kunye nentloko ( cephaly ngesiGrike). Kuyinto engafanelekanga apho intloko incinci kakhulu emzimbeni kwaye ifaniswe nabanye abaneminyaka efanayo.
Oku kuya kuphawulwa ekuzalweni. Intloko encinci ithetha ukuba ingqondo ayiyona into encinci, kodwa iyenze ngokungaqhelekanga. Oku kunokuthetha ukulibaziseka kweentsholongwane kubantwana abachaphazelekayo. Ukulibaziseka okuthe ngqo kuya kuxhomekeka kubunzima kunye neenkcukacha ezithile zophuhliso olungavumelekanga.
Kukho ububanzi obubanzi beentloko zeentsana ezisandul 'ukuzalwa. Ezinye zikhulu kakhulu kwaye ezinye zincinci kakhulu, ezinokuthi zibhekiselele kwiingxaki ezahlukileyo ezifuneka ziqwalaselwe. Iintloko zeentaka zidlalwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokuzalwa kunye nokutyelelwa kogqirha, okuqhelekileyo xa imeko ifunyanwe.
Ikwafumaneka kwakhona kwi-ultrasound ngexesha lokukhulelwa, nto leyo ingabonisa nezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga. (Oku kungachazwa nje ngeendlela eziphambukileyo ezingaphantsi kwelo lithetha (okanye umyinge), okanye mhlawumbi kubekho ukuphambuka kwemilinganiselo emithathu phantsi).
Yintoni Ethetha Ngayo I-Microcephaly kwiintsana?
Yimeko yonke. Akukho nonyango yokuyijika xa ifunyanwe.
Isizathu esiyintloko singadinga ukuphathwa.
Ingabandakanywa nokulibaziseka kokuphuhliswa (ukukhawuleza ukuthetha, ukuhlala, ukuma okanye ukuhamba), ubunzima beengqondo (iingxaki zokufunda okanye ukusebenza kwimpilo yemihla ngemihla), ukuxhamla, iingxaki zokubona okanye ukuva, iingxaki zokutya nokugwinya, kunye nobunzima bokuhamba okanye ukulinganisa. Iinkonzo zophuhliso kunye nokungenelela kwangaphambili kunye nezinye iinkxaso kunye neenkonzo zonyango zinokunceda abantwana. Iimeko ezahlukeneyo zineenkalo ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso.
Ngaba i-Microcephaly nje yintloko?
I-Microcephaly idla ngokudibana nezinye iziphumo. Kukho ukubalwa kweengqondo (i-calumum ye-calcium engekho engqondweni); Ubunzima bobuchopho buba luncinci kakhulu; i-ventricles inokuba yinto enkulu (apho i-cerebrospinal fluid ejikelezayo ijikeleze ingqondo idlula).
Yintoni eyenza i-Microcephaly?
I-Microcephaly ayiqhelekanga. Ngokuqhelekileyo ayifumaneki yonke indawo. Akunakulindelwa okanye kungabhalwa kuyo yonke indawo.Ukuxilongwa kuxhomekeke kwiphi imigaqo esetyenziswayo. Kukho ukuhluka kwenkcazo ye-microcephaly kunye nobukhulu beentloko ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenzisiweyo.
I-Microcephaly ingaba yiprayimari, apho ingqondo ingaphumeleli ekuqaleni, ngokuqhelekileyo i-genetic. Kwezinye iimeko, i-microcephaly inokubangelwa ukuba ne-chromosome enye kunabantu abaninzi.
I-Microcephaly ingaba yesekondari, apho uphuhliso lobuchopho luqala ngokuqhelekileyo kodwa lunqanyuliwe okanye iimpawu zonakaliswe.
I-Microcephaly inokudibaniswa nokutyhila kwi-utero kotywala kunye nokutya okungondlekiyo okanye ukukhokelela okanye ukunyuka kwe-mercury. Kungenziwa ngenxa yokulimala kabuhlungu. Inokuthi idibaniswe nezifo kumama, njengePenylketonuria (PKU). Ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala ngathi ukuvezwa yiyona nto ibangela kodwa akunakwenzeka.
Yintoni Esenza Sicinge Ukuba I-Zika Yenza I-Microcephaly?
I-Zika iye yaziwa iminyaka, kodwa indima yayo ekuphuhlisweni kweintsana ayizange ibonwe. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kwimeko apho kwakuqhelekileyo ukuba abaninzi banesifo njengabantwana, ngaphambi kokukhulelwa.
Kungenzeka ukuba kwakunqabile ngokwaneleyo, kwasasazeka phakathi kweenkwenkwezi kunye nobuthi, ukuba bambalwa abafazi abakhulelweyo abanesifo. Okanye mhlawumbi kwakungabantwana abancinci abazalelwe kwiindawo ezizithobela i-microcephaly-kwaye uZika akazange kwenzeke njengentsholongwane-ukuba ulwalamano oluphakathi kwempawu ezincinci (okanye ezingekho) ekukhulelweni akuzange zihambelane neziphene zokuzalwa.
Oku konke kwatshintshwa xa uZika efikile kwaye wabutha ukukhula kwiNtshona yeHlabathi. Akukho mntu wayekhuselekile. Ubuninzi beentongwane kunye nabantu babesengozini. Intsholongwane isasazeka ngezifo.
a. EBrazil, amabhulophu amabili kunye nabantwana ababini abazalwa nge-microcephaly baboniswe ukuba banegciwane lesifo se-Zika, oomama babika ukuba banezibonakaliso zeZika, kwaye iintsana ezimbini ezizalwe ziboniswa ukuba zineZika zikhona kwiingqondo zabo ezingapheliyo.
b. Umntwana ozelwe eHawaii wazalelwa nge-microcephaly kwaye wafunyanwa ukuba noZika emva kokuba umama eneempawu ngexesha lokukhulelwa xa ehlala eBrazil ekuqaleni kokukhulelwa.
c. IBrazil yaqaphela amacala amaninzi kunokuba ibona i-microcephaly. I-virus yeZika yafika ngo-Meyi 2015, ukususela ngo-Oktobha 2015 ukuya ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 2016, iimeko ezingaphezu kwe-3500 ze-microcephaly zafunyanwa. Amanye amatyala ayenzima kakhulu; abanye bafa. Nangona ukuba umdla kule microcephaly kwakhokelela ekuqaphelisweni kwamatyala, okwakungekho ngaphantsi kokubikwa, eli lizinga eliphezulu kakhulu. Oku kufinyelele ngaphezu kwama-10 amaxesha angaphezulu kuneqhelekileyo.
Oku akubonakali nje yimeko yeBrazil ngokukhawuleza ukufumanisa i-microcephaly. I-US isoloko ixilonga i-microcephaly kubantwana abali-12 ukuya kubantwana abayi-10 000 abazalwa ngokuzalwa. Oku kuya kuba ngama-200 ukuya kuma-1200 kwiinyanga ezintathu kwi-US, ebona ukuzalwa okungaphezulu. I-Brazil inabantwana abancinci abazalwayo (iBrazil inama-quarters amathathu inani lokuzalwa. I-Brazil ine-ngaphantsi kweyesibini kwisibini kubemi base-US (200 yezigidi nxamnye nezigidi ezingama-318) kunye nesantya sokuzalwa esincinane kuphela (15/1000 xa kuthelekiswa 13/1000)).
d. Iimeko ze-microcephaly zaziqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezinzima kakhulu ezithatyathwa nguZika, kufuphi neBahia kwi-Northeast yaseBrazil.
f. I-Ultrasound eBrazil ibonise i-microcephaly kwiimfubus ezimbini kunye nemimiselo ethile (njengokubala) njengezinye izifo zengqondo zentsholongwane. Bobabini okhulelweyo babika ukuba banezibonakaliso ezinjengeZika (kodwa ngoku bengenanto); i-amniocentesis icatshulwe yiZika kwi-amniotic fluid, oko kukuthi. kwi-utero izifo.
Ngenxa yokuxhalabisa, iNkonzo yezeMpilo yaseBrazil, i-CDC yaseMelika kunye nabanye abaninzi banenkxalabo malunga nomphumo wokusuleleka kwintsholongwane, kungenjalo kubumnene, ingaba neentsana.
Kutheni sifuna nje ukufunda ngoku malunga neZika?
I-Zika intsha eNtshona Koloni, kodwa ayikho entsha kwihlabathi. Kufunyenwe eAfrika nakwi-Asia ne-Pacific Islands. Kuye kwabonakala iminyaka engaphezu kwama-50. Kodwa intsholongwane kaninzi ayifumaneki kwiikliniki. Kungenzeka ukuba kukho umbutho, kungenzeka ukuba awufumaneki.
Kwakhona kwakungeke kubekho nabaninzi abafazi abakhulelweyo abanokusuleleka kwaye ke 'ukuqubuka kwe-microcephaly' bekungekho khona, okuya kubakhokelela ukulungelelaniswa. Kwiiklinikhi ezinemithombo encinane, iirekhodi zingenakugcinwa kwiinkcukacha ezinjenge-microcephaly, nokuba ziyabonwa. Iintsana-kunye neentsana-kunye ne-microcephaly ezinzima zingasayi kuphila ixesha elide, ingakumbi ukuba izixhobo ziyancipha.
Kwakhona, kwindawo apho isifo sifana khona, amantombazana aya kulwa ngumsoco kwaye athathwe kakuhle phambi kokuba sele ekhulile ngokwaneleyo ukuba akhulelwe, ngoko ke ukuphepha le ngxaki. Oku kubonakala nge-Chickenpox, edla ngokuchaphazela abantwana kunye nabesifazane abangakhulelweyo, kumazwe afana ne-US ngaphambi kokugonywa.
Kwakhona kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuvela ngokukhawuleza kunokuchaphazela, kwanokukhuphula umthamo we-viral load dynamics.
Ngaba zikhona ezinye iiVirus ezenza Microcephaly?
Ewe, kunokwenzeka ukuba ezinye iindiza zenze le mqathango.
I-Varicella: Intsholongwane ebangela ukuba inkukhu ibe yinto enhle xa ikhulelwe. Ngaphambi kokugonywa kwabakho, bambalwa kakhulu abantwana abenza ukuba babe ngabantu abadala ngaphandle kokusuleleka. Ngenxa yoko, bambalwa abafazi basengozini yokufumana inkukhu xa bekhulelwe. Uninzi lwaye lwasuleleka kwaye lwaba nomzimba omzimba ngaphambi kokukhulelwa. Kwiimeko ezinqabileyo apho umama ahlakulela i-varicella ngexesha lokukhulelwa, kwakukho ingozi emininzi kwintsana. Enye yezi zinto yayisisiseko se-microcephaly.
I-Chickenpox ingaba sisifo esibi kakhulu kunina.
I-Rubella: Intsholongwane ekhutshwe apha kwiNtsholongwane yeNtshona Koloni isetyenziselwe ukudala iziphoso zokuzalwa xa unina usulelekile ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Enye yalezi ziphoso zokuzalwa yayiyi-microcephaly. Ezi ziphoso zokuzalwa- I-Congenital Rubella Syndrome-yayisisona sizathu sokugxila ekupheliseni. Ukugonywa kweRubella kuye kwaba kubaluleke kakhulu, ukuthintela iintsana ezininzi kunye neentsapho zabo ukuba zijongene nale ngxaki.
I-Cytomegalovirus (i-CMV): Intsholongwane, eyinto eqhelekileyo, ikhokelela kwisifo esifana nesi sifo kumama, kodwa sinokuba nemiphumo emihle kwintsana. Usulelo luphethe umngcipheko we-30 ukuya kwi-40 wemingcipheko yokudluliselwa kumntwana; malunga neyesine ukuya kwesinye kwintsholongwane emihlanu ekhulelwe iya kubonisa iimpawu zentsholongwane emva kokuzalwa. Oku kunokukhokelela kwinani lezinto ezingonakaliyo-ezifana nokulahlekelwa kwindlebe, kunye nokungaqhelekanga kokubonakalayo nophuhliso. Ingakhokelela kwakhona kwi-microcephaly.
I-Toxoplasmosis: Le ntsholongwane ye-parasitic inokukhokelela kwi-microcephaly ngokunjalo. Inokukhokelela kwezinye iimpawu-ukugqithisa, i-yellowed eyes okanye isikhumba (i-jaundice), kunye nokubalwa kweengqondo, kwakunye neengxaki zamehlo kunye nokwakhiwa kwamanzi kwingqondo (i-hydrocephalus).
INTSHOLONGWANE KAGAWULAYO: Ukukhulelwa kwe-HIV + noomama kunokuba lunempilo kunye nokunakekelwa kakuhle kwezonyango. Kulabo abangenako ukufikelela okanye abanako ukufikelela kwimichiza ye-HIV, kunokubakho ingozi kumntwana. Kule mingcipheko, i-microcephaly iye yachongwa ngezihlandlo.