Ukwazi ixesha lokuvavanya kunye neziphumo zithini
Intsholongwane kaZika ibangela ukuphazamiseka kwehlabathi lonke ngo-2015 xa izifo ezithwalwe ngumlingo zitshatyalaliswa kwiindawo ezininzi zaseMzantsi naseMntla yaseMerika ukuya kwinqanaba elisezantsi laseMerika. Nangona isifo sidla ngokubangela ukugula okuchukumisayo, okufana nesifo sokukhukhuza, kungabonakala kunzima xa kwenzeka ngexesha lokukhulelwa, okukhokelela kwiimeko ezinqabileyo kwisiphene sokuzalwa, esibizwa ngokuba yi-microcephaly, apho umntwana ozalwa enekhanda elincinci kunye nengqondo.
Kungenxa yesi sizathu sokuba ukuxilongwa kubalulekile ukuba oomama abasenokungabonakali kwintsholongwane kaZika ngokusebenzisa ukulunywa kwemiyane. Ukongezelela koko, ngenxa yokuba intsholongwane ingadluliselwa kwindoda ukuya kubafazi ngexesha lesondo, uvavanyo-olubandakanya ukuhlanganiswa kwegazi kunye neemvavanyo zomchamo-luyakwazi ukubona umlingane osulelekileyo kunye nokuthintela ukuhanjiswa.
Iimpawu zovavanyo
Ukulunywa ngumlingo, kwimeko apho igciwane lesifo se-Zika lihlala khona , akuthethi ukuba uthe wagula. Esi sifo sidluliselwa ngohlobo oluthile lwemiyane ebizwa ngokuba ngu- Aedes aegypti , enokuthi ibonwe ngamanqaku amhlophe emilenze yayo kunye nomfanekiso we-lyre ukumakisha kwakhona.
Nangona usulelekile, awuyi kuba neyiphi na impawu . Ukuba wenza njalo, ngokuqhelekileyo babe nobulali kwaye banokubandakanya umkhuhlane, intloko, intlungu edibeneyo, intlungu yesisu, i-lymph glands, kunye nokugqithisa okulula.
Ukuba ukholelwa ukuba uye wavelelwa kwi-virus ye-Zika-mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba unempawu okanye uye waya kwindawo ephezulu-mngcipheko-kukho iimvavanyo ezikhoyo ukufumanisa intsholongwane.
Iingcebiso zeCDC
Xa kuthethwa oko, uvavanyo lweZika lwentsholongwane alukho wonke umntu. Injongo ephambili yokuvavanya kukuthintela ukusasazeka kwentsholongwane kumama ukuya kumntwana ngexesha lokukhulelwa nokukhusela isifo sengculaza kumfazi okhulelwe okanye okhulelwe ukukhulelwa.
Kule nto, amaziko okuLawula nokuVikela (i-CDC) ayincoma uvavanyo lweZika kula maqela alandelayo kuphela:
- Nabani na umntu, umfazi okanye umntu, abaneempawu ezinokuthi bavelele kwintsholongwane, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba bahlala kwindawo eyimimandla, baye batya ukuya kwindawo ehlala kuyo okanye babe nesondo esingakhuselekanga nomntu ohlala okanye uye waya kwindawo ehlala kuyo
- Abafazi abakhulelweyo abaneempawu zegciwane lesifo se-Zika abaye bafumana ukusukela kwintsholongwane
- Abafazi abakhulelweyo abangenazo iimpawu abahlala kwindawo apho iZika ihlala khona okanye ingozi eqhubekayo yokuchithwa
- Abafazi abakhulelweyo abaye bafumana ithuba lokutshatyalaliswa kwintsholongwane ye-Zika kunye nomntwana ongumntwana ophethe izibonakaliso zokungaqhelekanga kokuzalwa njengomntwana onjenge- microcephaly kwi-ultrasound
Ukuvavanywa nako kunokuqwalaselwa ngabasetyhini abakhulelweyo abangenayo impawu ebesandul 'ukutshatyalaliswa kwintsholongwane kodwa abasengomngcipheko oqhubekayo. Usulelo lweZika luba ngumngcipheko omkhulu kumntwana ngexesha lokuqala kwee-trimester kunye neeveki ezisibhozo ngaphambi kokuba ukhulelwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvavanya akukhuthazwa kubantu abangenazo iimpawu, abafazi abangakhulelweyo abangenayo impawu, okanye njengendlela yokuhlolwa kwangaphambili.
Ukuba awukwazi ukufumana ibhanti yezorhwebo kufuphi nawe unako ukwenza uvavanyo, fowuna ummandla wakho okanye urhulumente onokukuthumela kwi-laboratory evunyiweyo.
Uvavanyo lweBeb
Kukho iimvavanyo ezimbini ezahlukahlukeneyo ezisetyenziselwa ukufumana ingxaki yesifo se-Zika, enye ejongene nesifo segciwane kunye nesinye esibheka ubungqina bentsholongwane ngeendlela zamaproteni ezikhuselayo ezibizwa ngokuba ngama- antibodies .
Ezi zimbini iimvavanyo zenziwa ngokukhawuleza ukwenzela ukuba ixilongwe. Oku kungenxa yokuba uvavanyo lofuzo, olubizwa ngokuba yi- RNA nucleic acid test amplification (NAT) , luye lucaciswe ngakumbi ekukwazi ukufumana intsholongwane kodwa lugxininise kakhulu (lithetha ukuba lusetyenziswa kwiziphumo ezingamanga ).
Ngokwahlukileyo, uvavanyo lwe - immunoglobulin (IgM) lwe-antibody luyinkathalo ngakumbi kodwa ingaphantsi (ithetha ukuba ayikwazi ukuhlula iZika kwiintsholongwane ezifanayo).
Xa zisetyenzisene ndawonye, iimvavanyo ze-RNA NAT kunye ne-IgM zibonelela ngezinga eliphezulu lokuchaneka xa ufumanisa iZika.
Uvavanyo lweRNA NAT
Uvavanyo lwe-RNA NAT yi-teknoloji ephakamisa ngokukhawuleza inani leenxalenye zeemfuyo egazini, umchamo, kunye nezinye izifo zomzimba ezivela kumawaka ambalwa ukuya ngaphezulu kweebhiliyoni.
Ngokwenza njalo, ibhanki inokubona i-close-close if there is any evidence of the infection of Zika. Ukuba ukrokrelwa ukuba unesifo se-Zika, uvavanyo lwe-NAT kufuneka lwenziwe kwiisampuli zegazi kunye nomchamo ezithathwe ngokufanayo.
Inzuzo yovavanyo lwe-NAT yinto enokuyenza emva nje kokuba iimpawu zivele. Xa kuthethwa oko, inqanaba le-RNA ye-viral liza kuhlahloka ngokukhawuleza njengoko isistim somzimba sokuqala sogonyamelo siqala ukulawula ukusuleleka. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuhlolwa kwe-NAT kuthathwa njengeluncedo xa kuhlolwa kwiintsuku ezili-14 zokuqala iimpawu. (Okukuphela kwendlela ephakathi kwabasetyhini abaneempawu ezinokuthi i-RNA enesifo se-HIV iqhubekeka kwiiveki ezingama-12.)
Ngenxa yokunciphisa uvavanyo, umphumo ongenayo i-NAT awukhupheli ukusuleleka kwe-virus yeZika.
Ukuhlolwa kweGigM
Uvavanyo lwe-IgM luvavanyo lwe-blood based based test that detects antibodies eziveliswa ngumzimba ukulwa nesifo sengculaza seZika. Ingathatha umzimba ukuya kwiiveki ezimbini emva kokuvelela ukuvelisa izixhobo eziza kuzalisa iziphumo ezichanekileyo. Ukuvavanywa kakhulu kusenokuba negalelo elibangelwa ngamanga .
Amanqanaba omzimba we-Zika atya ukunyuka kwi-RNA. Ngaloo ndlela, uvavanyo lwe-IgM luncedo kakhulu kwiiveki ezili-12 zokusulela kwaye ngamanye amaxesha. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya i- cerebrospinal fluid kwiimeko apho ukusuleleka kwe-Zika kubangele ukubhola kwengqondo.
Xa uvavanyo lwe-IgM lungafinyeleleka kwimeko yayo kwi-virus yeZika. I-virus ye-Zika ivela kwintsapho yaseFlaviviridae kwaye ihlobene kakhulu neentsholongwane ezibangelwa ngumkhuhlane we-dengue , i- yellow fever , ne- encephalitis yaseJapan . Ngenxa yoko, uvavanyo lingahle lubuyisele ngenye indlela umphumo olungalunganga. Le ngenye yezizathu zokuba uvavanyo lokuqinisekisa lubaluleke kakhulu.
Ngenxa yobuchule bayo obuphezulu, uvavanyo olubi lwe-IgM lunokuqwalaselwa njengesigxina.
Ukunciphisa i-Plaque Testing neutralization Test
Uvavanyo lokunciphisa i-Plaque test neutralization test (PRNT) luvavanyo olulinganisa amanqanaba e- antibodies egazini. I-anti-antibodies ye-neutralizing yi-subset ye-immunoglobins enendima yayo yokubulala intsholongwane. Ngokungafani nokungahambisani ne-antibodies efunyenwe kwi-IgM yokuvavanya, ukunyanzelela i-antibodies ingakwazi ukuhlala emzimbeni iminyaka, ilungele ukuhlaselwa ukuba intsholongwane ivele ivele.
I-PRNT igcinwe ukuqinisekisa iimvavanyo ezingenakulinganiswa, ezingenangqiqo okanye ezikhuselekileyo.
Uvavanyo lokukhulelwa
Izikhokelo zokuvavanya xa ukhulelwe zihluka ngohlobo lokuba unina, unomama kwaye unomngcipheko oqhubekayo wokusuleleka. I-CCD iyakhuthaza ngoku:
- Ukuba ukhulelwe kwaye unempawu zovavanyo lweZika, iNAT kunye ne-IgM zingenziwa ngokukhawuleza kwiiveki ezili-12 zokubonakala kweempawu.
- Ukuba awunayo impawu kodwa uyangqinela ukuba uye wavezwa, kufuneka uhlolwe kwiiveki ezimbini ukuya kwezi-12 zokubuya okanye ukulala nesifo se-Zika.
- Ukuba ukhulelwe kwaye uhlala kwingingqi apho kukho umngcipheko oqhubekayo wokungcola, kufuneka ube novavanyo lwe-IgM ngexesha lokutyelela kokuqala kokubeleka kunye nohambo olongezelelweyo olongezelelweyo.
- Ukuba i-ultrasound ibonisa iimpawu zokuzalwa kweziphene ezihambelana ne-Zika virus, uya kunikelwa kokubili uvavanyo lwe-NAT no-IgM. Uvavanyo lwe-NAT lwama-amniotic fluid lungenziwa.
Ukuxilongwa ngokungafani
Ngenxa yokuba isifo se-Zika sifana nesakhiwo se-molecular kunye / okanye iimpawu kwezinye izifo ezinambuzane nezifo ezingekho zizidumbu, ezinye izizathu zingadinga ukuba zilawulwe ngaphandle ukuba iziphumo zakho zokuvavanya zingekho ngaphantsi kokugqibeleleyo. Zingaquka:
- Chikungunya virus
- Dengue
- Leptospirosis
- Malariya
- Parvovirus
- Rubella
- Usulelo lweRickettsial
- Ifiva ephuzi
Ukuba uvavanya kakuhle
Isiphumo esihle seZika siya kuqinisekisa ukuba unentsholongwane. Ukuthintela ukudlulisa intsholongwane kwiqabane lezesondo, uya kufuneka ubaleke ngokwesini okanye usebenzise iikhondom ngokuqhubekayo kungaphantsi kweenyanga ezintandathu. Oku kuyinyani ukuba umlingani wakho ukhulelwe okanye kwiminyaka yakhe yokuzala umntwana.
Ukuba ufumana umphumo omuhle ngexesha lokukhulelwa, akuthethi ukuba umntwana wakho uya kufumana isiphako sokuzalwa okanye ukuba uya kuba nesisu. Uninzi lwezi zifo aluyi kubangelwa naziphi na ezi ngxaki. Kunoko, i-ultrasounds izakuqhutyelwa ukujonga inkqubela yengane yakho kwaye ukhangele nayiphi na imiqondiso yengxaki.
Ukuba usana lwakho luzalwa lungenasiphako, kuza kwenziwa iimvavanyo ezininzi ukuqinisekisa ukuba konke kulungile, kuquka:
- Ukuhlolwa kwegciwane leZika ngexesha lokuzalwa
- Uvavanyo lokuvavanya ngaphambi kokukhutshwa esibhedlele
- Intloko ye-ultrasound ngaphakathi kwinyanga enye yokuzalwa
- Uvavanyo olunzulu lwejoni kwinyanga enye yokuzalwa
- Uvavanyo lwe -brainstorm response (ABR) oluzenzekelayo ngaphakathi kwinyanga enye yokuzalwa ukuvavanya intsholongwane yengane
Ukuba umntwana wakho ozalwa enesiphako saluphi na uhlobo, nokuba luyinto encinci okanye lukhulu, ukuhanjiswa kuya kwenziwa kwiingcali ze-neurologists, i-ophthalmologists, kunye nezinye iingcali ezikwazi ukuphatha nokulawula imeko yengane yakho. Uphuhliso kunye nezinye iinkonzo zokungenelela ziya kufunwa ukongeza kwiinkonzo zenkxaso yentsapho.
> Imithombo:
> Amasebe okuLawula nokuVimbela (iCCDC). "Zika kunye nokukhulelwa: Ukuvavanya nokuvavanya | Ukwelashwa kwe-Zika Virus Infection." Atlanta, Georgia; hlaziywa ngo-Ephreli 16, 2018.
> CDC. "Zika Virus: Iimvavanyo zokuxilongwa kwi-Zika Virus." Ihlaziywe ngoDisemba 12, 2017.
> Petersen, E .; Polen, K .; Meaney-Delman, uDana; okqhubekayo. "Ukuhlaziywa: IsiKhokelo soNxibelelwano lwaBanakekeli bezeMpilo Ukunyamekela abafazi bobudala bokuzalisa ngeZika Virus Exposure- > United > States, 2016." I- MMWR. 2016; 65 (12): 315-22. INGXELO: 10.15585 / mmwr.mm6512e2.