Amanyathelo okuQala okuPhathwa kweziSifo
I-Ebola yintlupheko yesifo segciwane esasasazeka eNtshona Afrika (iLiberia, iSierra Leone, iGuinea).
I-Ebola kufuneka ikhunjulwe kuphela kulabo ababenokubambisana kunye nesigulane se-Ebola okanye izifo zomzimba. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kube nokusola kunoma ubani ophethe imfiva okanye iimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane (iintlungu zesisu, intloko, ukukhathala, kunye ne-hiccups) emva kokuhamba ngeeveki ezi-3 ezidlulileyo ukusuka kwiindawo ezinokutyelela kwe-Ebola.
Ngenhlanhla, i-Ebola ayisoloko isasazeka.
Nangona kunjalo, abasindeyo basulelo banokubuyiselwa kwakhona kwe-Ebola, okukhokelela ekudlulisweni kwamadoda kumaqabane abo ngexesha lesondo. Intsholongwane inokuphinda iphinde ibuyele ejongeni, i-meninges (ecaleni kwengqondo), kwaye inokwenzeka ukuba i-placenta kunye nokukhulelwa, kodwa oku akunakwenzeka ukuba kukho ukuhanjiswa.
Ngo-2014 nangama-2015, iziqhwenga zenziwa eGuinea, eSierra Leone naseLiberia. Ukutshintshwa kwakhona kwenzeka emva kokuba izigulane zihamba neGigeria, iMali, i-US neSpain. Izigulana nazo zafika e-UK nase-Italy. Izigulane nazo zatshitshiselwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze zinyamekele kwi-US, i-UK, iFransi, iSpain kunye neJamani. Umntu wokuqala ofunyanwe ngaphandle kwe-Afrika wa sulelwa e Liberia waza waya eDallas, eTexas apho wafa khona. Izigulane ezintathu zisuleleke ngaphandle kweNtshona Afrika ngelixa zinyamekela izigulane - abahlengikazi baseDallas, eTexas naseMadrid, eSpain.
Abemi base-US basebenze ngoku baziwa ngokuba banesifo.
Njani isasazeka?
I-Ebola yintsholongwane ye- viral hemorrhagic fever , ngokukodwa i-filovirus, esasazeka ngokuqhagamshelana ngqo nomntu (okanye umzimba wamanzi) ogula nge-Ebola. La manzi asemzimbeni aquka umchamo, umquba, umxube, uhlanza, kunye neesen.
Oku kunokwenzeka kwakhona nge-stick-stick. Oku kungenzeka ngokuhlamba isigulane ogulayo.
Abo basemngciphekweni ngabo banxulumane ngokusondeleyo nabantu abane-HIV, imizimba yabo yamanzi, okanye i-cadavers - njengemingcwabo okanye ukunyamekela. Izenzo zokungcwaba kunye nokunyamekela abantu abagulayo kunokukhokelela kwizifo. Izibhedlele ezinokulawulwa kokutheleleka kokutheleleka zingabona abahlengikazi, oogqirha kunye nabanye abanonophelo abanesifo. Ukuhanjiswa kungafumaneka kwizibhedlele ngaphandle kweiglavu ezaneleyo, ukujongana nemaski, izigulane kunye nezinye izinto zokulawula ukusuleleka ukukhusela.
Ngaphambi kokuba isiguli sinempawu ezivela kwi-Ebola, abanako ukuhambisa intsholongwane. Akunalo moya. Akusasazeka kumanzi okanye ngokutya.
Yintoni eyenzekayo kubantu abasulelekileyo?
Iimpawu ziyakhula ukusuka kwiintsuku ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-21, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiintsuku eziyi-8-10. Iimpawu zivame ukuqala ngomkhuhlane ngokukhawuleza kunye neentsimbi zomzimba kunye nentloko. Kwakhona kunokuba nesicasiso, ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo, ukukhwehlela, kunye nomqala. Njengoko eso sifo siyaqhubeka, abanye balala kakhulu okanye banomdla. Ngomhla we-5, bangakwazi ukuvelisa iimpawu eziphazamisayo (ukuphuma kwegazi), ezinokubandakanya i- membrane yegazi okanye ukuphaphaza okanye ukutyumza kwisayithi senjola yeenaliti. I-Rash inokuphuhliswa kunye kwaye abaninzi banciphisa isisindo ngokukhawuleza.
Kwiiveki ezimbini, abo banesifo banokuphucula ngokukhawuleza okanye bahlawule ngokukhawuleza kwimeko yokothuka.
Ithuba lokufa lixhomekeke kwiyiphi i-subtype ye-Ebola echaphazelekayo. I-Ebola yeStyire subtype ingakhokelela ekufeni kwabantu abangama-90%, nangona amazinga okufa aphantsi, malunga ne-60%, eNtshona Afrika apho le nxalenye ifakalala khona. Ezinye i-subtypes, i-virus ye-Bundibugyo, igciwane le-Sudan, kunye ne-Taï Forest virus [eyayiyi-Côte d'Ivoire e-virus ye-Ebola]) inxulumene neendleko zokufa ezantsi, nangona kufikelela kuma-50% okufa kwabantu ngeSudus Virus. I-Reston efihlakeleyo ayizange idibaniswe nosulelo lwabantu kwaye yaqatshelwa ekuqaleni kwiinkwenkwe ezithunyelwa zisuka ePhilippines ziya e-US.
Uvavanya njani i-Ebola?
Uvavanyo lwe-Ebola aluqhelekanga ngokuqhelekileyo kwizibhedlele. Kudinga ukuhlolwa okuzodwa, ezifana nokuhlolwa kwe-PCR. Kwiindawo ezinobhubhane, ukuvavanywa ngokukhawuleza kunokufumaneka kwiindawo zokuhlala kuzo. Kwiindawo ezingenawo ukuphazamiseka kwe-Ebola, iZiko loLawulo lweZifo (CDC) okanye ezinye i-arhente zempilo zikazwelonke kufuneka zibandakanyeke.
Uvavanyo lwe-PCR lweLab alukwazi ukufumana i-Ebola de emva kokuba iimpawu ziqale, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ubuncinane iintsuku ezintathu emva kokuba iimpawu ziqale. Awukwazi ukuvavanya emva kokungcola kuphela.
Ngaba kukho unyango?
Akukho nonyango oluvandlakisiwe nolwamkelweyo. Okwangoku, uninzi olunenkathalo luye lwaxhaswa, njengokubonelela ngamanzi kunye nesondlo.
Kwakukho ithemba lokuba ukunikezela nge-serum yegazi kulabo abasandul 'ukufumana kwakhona kuya kunceda abo batholelekileyo, kodwa oku akuzange kubonakaliswe ukuba kusebenze.
Kukho ithemba lokuba ezinye iindlela ziya kusebenza. Enye indlela kuye kwenzelwa ukudala amaninzi omzimba, oya kuthatha i-immunologically against Ebola. Enye injalo yonyango yi-ZMapp, edibanisa ne-3-anti-body-antibodies - enikezelwa kwizigulane ezingaphantsi kwezi-10 ukude. Enye indlela, nayo inomdla, iya kusebenzisa i-nucleoside analogs. I-Favipiravir, evunyelwe umkhuhlane waseJapan, ingaba yindlela efanelekileyo.
Kukho nethemba lokuphuhliswa kokugonya. Akukho nanye okwangoku ikhoyo. Akulindeleke ukuba omnye uya kuphuhliswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye ahlolwe ubuncinane omnye unyaka.
Unokuthintela ukuthintelo njani?
Ukuthintela ukusasazwa, kubalulekile ukukhupha izigulane kunye nokulandelela abo baqhagamshelana nabo kufuneka bahlolwe kwaye baqeshwe ngokufanelekileyo. Kwiindawo zokuhlala kwindawo yokubhedlele esibalulekileyo, kubalulekile ukuba bonke abasebenzi bagqoke iiglavu, ukukhuselwa kwamehlo / izigulane, ubuso beemaski, izambatho zokukhusela naluphi na ukuxhamla kwamanzi omzimba. Abaninzi baye basebenzisana ne-Ebola kwiminyaka engaphelelanga ngokutyhila isigulane. Izifo ezidlulileyo ziye zacinywa ngokuzityinjwa kunye nokuqhagamshelana nokuqhagamshelana, ngelixa zikhusela ngokukhawuleza ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane kubasebenzi bezempilo.
Uvela phi?
I-Ebola ifunyenwe phantse kuphela eAfrika, kude kube ngowama-2014. Izifo zesifo seNkqubela eDemokhrasi yaseCongo (DRC), eGabon, eSudan, e-Ivory Coast, e-Uganda naseRiphabhliki yaseCongo, phambi ko-2014 isasazeka eGuinea, eSierra Leone, eLiberia naseNigeria. Ingqungquthela engabandakanyekanga yenzeke e-DRC ngo-2014. Iibhakati zicingelwa ukuba yindawo ephakathi kwezifo zesifo. Njengoko intsholongwane iyaphila ngaphandle kwempawu ebonakalayo kwiipilisi, ukuqhuma kwebhan kungathutha eso sifo phakathi koqhekeko. Kwakhona kuthinta ama-primates angabantu, njengama-gorilla kunye neenkwenkwezi, ezidla ngokubanjelwa kwesi sifo.