Ibhokotshi ibangelwa yintsholongwane ye-variola kwaye iyaziwa kuphela ukuba idluliselwa phakathi kwabantu. Iintsholongwane eziphilayo zigcinwe ngenjongo yophando kwiibhubhile ezimbini kuphela kwihlabathi: amaziko okuLawula nokuVikela (CDC) eUnited States kunye ne-VECTOR Institute eRussia.
Lesi sifo saqalwa satshatyalaliswa ngo-1980 emva kwenkqubo yehlabathi yokugonywa kunye nokuzihlukanisa.
Iziganeko zokugqibela ezaziwa ngokuqhelekileyo zivela ekugqibeleni eSomalia ngowe-1977.
Ukususela ngo-1980, ukugonywa kwesigxina kuphelile emhlabeni wonke, ukushiya isabelo esibalulekileyo sabantu abangenayo intsholongwane kwisifo sengqungquthela esenza i-smallpox.
Variola Virus
I-Variola ivela kwiqela leentsholongwane ezibizwa ngokuba yi-orthopoxvirus Ikwaquka i-monkeypox, i-cowpox, i-vaccinia, i-camelpox kunye nezinye iziphumo.
Nangona i-smallpox icingelwa ukuba ipheliswe ngokupheleleyo kwimvelo, enye i-orthopoxvirus inakhokelela ekugqibeleni. Iintsholongwane ezithathwa kwiintlobo ezingezizo zenyama kodwa ziyakwazi ukuthintela abantu zibizwa ngokuba yizo zozotic. Zonke i-orthopoxviruses ziyakwazi ukuthintela abantu kodwa aziyona ingozi njengengqungquthela kwaye ayikwazi ukuhanjiswa kalula ukusuka kubantu ukuya kubantu.
Bioterrorism
Inkxalabo enkulu malunga nentsholongwane ye-variola yinto enokusetyenziswa kwayo njengesixhobo se-biological.
Nangona i-smallpox ingazange ivele ngokwemvelo emashumi eminyaka, amagosa enonophelo lwempilo kufuneka alondoloze isicwangciso sokusabela kwisiganeko sokuba abantu bayabonakala kwintsholongwane.
I-CDC iya kuqwalasela enye imeko eqinisekisiweyo yenkqutyana yokuxakeka kwezonyango ngenxa yokungabikho kokuzikhusela kumntu okwangoku.
Izigidi zemilinganiselo yokugonya i-smallpox zigcinwa eUnited States xa kwenzeka ukuqubuka.
Abaphenduli bokuqala, abasemkhosini kunye nabanikezeli bezempilo baya kugonywa ngokukhawuleza kunokwenzeka ukuba babe ngumqobo wokusasaza intsholongwane ngaphaya kweendawo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo. I-CDC inamanani okwaneleyo okugonywa kwe-smallpox ukukhupha wonke umntu e-United States.
Ubungenako Ukuvuselela kwakhona
Nangona isifo se-varipox se-variola virus asihlali kuyo nayiphi na isilwanyana esaziwayo, esilindele ukuphazamisa umntu, izazinzulu ziye zafumana imizekelo ehlazo kakhulu ye-variola kwiisampula zamandulo zesintu.
Enye inkxalabo kukuba uhlobo oluthile olungonakaliyo lwentsholongwane ye-variola lunokuthi lube lukhuni kwi-permafrost, ekhangela amazinga aphezulu ngonyaka.
Ukuthunyelwa
I-Influenza, i-pertussis, kunye nemasisi yonke inokutheleleka kunokuba i-smallpox. Inqununu idluliselwa ngobudlelwane obusondeleyo kwixesha elide. Intsholongwane ye-variola ivela emoyeni kwaye idluliselwa ngephepha lokuphefumula.
Ngubani Osuleleko?
Izigulane zisuleleka ngokukhawuleza xa zibonakalisa iimpawu kunye neempawu zengqungquthela kwaye zihlala zisuleleka kuze kube yilapho ukugqithisa kunye nezilonda zisonjululwe ngokupheleleyo. Ama-pustules aya kutshaya kwaye awele, ashiye isiqhekeza.
Xa sele zomile ngokupheleleyo, ezithatha malunga neeveki ezine, ngoko isigulane asisayi kuthathwa njengentsholongwane.
Ukuthunyelwa koMbane kunye noThutho lokuThengiswa
Ngokuqhelekileyo, isigulane sisifo kwaye umntu ofumana unyango wayehlala kwikhaya elifanayo. Ukucingwa kwakukho ukuba i-smallpox yayidluliselwa ngamanzi amaninzi amakhulu xa isigulane sithinteka okanye sinyanyiswe. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko ezinqabileyo ezichaziweyo zokuxhatshazwa ngokungaqhelekanga kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo phakathi kweziko lesibhedlele, okuza kubakho iincinci ezincinci zomoya.
Ekubeni ukudluliselwa kwendalo ye-smallpox akuzange kwenzeke ukususela ngowe-1977, abaphandi abaqinisekanga ukuba ingaba isifo sithunyelwa ngomoya ngokubanzi okanye amancinci amancinci.
Iinkqubo zomoya zangoku ezifudumeleyo kwizibhedlele azizange zikho xa i-smallpox yayiphathwa eMelika. Ukuba intsholongwane iqhutyelwa ngamaconsi amakhulu, iinkqubo zomoya ezintsha kufuneka zenze umehluko. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuba intsholongwane iqhutywe ngamaconsi amancinci kwindlela yokuphefumula, iinkqubo zomoya zenziwa ngokutsha zingabangela ingxaki ekufuneka iyanqotshwa.
I-virus ye-variola iphinda ihlala kwimizi ephuma kwizilonda ezivulekileyo eziqhelekileyo kwizifo zesifo. I-fluid ingangcolisa iibhedi kunye nezambatho, okwenza ifikeleleke. Ababoneleli ngezeMpilo kufuneka basebenzise ingqalelo xa bekhathalele izigulane ezinobuncwane.
Ukugonywa
Igama elithi "ugonyo" luye lwaqulunqwa ngenxa yokugonywa kwegciwane lesifo segciwane, esivela kwintsholongwane yegciwane kwaye lihlobene negciwane le-cowpox. "I-Vacca" ithetha inkomo ngesiLatini.
Intsholongwane ye-Variola, ebangela i-smallpox, iyintsholongwane ekhohlakeleyo echitha ixesha layo lokuxubusha elijikeleza ngokusingqongileyo kunye nokuvelisa ngaphandle kokubangela ukuphendula komzimba. Ngethuba i-virus ye-variola ikhula ibe yi-smallpox kwaye yenza umphathi wayo agule, intsholongwane isasazeke kuwo wonke umzimba. I-immune system ayinaso ixesha lokusabela.
I-vaccinia, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlala kwindawo yangomntu kwaye ayiyi kuphinda iphendule ngokubanzi. Kwakhona akubangeli nto, ukuba kukho, ukugula. Yenza impendulo yokuzivikela ngomzimba, leyo umzimba ungayisebenzisa ukulwa nentsholongwane.
Ukugonywa phakathi kweentsuku zokuqala ezintathu ze-smallpox exposed exposure inikeza ixesha lokukhusela i-immune system ukunyusa ukulwa ne-virus ye variola. Nangona ukugonywa emva kokungabonakali akusivumi isigulane ukuba singagula, sinokunciphisa kakhulu ubunzima besikhomba.
Izinto eziKhuselekileyo zobungozi
Ngokuqinisekileyo nabani na ozelwe eMelika emva kowe-1971 wathola isitofu sokugonywa, eshiya ukuba abantu banokusuleleka xa bekhulile i-variola virus. Abo bachonywe ngaphambi kowe-1971 banokuthi bafumane umkhuhlane we-smallpox, kodwa abaphandi abacaci ukuba umgomo uphela ixesha elingakanani.
Ubuninzi bemihlali ukusuka kwinqwelo-ntshona yabhengezwa ngowe-1980 uye wanda ngamandla, okwenza kube nzima ukuqikelela ukuba i-variola intsholongwane yayiza kusasazeka kangakanani kumaxesha anamhlanje. Idatha ebhetele, ehlanganiselwe kwiminyaka ye-1960 kunye neye-1970, yayisekelwe kubemi abaye banokugonywa njengengxaki kwaye babengenayo imeko yokuxhatshazwa kwe-HIV njengabantu abaninzi.
> Imithombo:
> Milton, D. (2012). Yayiyiphi indlela ephambili yokudlulisa i-smallpox? Impembelelo ye-biodefense. Imida yeeMitha kunye neNtsholongwane ye-Microbiology , 2 . i-doi: 10.3389 / fcimb.2012.00150
> Iitshitshi, C., Biagini, P., & Crubézy, E. (2014). Ukubuyiselwa kwakhona kwenqununu. I-Clinical Microbiology NoGawulayo , 20 (3), 210-218. i-doi: 10.1111 / 1469-0691.12536
> McCollum, A., Li, Y., Wilkins, K., Karem, K., Davidson, W., & Paddock, C. et al. (2014). Ukuxhatshazwa kwePoxvirus kunye noTyikityo kwiiNdaba zeMbali. Izifo ezithintekayo ezichaphazelekayo , 20 (2), 177-184. i-doi: 10.3201 / eid2002.131098
> Tayarani-Najaran, Z., Tayarani-Najaran, N., Sahebkar, A., & Emami, S. (2016). Uxwebhu olutsha lweNcotyi yegciwane. I-Journal Of Acupuncture kunye nee-Meridian Studies , 9 (6), 287-289. i-doi: 10.1016 / j.jams.2016.09.003
> Cann, J., Jahrling, P., Hensley, L., & Wahl-Jensen, V. (2013). Ukuthelekiswa kwePatfogy ye-Smallpox kunye ne-Monkeypox kwi-Man and Macaques. Umbhalo We-Pathology of Compare , 148 (1), 6-21. i-doi: 10.1016 / j.jcpa.2012.06.007