Ingqwalasela ye-Viral Hepatitis
Xa sithetha nge-hepatitis, sisoloko sibhekisela kwifom ye-virus yesifo. I-term hepatitis, ngokucacileyo, yinto nje ukuvuvukala kwesibindi esingabangelwa nayiphi na imiba yeemeko, kuquka umonakalo wecandelo ngqo, ukuchithwa kweekhemikhali kunye neesxinyi, izifo ezibangelwa yi-bacteria okanye i-parasitic, kunye nezifo ezizimele.
Intsholongwane ye-hepatitis iyona ndlela ixhaphake kakhulu kwi-world, ebangelwa yiindidi ezahlukeneyo zintsholongwane, ngasinye siziphatha ngendlela efanayo kodwa sinempawu yazo zonke.
Ezi ziquka ziquka:
- Iimodeli zokusasazeka (indlela intsholongwane isasazeka ngayo)
- I-Pathogenesis (indlela isifo esiqhubeka ngayo)
- I-Symptomatology (yintoni na xa iimpawu zibonakala ngokubonakalayo)
- Amaxabiso okugula (ukugula) kunye nokufa (ukufa)
Kukho iintlobo ezi-5 eziqhelekileyo zentsholongwane ye-viral hepatitis-echazwe ngama-alfabhethi ukusuka kwi-hepatitis A ukuya kwi-E-eyabelwe kwihlabathi okanye kwiindawo ezithile zehlabathi. Ezinye iindidi ezimbini ezibizwa ngokuba yi-hepatitis F ne-GB) ziye zahlulwa njengezizathu ezinokwenzeka, nangona izazinzulu zisaphikisana nobukho babo.
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Ziziphi iindlela ezahlukeneyo onokuyifumana ngazo i-Hepatitis B?
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Ezi ngxaki zamehlo zisenokubangelwa yi-Hepatitis B
Nangona zikhona ezinye iindiza ezingabangela ukutshabalala kwesibindi (kubandakanya i-Epstein Barr negciwane lesifo se-herpes simplex), i-hepatitis A nge-E yizona iintlobo esizibhekisela kuzo njengezona zimbangela ze-hepatitis yentsholongwane.
Ingqikithi, i-hepatitis A nge-E i-akhawunti malunga nokufa kwabangama-1.3 million ngonyaka. Kule ndawo, i-hepatitis B ne-C zibhekwa njengengxaki yesifo sehlabathi, kunye nezifo ezininzi nokufa minyaka yonke kune-HIV, isifo sofuba kunye ne-malariya.
I-Hepatitis A
I-Hepatitis A ibangelwa yintsholongwane ye-hepatitis A (HAV) kwaye isasazeka ngokufaka ingxube ye-HAV-infected with either water or contamination or from person to person ( kubandakanywa ngexesha lesini ).
I-shellfish engaphephekiyo iyimvelaphi evamile yokudlulisa izifo.
Ixesha phakathi kosulelo kunye nokubonakala kweempawu zijikeleze iiveki ezimbini ukuya kweyesithandathu, nangona abaninzi abanakufumana iimpawu kuzo zonke. Xa kubonakala iimpawu, zivame ukuhlala kwiiveki ezisibhozo ziphakathi kwaye zingabandakanya iimpawu ezifana nezi:
- I sizathu
- Ukuvutha
- Uhudo
- Fever
- Intlungu zesisu
- Ukukhathala okukhulu
- Ukuqhwala kwesikhumba kunye namehlo (i- jaundice )
- Ubumnyama bomchamo
- Ibala, izitye ezinobumba
Akukho nonyango oluthile lwe-hepatitis A njengoko iimpawu zivame ukuzixazulula zodwa. Xa usulelekile, umntu ukhuselele ubomi. Ukufa kubhekwa njengento engaqhelekanga, nangona abanye abantu asebekhulile bangabungozi bokungaphumeleli kwesibindi (ngokuqhelekileyo abo banezifo zesibindi esandulele).
Isitofu sokugonywa kwe-HAV sifumaneka ngokubanzi-siyakhutshwa ngejoza kwiikhosi ezimbini-ezinokukhusela ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane kwiminyaka eyi-15 okanye ngaphezulu.
I-hepatitis B
I-Hepatitis B ibangelwa yintsholongwane ye-hepatitis B (HBV) kwaye ixhaphake kakhulu ngegazi elichaphazelekayo okanye kumanzi omzimba okanye idluliselwa kumama ukuya kumntwana ngexesha lokukhulelwa.
Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye nokulala ngokwesondo ziqhelekileyo iindlela zokuhambisa.
I-Hepatitis B ingabonisa iimpawu ezinzima (ukuzinqanda) ngexesha lokuqala losulelo, nangona abanye bengenayo impawu nhlobo. Ezi zihlandlo zokuqala zifana nezo zi-hepatitis A kwaye zibonakala zifike kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwi-80 zokuchithwa.
Emva kokuba iimpawu ezinzima zixazululwe, intsholongwane ingaphikelela kwiminyaka emininzi kwisithuba esingapheliyo (esigxina) sentsholongwane. Ngethuba lexesha eliqhubekayo ukuvuvukala kunokukhokelela ekutshintsheni kwesibindi esonakalisa ngokukhawuleza ukwakhiwa kwelungu ngokwalo.
Ngelixa abantu abaninzi baya kuhlala bengenasifo ngexesha lokusuleleka, isigulo sinokuthi siphumelele ngokunyamezela kwixesha leminyaka kwabanye. Ukuqhekeka kwesibindi (i-fibrosis) kunganciphisa ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-10 ukuya kwe-20, ekugqibeleni iholele kumqathango obizwa ngokuba yi- cirrhosis apho isibindi singakwazi ukusebenza khona. Ukuhluleka kwesibindi kunye nomdlavuza wesibindi yinkxalabo enxulumene nosulelo oluphezulu lweHBV.
Ngoxa uninzi lwabantu abane-hepatitis B luya kuphelisa ngokukhawuleza intsholongwane emva kokusuleleka sulelo, abo banokusuleleka sulele bangaphathwa ukunciphisa ingozi ye-cirrhosis nomhlaza. Okwangoku, kukho izilwanyana ezisixhenxe ezigunyazisiweyo zokusetyenziswa kwi-HBV. Yaye ngelixa iziyobisi zingenakukucima intsholongwane ngokwayo, ziyakunciphisa ngokukhawuleza ukuphindaphinda kwentsholongwane, ngaloo ndlela zinciphise ukutshaya kwesibindi.
I- vaccine ye-HBV iyafumaneka-leyo ihanjiswa ngejoza kwiikhosi ezintathu-kwakunye nesitofu sokugonya esinakho ukukhusela kokubili i-hepatitis A kunye no-B.
I-Hepatitis C
I-Hepatitis C ibangelwa yintsholongwane ye-hepatitis C (i-HCV) kwaye isasazeka kakhulu ngokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi. Ukutshintshwa komama ukuya kumntwana ngexesha lokukhulelwa kuqhelekileyo njengokusasaza ngesondo (ikakhulukazi kwintlobo yesini okanye abantu abasetyhini abanegciwane lesandulela ngculaza ).
Kwezinye iindawo ezingaphantsi kwehlabathi, i-hepatitis C idluliselwa ngokusetyenziswa kwezigulane ezingaqhelekanga kunye neenkqubo zonyango, kunye ne tatto okanye iifowuni zokugcoba apho izixhobo ziye zahlambuluka ngegazi lomntu.
Njenga-hepatitis B, i-hepatitis C ingabonisa iimpawu ezinzima ngexesha lokuqala isulelo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwiiveki ezintandathu ukuya kweebhozo emva kokuvezwa. Uninzi luya kucima intsholongwane kwisithuba seentsuku ezingama-60, kaninzi kungekho zibonakaliso (okanye ukuqonda) kwintsholongwane.
Kulabo abangakwazi ukufikelela kwisigunyaziso, malunga ne-10 ukuya kwi-15 ekhulwini baya kuqhubela phambili kwi-cirrhosis kwiminyaka engama-20 ukuya kwe-30. Phakathi kwezi, i-20 ukuya kwi-25 ekhulwini iya kuba ne-cirrhosis ehlawulweyo (apho isibindi singakwazi ukusebenza) okanye umdlavuza wesibindi, zombini ophethe ingozi engaphezulu kwama-50 engozini yokufa.
Ukuqaliswa kwe -anti-virus ye-anti-viral (DAAs) esandula ngokukhawuleza kuphuculise iziphumo zabantu abane-HCV yokungapheliyo, kunye nezinye iziyobisi eziqhayisa ukunyanga kwamazinga angaphezu kwama-95 (kwanabo abane-cirrhosis ephezulu).
Ngokwe-World Health Organisation (WHO), kulinganiselwa ukuba abantu abayizigidi ezingama-300 bahlaselwe yi-HCV emhlabeni wonke, kubangelwa ukufa kwabangama-700,000 ukusuka kwisifo se-cirrhosis nesifo somdla ngamnye ngonyaka. Okwangoku akukho sitofu sokukhusela ukusuleleka kwe-hepatitis C.
I-hepatitis D
I-Hepatitis D ibangelwa yi-virus ye-hepatitis D (i-HDV) kwaye inokubangela ukuba izifo zenzeke ngokubambisana ne-virus ye-hepatitis B (HBV). Indlela yokudluliselwa kwezinto, ngoko ke, iyafana ne-HBV njengoko iimpawu kunye nesi sifo ngokwaso, nangona kunjalo.
Enyanisweni, umntu osuleleke nge-HBV kunye ne-HDV unomngcipheko ophezulu wokufumana ukuhluleka kwesibindi ngexesha elimangalisayo lokusuleleka, kunye nokuqhubela phambili ngokukhawuleza kwi-cirrhosis ngexesha lokusuleleka. Iimali zesifo somhlaza nesibindi senyuka.
Ngenxa yoko, i-HBV / HDV yentsholongwane-ntsholongwane iyaziwa ukuba inezinga eliphezulu lokufa kwazo zonke iindidi zentsholongwane. Kukho okona ambalwa unyango olwaziwa olusebenzayo ekulawuleni intsholongwane ye-hepatitis D. Nangona kunjalo, ukugonywa kwe-HBV kunokukhusela i-hepatitis D ekubeni intsholongwane ixhomekeka ngokupheleleyo kwi-hepatitis B ukuba iphinde iphinde iphinde iphendule.
Nangona i-hepatitis D ithathwa njengeyinqabileyo e-US, iyaziwa ukuba isasazwa kakhulu eNtshona Afrika, eMzantsi Melika, eMntla Merika, eRashiya, e-Central Asia, kwi-Pacific Islands naseMeditera.
I-hepatitis E
I-Hepatitis E ibangelwa yintsholongwane ye-hepatitis E (HEV) kwaye, njenge-hepatitis A, isasazeka ngokuhamba ngomlomo . Ixesha eliphakathi kwentsholongwane kunye nokubonakala kweempawu zijikeleze iiveki ezintathu ukuya ezintandathu, nangona abaninzi abanakufumana iimpawu. Xa kubonakala iimpawu, ziya kufana nezo zi-hepatitis A kwaye zigcine ukufikelela kwiiveki ezisibhozo.
Ukubuyiselwa kwiimpawu kubakhokelela ekukhutsheni i-viral phantse kuwo wonke umntu ogulayo. Phakathi kwabambalwa abaqhubela phambili ekusulelekeni kwintsholongwane engapheliyo, ukugula kubonakala kuncinci kulabo abanamasosha omzimba athathaka (njengabantu abanokusuleleka kwi-HIV okanye ukuguquka komzimba). Abafazi abakhulelwe nabo banomngcipheko ophezulu wokungaphumeleli kwesibindi, ngokuqhelekileyo ngexesha lesithathu lokukhulelwa.
Ukusetyenziswa kwe-drug ribavirin kuye kwaboniswa ukufezekisa ukukhutshwa kwe-viral kwisithuba sama-65 ekhulwini kubantu abangenasifo. Ngokungafani ne-hepatitis A, nangona kunjalo, akukho gonyo lwe-hepatitis E. Kuthatyathwa okungafanekiyo e-US, i-hepatitis E ihanjiswa ngokubanzi kwi-Asia Ephakathi, nangona ukugqashuka kuye kwaphawulwa kwi-Central America, kwi-Sub-Saharan Afrika, nakuMbindi Mpuma.
> Imithombo:
> I-World Health Organization (WHO). "Yintoni i-hepatitis?" IGeneva, eSwitzerland; I-Q & A ihlaziywe ngoJulayi 2016.
> Amasebe okuLawula nokuVimbela (iCCDC). "I-Viral Hepatitis" e-Atlanta, eGeorgia; Agasti 14, 2016.
> Umbutho waseMerika wokuFundisisa iSifo seNtsholongwane (AASLD). "Ukuvavanya iMithwalo ye-Global and Regional Burden of Liver Disease." EWashington, DC; ukukhutshwa kogcino kukhutshwa ngoNovemba 3, 2013.
> Umbutho waseMerika wokuFundisisa iSifo seMiyo (AASLD) kunye ne-Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). "Isikhokelo se-HCV: Iingcebiso zoVavanyo, ukuLawula nokuPhatha i-Hepatitis C." Ihlaziywe ngoJulayi 6, 2016.