I-lymphocytes ibalulekile kwimpilo kunye nezifo, kwaye eli nqaku liya kuqala ukuhlola indlela. Kodwa okokuqala, noluhlu lwe-10 kufuneka lwazi amaqiniso e-lymphocyte, ukuze uqalise.
Izinto ezi-10 eziphezulu zokumazi malunga nama-lymphocytes
- I-lymphocyte zihlobo lwegazi elimhlophe (WBC).
- I-lymphocyte iiseli zamasosha omzimba kwaye zinceda ukulwa nesifo.
- I-lymphocytes ihlala kwii-lymph nodes, kodwa nakwi-blood stream kunye nayo yonke umzimba.
- I-lymphocytes ivela kwiintlobo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo: i- B-cell kunye nee-T-cell.
- Inani elingaqhelekanga le-lymphocytes egazini lingaba lesikhashana okanye elide.
- Zininzi i-lymphocytes egazini kuthiwa i-lymphocytosis.
- Amancincytes ambalwa kakhulu egazini kuthiwa i-lymphopenia.
- I-lymphocytes ingaguquleka ibe yimizimba engapheliyo i-lymphocytic leukemia , i- acute lymphoblastic leukemia , kunye neentlobo ezithile ze- lymphoma .
- I-lymphocytes ivela kwiiseli ezinamafutha emathambo.
- I-t-lymphocytes ikhula, okanye ikhula, kwi-thymus, inxalenye entanyeni yendawo.
Kuphi Umzimba Ngaba I-Lymphocytes Ifunyenwe?
Wonke umntu unamaseli obomvu (iiRBC) kunye neeseli ezimhlophe zegazi (WBCs) ekujikelezeni kwazo. Iibomvu zinika igazi umbala wazo kwaye zithatha ingqwalasela emininzi kwizifundo zesayensi zesingeniso. Njengoko i-RBC, okanye i-erythrocyte, yenza indlela yayo kwiimfucu ezidinga i-oxygen emzimbeni, inika umoya wayo kwaye uqoke i-carbon dioxide, uze ubuyele entliziyweni nasemiphakeni yokutshintshwa kwegesi kwaye ufumane i-oxygen engaphezulu.
Ngeendlela zokuhamba, iRBC iyakwazi ukuhlangabezana neentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-WBC ngasendleleni, kwaye i-lymphocyte yenye yazo.
I-Lymphocytes kwi-Blood Stream
I-RBCs iyona mthombo oyintloko 'wezithuthi endleleni', oko kuthetha, iiRBC zifana neemoto zakho, iiSUVs, pickups, kunye nama-minivans nakuphi na uhambo lomgwaqo.
Kukho nawuphi na uhambo lomgwaqo, kunjalo, unesiqiniseko sokubona ezinye izithuthi ezingezo-umgibeli-umzekelo, ii-wheel-wheelers 18, izithuthi zokwakha, i-U-Haul yodwa, okanye mhlawumbi i-trooper yombuso okanye ezimbini.
Ezi iilori kunye neenqwelo zengqwele zifana ne-WBCs yakho kwi-circulation: Ngokuqinisekileyo ayenzi ixabiso lezithuthi, kodwa awunakuze umangaliswe ukubona enye.
Ngoko, i-lymphocytes, uhlobo lwe-WBC, liwela kulo "luqhelekanga kodwa aluqhelekanga" uhlobo lwecandelo kumlambo wegazi. Qaphela ukuba i-lymphocytes ingenye yeentlobo ezininzi ze-WBCs, kunye nokuba i-lymphocytes, ngokwazo, ziza kwiindidi ezahlukileyo, njengokuba unokuba nobabini be-troopers kunye namapolisa asekuhlaleni, bonke bahamba ngendlela efanayo. Zibini iimoto zamapolisa, kodwa kukho ukubaluleka okubalulekileyo phakathi kwabo.
I-Lymphocytes Ngaphandle kwe-Bloodstream, kwi-Lymph Vessels
Ukuba ungeke uqhube umgwaqo omkhulu kwaye ungangena emgceni kwisikhululo sesisindo, uza kufumana phakathi kwama-wheel-wheelers 18 kwaye mhlawumbi imoto yamapolisa ambalwa. Uhlobo lwento enokuba lunjani ukungena kwinkqubo yomzimba wakho njengomzimba wesibomvu obomvu: akufanele ube khona. Inkqubo ye-lymph yinkqubo yeendlela-izitya ze-lymph-apho ii-WBCs ezifana ne-lymphocytes yakho zizona zininzi zeseli eziqhelekileyo.
Ezi ziteshi azikho kude kakhulu neendlela eziphambili kunye nemithambo egcwele iRBCs, kodwa ziinkonzo zabo ezihlukeneyo. Ii-RBC aziqhelekanga ukuba zile mijelo, kwaye ukuba zikhona, zingabonisa ukulimala okubi okanye enye into engavamile.
I-lymphocytes kwi-Lymph Nodes
I-lymph nodes zincinci, izakhi zebhondi ezinokuthi zihlume-ngezinye iintlobo-ezi ntlungu entanyeni yakho ngexesha lokusuleleka kwintsholongwane yokuphefumula, umzekelo. I-lymph nodes inokuthi ithathwa ngokuba yi "iloli yokuyeka i-lymphatic system." Le 'iloli iyayeka' ihlelwe ngokusemgangathweni kwinqanaba leendlela zengxowankulu, ngokulinganayo, apho i-lymphocytes ingahlola khona kwaye ihlale ixesha, isampula umoya wendawo .
I-RBC ingaba kufuphi, kuba kwanento into encinci njenge-lymph node idinga ukunikezelwa kwegazi, kodwa iiseli zenkqubo ye-lymph, amangqamuzana omzimba omzimba, angena ngenene kwaye ahlale kwi-lymph node, kunye neeseli zegazi ezimhlophe, ngokukodwa. Inkqubo ye-lymph kunye nenkqubo yokujikeleza ihlukeneyo; Ezinye ze-WBC ezifana ne-lymphocyte kunye ne-macrophages ziyakwazi 'ukuhamba ngeendonga' ukuba zibuye zibuye ziphume phakathi kwenkqubo ye-lymphism kunye nendlela yokujikeleza. Ezi zi-WBC ziyakwazi ukushiya iinkqubo zombini kunye ne-lymph, ukuhamba kwizitho ezahlukahlukeneyo, njengenxalenye yemisebenzi yazo rhoqo okanye njengokuba kuyimfuneko.
I-Lymphocytes kwiGazi, iLymph, kunye ne-Organs kunye neTissues
Ukufingqa, i-lymphocytes enye yeentlobo ze-WBC ezingatholakala kwiimvini zakho kunye nemithambo yegazi, ekusasazeni komzimba. Kodwa i-lymphocytes inokufumaneka nakwezinye indawo emzimbeni-kwii-lymph nodes kunye neendlela zelymphism zomzimba wakho.
Ukongezwa koko, banokufunyanwa bahlakazeka kuwo wonke umzimba kwipen, tonsils, emathunjini, nakwinkalo ye-airways, umzekelo. Apha i-lymphocytes imele into ebizwa ngokuba yi "tissue tissue." Ezinye zezona zicubu eziqhelekileyo zibizwa ngamathumbu, kwintsimi ebizwa ngokuba yiPeryer's Patches. I-lymphocytes ihleleke kakhulu kule ndawo, kwizakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-follicles. Apho, i-lymphocytes yakha inxalenye ebalulekileyo ye-immune system ngokujonga iibhaktheriya ezihlala emanzini, ukukhusela ukukhula kwebhaktheriya embi emathunjini.
Enye yezona ndawo zinomdla kakhulu ukufumana i-lymphocytes emzimbeni inxalenye eyaziwa njengepen . Ngamanye amathandabu, i-pensi ifana nesinye se-lymph node enkulu. Ukunciphisa i-pentile kwendima yayo kwisistim somzimba sokuzikhusela komzimba kungeke kunjalo, njengokuba le lungu lenza izinto ezininzi ngexeshana, kubandakanywa nokugcina ubuninzi bokunikezela kweeplatelets ezenza igazi lakho liguqulwe, kunye nokuthatha amaRBC asele adala kwaye ahlasele.
Zibukeka Njani I-Lymphocytes?
Uninzi lwabantu kwicala lekliniki liqala ukukhangela i-lymphocyte yangempela ngokujonga kwi-microscope kwibhile kwindawo ethile. Xa i-drop of blood ithathwa kwaye idibene kwisilayidi kwaye iphathwe ngamanqatha amalungileyo, uyakwazi ukubona i-lymphocyte rhoqo ngoku, phakathi kweeseli zegazi ezibomvu.
- I-lymphocyte zinkulu kuneeseli ezibomvu zegazi (iiRBC)
- I-lymphocyte iyingaphantsi kwinani, okanye ingaqhelekanga, kuneeRBC.
- I-lymphocytes ayinkulu njenge- monocytes yegazi, enye uhlobo lwe-WBC.
- Ngokungafani neeseli ezibomvu zegazi, ezingenayo i-nucleus kubantu, i-lymphocytes ibonakala ngathi iqukumbele ngokubanzi yecucleus-njengeqanda elibiweyo elinomgca omhlophe kakhulu kwaye phantse-yonke i-yolk. Nangona ibala elifanelekileyo, nangona kunjalo, i-yolk okanye i-nucleus ye-lymphocyte ivame ukuba yimfusa emhlophe, ngelixa iqanda elimhlophe okanye i-cytoplasm liluhlaza.
Ziyaphi I-Lymphocytes?
Njengawo onke amangqamuzana egazi, zombini obomvu nomhlophe, i-lymphocytes iqala uhambo lwabo lobomi emlonyeni wethambo. Emva kokuba umntu ezalwe, umongo wethambo uba njengomveliso wokuvelisa iiseli ezintsha zegazi. I-lymphocytes ivela kwiintlobo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo, ii-T-seli kunye neeseli ze-B . Bobabini i-lymphocytes, kodwa banemisebenzi eyahlukileyo.
I-T-lymphocytes, iyavela, ibe nebali elikhethekileyo xa lifika kwimvelaphi yabo-ibali elibonisa imisebenzi yabo enzima kakhulu njengeeseli ezikhulile. I-'T 'kwi-T-seli imele imele i-thymus , kanti i-'B' kwi-B-cell isebenzisa umongo wethambo.
Zonke iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe zenziwe ngethambo lomongo, kodwa kuphela i-subset ekhethekileyo yalezi zisele zegazi ezihamba ukusuka emnzini wethambo ukuya kwi-thymus, apho ziqeqesha khona ukuba zibe yi-T-lymphocytes. Iiseli ezinomzimba zinika indawo efanelekileyo, kunye nama-cell receptors kunye nempawu zamakhemikhali, ukuza kuthi i-T-cell isebenze ngokufanelekileyo. I-thymus iyaqinisekisa ukuba la maseli akhula ukuze abe 'nezixhobo' ezifanelekileyo okanye amanqaku ngaphandle kweseli. Kukho inkqubo yokukhethwa kunye nokucinywa. Abasindileyo bahluke kwiindawo ezizodwa (CD8 + okanye i-CD4 +) T-lymphocytes kwaye bachithe malunga neentsuku ezili-10 kwinqanaba elithile le-thymus, apho bafunda ukuchazela umahluko phakathi kwabakwi-markers kunye nabamakishi bezilwanyana zasemzini. Emva kwalolu hlobo olunzima, i-T-cell ingashiya i-thymus kwaye yenza imisebenzi yawo eyahlukeneyo kwi-immune system.
Yintoni iLymphocytes?
Kukho ngokwenene ulwahluko phakathi kwe-B-cell kunye nee-T-seli, nangona zizo zombini i-lymphocytes. Iiseli ze-B kunye neeseli ze-T zidibene "nemimandla" eyahlukeneyo yenkqubo yokuzivikela kumzimba. Enye inxalenye yesistim somzimba-ininzi ye-B-esilawulileyo-igxile ekwenzeni iziza-moya ezinokubambisa abahlaseli bamanye amazwe kwaye zikhokele ekutshatyalaliswa kwabo. Elinye inxalenye yesistim somzimba-esona sikhulu se-T-cell-sigxile ekuqapheliseni abahlaseli baze babulale ngokuqondile, ngokulandelelana ngokuchanekileyo ngokuchanekileyo okukhokelela kwimfazwe yeselula. Ezi zimbini ezahlukeneyo okanye iindawo zichazwa ngokwemigaqo ethile. Iinqwelo zezixhobo, okanye iqela lokuvelisa abantu, liyaziwa ngokuba ngumzimba wokuzikhusela . I-infantry, okanye i-cell-to-cell battle side, iyaziwa njenge- cell-mediated immunity .
B-iiseli ziiseli eziza engqondweni xa zicinga malunga nama-antibodies, okanye i-immunity immunity, kunye neeseli ze-T ziiseli eziza engqondweni xa zicinga malunga nokulwa kweeseli-to-cell, i-cytotoxicity, okanye okuthiwa yi-cell-mediated immunity . Enyanisweni, kudla ngokubambisana phakathi kwe-B-cell kunye ne-T-cell, njengokuba kukho ukulungelelaniswa phakathi kwalabo abatshisa imithi kunye nabantwana.
B-iiseli zivuthiwe kumnatha wethambo kwaye ziya kwi-lymph nodes. B-iiseli zibe ngamaseli e-plasma okanye iiseli zeememori xa ama-antigens angaphandle angayisebenzisayo; Uninzi lweeseli ze-B zibe ngama-cell plasma-producing anti-antibody; ezinye zihlala njengeememori zeememori. Imemori B-iiseli zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuba intshaba ihlangane kwakhona kwixesha elizayo, izidongwe zilungiselelwe. Iiseli ze-plasma zifumaneka kwii-lymph nodes nakwezinye indawo emzimbeni, apho zisebenza khona ukuvelisa imiqulu emikhulu yamagciwane. Emva kokuba ama-antibodies akhululwe egazini kunye ne-lymph, la malekyuli e-antibody adibanisa kwi-antigen ekujoliswe kuyo ukuze aqalise inkqubo yokunciphisa okanye ukutshabalalisa i-arhente yangaphandle.
Iifom ze-T zivuthiwe kwi-thymus kwaye zihluke kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeeseli zeT, kuquka ezi zilandelayo:
- Amaseli e-cytotoxic T afumana kwaye ahlasele ngokuthe ngqo abantu basemzini njengabaktheriya, iintsholongwane kunye nomhlaza weseli.
- Iiseli zeT Helper zifumana ezinye iiseli ze-immune kwaye ziququzelele iimpendulo zomzimba.
- Iingqungquthela ze-T ezicwangcisiweyo zicatshulwa ukuba zikhusele isimiso somzimba sokuzikhusela komzimba ukwenzela ukuba ingagqithisi (njengoko yenzayo kwizifo ezizimele), nangona kunjalo iinkalo eziphambili ze-biology zala maseli zihlala zifihliwe kwaye ziqhubeka zixutyushwa.
- Umbulali wemvelo T (NKT) iiseli ayinye into efanayo neeseli zokubulala, kodwa zifana. I-cells ze-NKT zii-cell ze-cytotoxic ezifuneka ukuba ziqaliswe kwaye zihluke ukwenza umsebenzi wazo. Umbulali wemvelo (NK) iiseli kunye ne-NKT iiseli ze-lymphocytes ezikwabelana ngesimo esifanayo. Bobabini bangakwazi ukuphendula ngokukhawuleza phambi kobukhulu beeseli zesisu kwaye bathathe inxaxheba kwiimpendulo zomzimba zokulwa ne-tumor.
- Iimemori zeT Memory zikhumbule iimpawu kwi-bhakteriya, iintsholongwane, okanye iiseli zomhlaza ezazibonayo ngaphambili.
I-Lymphocytes eLymphoma
Ngoku ukuba uyazi kakuhle i-lymphocytes, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo, imisebenzi yazo eyahlukeneyo, kunye nezizathu ezixhamlayo, makhe sibone ukuba konke oku kuhambelana njani ne-lymphoma.
I-lymphoma iyenzeka xa i-lymphocytes ikhula kwaye iphindaphinda ingalawuleki. Umdlavuza uvela ngexesha elithile ekuphuhlisweni kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-lymphocytes. I-lymphocytes yomhlaza ingahamba kwiindawo ezininzi zomzimba, kuquka i-lymph nodes, i-spleen, ithambo lomongo, igazi, okanye ezinye izitho, kwaye zinokubumba ubunzima kwindawo enye, ebizwa ngokuba yi-tumor.
Ngenxa yokuba i-lymphocytes enempilo ingashukunyiswa kwaye ikhona kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo emzimbeni, imbono ye-metastasis (esebenza kwiminye imimandla yomhlaza) ayisebenzi kakuhle kwi-lymphoma. Amaseli e-lymphoma angatholakala kwi-lymph node kwaye mhlawumbi ngepeni, ngokunjalo. Awuyi kuthiwa yi-metastasis, kuba ipenti iyilungu apho i-lymphocyte ephilileyo inokufunyanwa ngokuqhelekileyo. Ngoko kwimeko ye-lymphoma, kukho ulwimi oluye lwaphuhliswa ukuchaza ubuninzi bokusasazeka kwezifo.
Uninzi lwe-lymphomas luqala kwi-lymph nodes, kodwa i-lymphomas inokuvela naphi nawuphi na emzimbeni. Xa i-lymphoma iqala ngaphandle kwe-lymph node, ibizwa ngokuba yi- primary extranodal disease . Xa i-lymphoma iqala kwi-lymph node kodwa ikhula kwaye isasaze ukubandakanya ezinye izakhiwo, ibizwa ngokuba yi- extranodal okanye i-extranodal disease. Ngokungafani nokusabalalisa, uthi, umdlavuza wesifo somhlaza njengokuba ulungelelanisa kwezinye izitho ezifana nesithambo, ukusasazeka kwe-lymphoma kwezinye izakhiwo kwi-lymph system akukona kubaluleka okufanayo kumntu ohlambulukileyo.
I-B-cell Lymphomas kunye ne-T-cell Lymphomas
Iindidi ezimbini eziphambili ze-lymphoma, i- Hodgkin kunye ne- non-Hodgkin lymphoma , zininzi ngokuphathelele kwimbali yokufumanisa kwabo kunento nayiphi na i-lymphocytes. Oko kwathiwa, uhlobo lwe-lymphoma uThomas Hodgkin eyayifumayo lwenzeka ukuba lymphoma eyenziwa kwiiseli zeB-lymphocyte ecaleni lentsapho. Ngo-non-Hodgkin lymphomas, unokuba ne-B-cell lymphomas okanye i-T-cell lymphomas. Ukuba i-cell-lymphoma ayilona uhlobo lukaHodgkin, ngoko libizwa ngokuba yi-B-cell engekho iHodgkin lymphoma, okanye i-B-NHL. Iintlobo zezona ziqhelekileyo ze-NHL zombini zenzeka ukuba zi-lymphomas ze-B lymphocytes. I-akhawunti ye-T-cell lymphomas malunga neepesenti ezili-15 zama-NHL onke e-United States. Njengoko kunye ne-B-cell lymphomas, zininzi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-B-cell lymphomas.
> Imithombo:
> I-NCCN Izikhokelo zoLwazi lweZikliniki kwi-Oncology. I-lymphomas engekho-Hodgkin. INational Cancer Network Network. Kufumaneka kwi-http: //www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/nhl.pdf.
> SEER Cancer Statistics Izihloko: I-Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma. I-National Cancer Institute: I-Surveillance, Epidemiology, kunye ne-Out Results Programme. Kufumaneka kwi http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/nhl.html.
> Stein H, uBob R. Ngaba iHodgkin lymphoma enye enye ye-B-cell lymphoma? I-Curr Hematol Malig Rep . 2009 Julayi; 4 (3): 125-8.