I-thymus ibe yintsimbi engavakaliyo kuyo yonke imbali. Kwaziwa ukuba kusekho ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yokuqala ye-AD, kodwa inxaxheba yayo ayiyi kuqalwa kuze kube yilapho kamva. AmaGrike asendulo ayicinga ukuba "sisihlalo senkalipho." Ngethuba lokuvuselela, bathetha ukuba akukho msebenzi. Kwaye kwada kwaba ngama-1970 apho inxaxheba yayo kwisistim somzimba sokuzikhusela komzimba saqala ukuvela.
Thymus Basics
Namhlanje siyazi i-thymus njengesigqeba se-immune system. Kwi-immune system, iindili zegazi ezimhlophe ezahlukeneyo zineemisebenzi ezahlukileyo. I-l-lymphocytes, okanye iiseli ze-T , zihlobo olulodwa lweeseli legazi elimhlophe. Kubantu, i-thymus iyilungu onokuyicinga 'njengeklasi yebhodi' yentsana ye-T-lymphocytes. Yindawo yokukhula, ukuphuhliswa, ukuqeqeshwa kunye nokukhethwa kwe-T-lymphocytes, amasosha omzimba omzimba omhlophe-wegazi, ukuze bakwazi ukuphumelela ukuphuma nokulwa nezifo kunye nabahlaseli bamanye amazwe.
I-'T 'kwi-T-seli imele imele i-thymus, kanti i-'B' kwi- B-cell isebenzisa umongo wethambo. Zonke iifom zegazi ezimhlophe zenziwe kwintsipho yethambo; i-subset ekhethekileyo yale iiseli ezenza igazi ihamba ukusuka emnxeni wethambo ukuya kwi-thymus, apho iqeqesha khona ukuba ibe yi-T-lymphocytes.
Ngokwemvelo, abantu abayena kuphela izidalwa eziba ne-thymus-eqinisweni, i-thymi yamathole kunye nemvana ngamanye amaxesha ziphakathi kwezilwanyana ezilungiselelwe kwisitya esibizwa ngokuthi i-sweetbreads, eyaziwayo eBrithani.
Indawo kunye nobukhulu bezakhiwo
I-thymus ingumngcipheko kwisigubungelo esiphezulu / entantsi yentamo. I-thymus ijwayele ukudideka kunye ne-thyroid-igrafu ehlala kwindawo efanayo, kodwa inomsebenzi ohluke kakhulu. I-thymus yintsipho epholileyo, ebomvu ephosa emva kwesifuba sakho naphakathi kwemiphunga yakho.
Oogqirha babiza le ndawo yesifuba njenge- mediastinum , kwaye idibeneyo enezakhiwo ezibalulekileyo.
Kubantu, i-thymus ayilona iqumrhu elibonakalayo okanye elibonakalayo ngaphandle. Okokuthi, isithunzi esivela kwi-thymus ngamanye amaxesha sinokubonakala kwi x-ray; nangona kunjalo, izibonda okanye iinkunzi ezikwindawo yentamo zinokwenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yezinye izinto, ezifana ne-lymph nodes okanye i-cyst. Inqabile kakhulu, inxalenye ye-thymus iqhubela phambili entanyeni kunokuba kufuneka-into ebizwa ngokuthi i-thymus ectopic yakho.
Ngokuxhomekeke kwiminyaka yakho, amathuba kukuba ubuncinane ubuncinane be-thymus, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu abadala abanalo i-thymus enomsebenzi. Emva kokuphelelwa ngumntwana, i-thymus iqala ukuncipha, okanye i-atrophy, ibe ithathelwa indawo yotye. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ungakhathazeki, nangona kunjalo iyakwamkelwa ukuba i-thymus ivelisa zonke iiseli ze-T eziya kulufuna ngaphambi kweli nqaku. Nangona umsebenzi we-thymus ubonakala ugalela ekumdala ngokungafani nakwezinye izinto ezingaqhelekanga, ii-T-lymphocytes ziyaqhubeka ziveliswa emzimbeni wakho kwaye zizaliswa ngexesha lokuphila kwakho.
Abantu ngabanye bahluka kakhulu ngobukhulu kunye nomlo we-thymus. I-thymus ikhulu kakhulu xa sisezinsana, sisisindo esingama-25 grams xa sizalwa.
Ukufikelela ubunzima obunzima phakathi kweminyaka eyi-12 ukuya kwe-19, malunga nama-gram angama-35 ngokuqhelekileyo, i-thymus iyancipha ngokugqithiseleyo kwiminyaka engama-20 ukuya kuma-60, kunye nokutshintshwa kwezicubu ze-thymus kunye nezicubu ezinamafutha. Umyinge ungama-15 amagremu ngelixa uneminyaka engama-60 ubudala.
Umntu Oyingqayizivele 'Ucebisi Wengqesho' yeeNtsholongwane zeMhlophe zeGazi
Iiseli zegazi-zombini zeeseli ezimhlophe negazi ezimhlophe-zivela kwiiseli ezinokuhlala ngaphakathi okanye ezivela kumnatha wethambo. Ngethuba lophuhliso lomntwana, iiseli zangasemva ezivela emnzini wethambo zifudukela kwi-thymus, apho iifom e-thymus zinika indawo efanelekileyo, kunye nama-cell receptors kunye neempawu zamakhemikhali, ukuze zibuyise ngokufanelekileyo.
Xa i-T-cell progenitors ihamba esuka emnzini wethambo iya kwi-thymus, ibizwa ngokuba yi-thymocytes, kunye nemiqondiso kunye nama-hormone ukusuka kwi-thymus, kubandakanywa ne-thymopoietin kunye ne-thymosin, ikhokelela ukuphuhliswa kwe-thymocytes kwi-T-cell ezindala.
I-thymus iqinisekisa ukuba i-thymocyte ikhula ukuze ibe ne 'zixhobo' okanye amanqaku angaphandle kwiseli. Kukho inkqubo yokukhethwa kunye nokucinywa. Ngokomzekelo, kwelinye lezinto ezininzi zokujonga, malunga neepesenti ezingama-95 ze-thymocytes zikhulelwa ngaphandle-kuphela malunga ne-3 ukuya kwi-5 ekhulwini le-thymocytes. Abasindileyo bahluke kwiindawo ezizodwa (i-CD8 + okanye i-CD4 +) i-lymphocytes kwaye bachithe malunga neentsuku ezili-10 kwinqutyana ethile ye-thymus, apho bafunda ukuchazela umahluko phakathi kwabamaki kunye nabangabamkeli bezinye izizwe. Emva kwalolu hlobo olunzima, i-T-cell ingashiya i-thymus kwaye yenza imisebenzi yawo eyahlukeneyo kwi-immune system.
Iingxaki ezinzima
Ukwandiswa kungenziwa ekuphenduleni into ethile, okanye ingaba ngumphumo wesifo sesifo. Ngamanye amaxesha ngexesha loxinzelelo okanye emva kwonyango ngamachiza athile afana ne-chemotherapy kunye ne-steroids, i-thymus iyakwandisa. I-thymus nayo ingaba yinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-lymphoid hyperplasia, okanye i-thymmitis ye-autommune, engabandakanywa nezifo ezifana ne- myasthenia gravis , i-systemic lupus erythematosus, i-rheumatoid arthritis, i-scleroderma kunye ne-Graves. Ezinye zezi ngxaki zidibene kunye ne-lymph nodes ezivuvukileyo .
Xa oogqirha bahlola i-thymus ngokucinga, bazama ukwahlula ukuba ngaba iphethini yinto yokwandisa i-thymus ngokubhekiselele kwinto yokugula, okuqala ukuqala ngakumbi njengendawo yokugxila okanye ukukhulisa abantu. Ngokubanzi, izicubu ze-thymus ziyintle. Iingqinisiso kukuba kuphela ama-1.5 amatyala ayenzeka kuzo zonke izigidi zabantu ngonyaka ngamnye e-US, okanye malunga nama-400 matyala ngonyaka.
I-Thymoma ne-Thymic Carcinoma: I-thymoma yintsholongwane apho amangqamuzana e-tumor ibonakala afana neeseli eziqhelekileyo ze-thymus. Iifymomas zikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ziqhathanise ukusabalalisa ngaphaya kwe-thymus. Ngokwahlukileyo, iiseli zesisu kwi-carmomic thymic zibukeka zihluke kakhulu kwiiseli ze-thymic eziphilileyo, zikhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye zidla ngokusasazeka kwezinye iindawo xa umhlaza ufunyanwa. I-carcinoma ye-Thymic kunzima ukunyanga ngaphezu kwe-thymoma.
I-Myasthenia Gravis: I- Myasthenia gravis isifo esizimela ngokuzenzekelayo ezinxulumene nobuthakathaka besiphako kwimisipha yokuzithandela okanye ye-skeletal yomzimba. Phantse iipesenti ezingama-30 ukuya kuma-65 ekhulwini labantu abane-thymhenas nabo bane-myasthenia gravis, kwaye oku kukude kunye nesifo esiqhelekileyo esisisigxina se-thymomas. Kwi-myasthenia gravis, umzimba ngokungahambiyo wenza i-antibodies ibe yi-receptors kwi-cell muscle, ekhusela iimpawu zamachiza ezenza ukuba imisipha ihambe, okubangelwa ubuthathaka obukhulu.
Abantu abane-myasthenia gravis banokukhathala kakhulu ngokomzimba kwaye banokubona ubunzima xa bekhwela izitebhisi okanye ukuhamba amabanga amade. Abantu abaninzi abane-thymhenas bane-myasthenia gravis, kodwa abaninzi abantu abane-myasthenia gravis abanalo i-thymomas.
Ukungaphuhliswa kwezinto okanye i-Absymous Absence: Iimeko eziphazamisa uphuhliso oluqhelekileyo lwe-thymus lunokuchaphazela i-immune system. I-DiGeorge syndrome yinto elolo hlobo ehambelana nomtshintsho wezofuzo, ngokuqhelekileyo ukususwa kolwazi lwezofuzo kwi-chromosome ethile, i-chromosome 22. Zonke iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-thymic ezingaqhelekanga zinokwenzeka kwi-DiGeorge syndrome, nangona kunjalo. Uninzi lwabantu abane-syndrome, nangona kunjalo, lunokusebenza ngokwaneleyo izicubu zakho ze-thymic tissue ekuphuhlisweni kwee-T ezinomzimba. Ukugqitywa ngokupheleleyo kwe-thymus kunokwenzeka, kodwa kubonakala kungabonakali kwizigulane ezine-DiGeorge syndrome.
> Imithombo:
> I-Gym Gland: Ukuxilonga kunye noLawulo lokuPhepha olwenziwa ngu-Kyriakos Anastasiadis, uCandi Ratnatunga. Umthombo weSayensi kunye neMedia Media, Juni 7, 2007.
> Baron RL, Lee JK, Sagel SS et-al. I-tomography ekhompyutheni ye-thymus evamile. Radiology. 1982; 142 (1): 121-5.
> Popoveniuc G, Sharma M, Devdhar M et-al. Isifo seMangcwaba kunye ne hymplasia ye-thymic: ubudlelwane bomthambo we-thym to function thyroid. Thyroid. 2010; 20 (9): 1015-8.