Iimpawu zobungozi, iimpawu kunye nezibonakaliso zesimo se-Thyroid
I-thyroid, i-butterfly eyenziwe entanyeni yakho, iyinkosi yakho yegabhethi. Xa i-thyroid ingasebenzi ngayo inokuchaphazela zonke iinkalo zempilo yakho, ingakumbi ubunzima bakho, ubuchopho bezobuchopho (ukunikela okanye ukukhokelela ekudakaleni nokuxhalaba), amanqanaba emandla kunye nentliziyo yezempilo.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba abaninzi abangamaMelika abangama-59 abanenkinga ye-thyroid, kodwa ininzi ayayazi okwamanje.
Kulabo bafunyanisiwe, ngamanye amaxesha kubonakala sengathi iimpawu zakho ze-thyroid-ezibandakanya ne-thyroid engasebenzi (i-hypothyroidism) okanye i-thyroid engapheliyo (hyperthyroidism) -kunzima ukuphosa njengoko i- thyroid ixilongo ngokwayo. Kulabo abangekho ngokungafunyanwanga, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba iingxaki ze-thyroid ezingaphendulwanga zinokunyusa umngcipheko wokukhuluphala, isifo senhliziyo, ukungabikho kwengqondo, kunye nezinye iimpawu kunye neengxaki zempilo.
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Ukutshintsha kwexesha lexesha lokushisa kuthinta njani umsebenzi we-Thyroid
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I-Common Household Chemical ichaphazela i-Thyroid kuma-Young Girls
Ingaba ufumanekile okanye awufumananga, awukwazi ukuba nezo zinto zengozi ye-thyroid, iimpawu okanye iimpawu. Kodwa ukuwaqonda kubalulekile, kwaye ukuthatha inyathelo ukuze ufumane unyango olufanelekileyo kwaye unyango olunzulu lubalulekile.
Iimpawu zobungozi beZifo zeTyroid kunye neMeko yeTyroid
Ezinye zezinto ezisemngciphekweni zesifo se-thyroid ziquka:
- Ubulili: Abasetyhini banomngcipheko omkhulu wesifo se-thyroid kunamadoda
- Ubudala: Isifo se-thyroid siqhelekile njengoko sikhula, ngakumbi emva kwe-50 (kodwa inokuchaphazela abantu banoma yiphi iminyaka)
- Ukuba nomlando wezenzo okanye intsapho yesifo se-thyroid
- Ugqirha ukususa konke okanye inxalenye ye-thyroid
- Ukwelashwa kwe-iodine ablation (RAI)
- Njengamanje ukhulelwe okanye kunyaka wokuqala emva kokubeletha
- Ukuba ngumntu otshayo okanye otshaya ngaphambili
- Ukubonakaliswa kwe-iodine kwangoko kwenkqubo yonyango
- Ukuthatha i-iodine kwimifuno okanye kwi-supplements
- Ukuhlala kwindawo engenayo i-iodine
- Iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zonyango kunye neyeza
- Ukugqithiswa kokutya okuluhlaza kwintsapho ye-goitrogen, njengeziqhamo zaseBrussels, isipinashi, kunye nesoya
- Ingxaki okanye utyando entanyeni
- Ukunyanzeliswa kwemitha, ngokusebenzisa unyango lwezonyango okanye izingozi zenyukliya
Kubalulekile ukuba ukwazi ukuba ukufumana imbali yentsapho okanye yentsapho yeso nasiphi na isifo esizimele singakhusela ingozi yesifo se-thyroid. Ukuba wena okanye naluphi na amalungu enu entsapho unesifo sokuzimela, kuquka neHashimoto's thyroiditis kunye nesifo se-Graves, kufuneka uqaphele ngokujonga iimpawu ze-thyroid.
Ezinye zezinye izimo eziziwayo ezizimeleyo ziquka i-rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, isifo sesifo sesifo, i-sclerosis, i-psoriasis, i-vitiligo, uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela, isifo sika-Addison, isifo sika-Cushing, isifo sikaRaynaud, isifo sikaSjogren kunye ne-alopecia.
Kukho iziganeko ezingaphezu kwama-80 ezahlukileyo njengezithuthi.
Njengoko uza kubona ngezantsi, kukho iimeko ezahlukeneyo ze-thyroid kunye neempawu ezigqithisileyo kunye eziyingqayizivele.
I-Thyroid neNeck Changes eziqhelekileyo kwiimeko zeTyroid
Iimeko zeTyroid zivame ukudala iimpawu kwindawo yentamo apho i-thyroid yakho ikhona. Ezinye zeempawu ezinxulumene nentamo ezingabhekisela kwi-hypothyroidism, isifo sikaHashimoto, i-hyperthyroidism, isifo se-Graves, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-thyroiditis, kunye nomhlaza we-thyroid ziquka:
- Intamo ekhulisiweyo
- Ukwandiswa okubonakalayo kwi-thyroid gland ngokwayo (goiter)
- Ubuncwane obonakalayo okanye obonakalayo entanyeni yakho
- Uvakalelwa kwintonga emqaleni wakho xa uginya
- Umqala obuhlungu
- Ubuhlungu okanye ububele entanyeni
- Intamo yakho okanye umqala uyaziva, kwaye izibophelelo, izibonda, okanye i-turtlenecks azive zikhululekile
- Ubungqina bokunyuka kwegazi kwi-thyroid, efunyenwe yi-stethoscope
I-Hypothyroidism / Izifo zikaHashimoto / Izibonakaliso ezingekho phantsi kwe-Thyroid kunye neMpawu
Izimpawu zeCliniki ze-Hypothyroidism
Ukongeza kwimimiselo yentamo echazwe ngasentla, kukho iimpawu zekliniki ezibonakalayo zesifo sikaHashimoto kunye ne- hypothyroidism ezinokulinganiswa , ezifunyenweyo, okanye ezichongiweyo kwiimvavanyo zonyango okanye uvavanyo kunye negosa lakho.
Ezi zibonakaliso zeklinikhi ze-thyroid ezingasebenzi zibandakanya:
- Impuphu engaqhelekanga
- Uxinzelelo lwegazi oluphantsi
- Ubushushu bomzimba obuncinci-obuqhelekileyo
- Iingcamango ezincinci okanye ezilukhuni
- Ubuqhophololo ebusweni bakho, ngokubhekiselele kwamehlo akho
- Ukukhupha okanye ukuvuvukala kwezandla kunye neenyawo (ezaziwa njenge-edema)
- Ukulahleka kweenwele kwaye, ngokukodwa, ukulahlekelwa kweenwele ezivela emaphethelweni angaphandle emacinini akho, uphawu oluyingqayizivele lwe-hypothyroidism
- Amanqanaba aphezulu e-cholesterol awaphendulanga kwiyeza zokunciphisa i-cholesterol okanye iinguqu zokutya
- Ukuqhaqhazeka okungapheliyo okanye okunamandla okungayithobeli unyango
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-Hypothyroidism
Ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-hypothyroidism ziquka:
- Ukukhathala / I-Low Energy: Uziva ubalekile, uvila, kwaye uphelile, nangemva kokulala ixesha elide.
- Utshintsho lweemeko: Uziva uzixinezelekile okanye uhlaza okwesibhakabhaka; Unesivakalelo okanye ungenanto; uziva uzixhalabile okanye ungenasiphelo; iimoya zakho zitshintsha lula.
- Isisindo kunye neMetabolism: Ungalindelekanga ukufumana ubunzima, nangona kungekho tshintsho ekudleni kwakho kunye nokuzilolonga. Awunakukwazi ukunciphisa umzimba, okanye usenokufumana ubunzima kwimpilo ephilileyo, encinci ye-calorie kunye nokuzivocavoca okwandisiweyo.
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I-Paleo Diet - Isilumkiso se-Thyroid
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I-Chernobyl: Imbali yeNkcitho yeNyukliya kunye neMpembelelo wezeMpilo
- Ukugxininisa kunye neNkumbulo: Unayo "inkohlakalo yengqondo," ubunzima bokugxila, kunye nobunzima bokukhumbula.
- Ukushisa komzimba: Uziva ushushu xa abanye beziva beshushu.
- Izintshintsho Zeenwele: Izinwele zakho zinyene kwaye zomile, ziphule, ziphahlaze okanye ziwa.
- Utshintsho lwesikhumba: Ulusu lwakho luqhenqileyo, lome, lukhuni, kwaye lukhulu, ngokukodwa iingcambu zeenyawo zakho.
- Iinguqu zeLizwi: Unayo izwi elikhuni okanye elibi.
- Ubuhlungu: Unesifo kunye neentlungu kumalungu akho, amahlombe, izandla, iinyawo, okanye iimeko ezinxulumene neentlungu ezinjengegxala eligciniweyo, i- carpal tunnel syndrome, i-tarsal tunnel syndrome kunye ne-fasaritis plantar.
- I-Drive Drive: Awunayo i-sex drive okanye i-sex lower drive.
- Ukunqongophala / i-Apnea: Utsalane ngakumbi ngoku, okanye uye wahlakulela i-apnea yokulala.
- Iinguqu zamehlo: Amehlo akho aziva enamandla, omile, kwaye achukumise ukukhanya.
I-Hypothyroidism Izimpawu kunye nezibonakaliso kwabasetyhini
Kukho imiqondiso ye-hypothyroidism ekhethekileyo kwabasetyhini:
- Ubushushu: I-Hypothyroidism inokubangela kokuqala ukukhulelwa nokuqala kokuya esikhathini, kunye nokulibazisa ukutshatyalaliswa.
- Ukuguquka kwemizi: Unesithintelo esinesiqhelo sokuya esikhathini, ixesha eliqhelekileyo lokuya esikhathini, okanye ukuhamba kwexesha lokungahambi.
- Ukuzala / Ukukhulelwa: Unenkathazo yokukhulelwa umntwana, imbali yokuhluleka ukunyanga ukukhulelwa, imbali yokuphuphuma kwesisu, ukuxinezeleka kwangemva kwesithuba, kunye / okanye iingxaki zokuncelisa.
- Ixesha lokugqibela / Ukunquma kwexesha: Ixesha lakho liqala kuqala kunesiqhelo, unesiphene sokuqala, okanye uneempawu ezinzima kakhulu kwiimpawu ze-perimenopausal okanye ze-menopausal.
I-Hypothyroidism Izimpawu kunye nezibonakaliso kwiintsana
Ezinye iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ze-hypothyroidism ezisanda kuzalwa ziquka:
- I-tone ye-muscle ephantsi
- Ukutya okubi, ukungaphumeleli kwindleko
- Ukukhala
I-Hypothyroidism Iimpawu kunye nezibonakaliso kwi-Children / Adolescents
Ezinye iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ze-hypothyroidism kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo ziquka:
- Ukunciphisa izinga lokukhula, okanye ukukhawuleza ukukhula
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kokukhula komzimba
- Ukuqala okanye ukulibazisa ukutshatyalaliswa
- Amandla aphantsi
- Kubonakala sengathi igubha okanye ikhukhumele
- Ukuzuza inzuzo ngaphandle kokunyuka kwesidlo
- Ukugqithiselwa okanye izitishi ezinzima
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kokubhala ngesandla
- Iingxaki zesikolo
Izifo ze-Hyperthyroidism / i-Graves / Iziganeko ezingapheliyo zeTyroid kunye neempawu
Iimpawu zeCliniki ze-Hyperthyroidism
Kukho imiqondiso ebonakalayo yeSigufi kunye ne- hyperthyroidism enokulinganiswa, ebonwayo okanye efunyenweyo kwi-kliniki yoviwo lwakho. Le miqondiso ye-thyroid engapheliyo iquka:
- I-Goiter (i-thyroid ekhulisiweyo)
- Ipulse ephezulu ngokungavamile
- Uxinzelelo oluphezulu lwegazi
- Fever
- Iingcamango ezikhawulezayo okanye ezingenasicatshulwa
- Ububungqina bentliziyo yokubetha, izitenxo zesigqi, okanye i-fibrillation ye-atrial
- Amazinga e-cholesterol aphantsi
- Isihudo esingapheliyo okanye esinomdla ongaphenduliyo unyango
Iinguqu zamehlo
Utshintsho kwamehlo akho aluqhelekileyo kwi-hyperthyroidism kunye ne-Graves 'disease, kodwa kunokubangelwa yimeko ehambelana nayo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Graves' ophthalmopathy okanye isifo sobuso be-thyroid. Iimpawu ziquka:
- Amehlo akho aziva ephilileyo kwaye eyomile.
- Amehlo akho abomvu, aomile, avuvule, azikhukhumeze, okanye amanzi.
- Amehlo akho azivalele ukukhanya.
- Umbono wakho uphazamisekile.
- Unemibono emibini.
- Amehlo akho emehlo abonakala ekhupha (proptosis); Amehlo akho akafihla ngokupheleleyo xa iifolophe zakho zivaliwe.
- U "bhinqa," xa ijwabu eliphezulu lingahambelani ngokunyamekela ukunyuka kwemehlo xa ukhangela phantsi.
Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zeHyperthyroidism
Ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-hyperthyroidism onokuzifumana kuquka:
- Ukulala: Unokulala, okanye ufumene nzima ukulala okanye ulale.
- Ukukhathala / Amandla: Kwezinye iimeko, i-hyperthyroidism inokukwenza uzive unamandla kwaye unamandla ngokungaqhelekanga, kodwa kuyaqhelekile ukuba uzive unxinzekile, ugijime, ulukhuni kwaye udinwe
- Utshintsho lweemeko: Uziva uzixhalabile, utyhafile, ucatshukiswa, unomsindo, okanye ucinezeleke ngokungavamile. Unokuthi udideke kalula. Unokuziva uzixinezelekile okanye uhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, unesivakalelo okanye ukungabi nantoni, kwaye iimvakalelo zakho zitshintsha lula.
- Isisindo kunye neMetabolism: Ungalindelekanga ngokungazelelwe, nangona kungekho tshintsho ekudleni kwakho kunye nokuzilolonga. Okanye, isondlo sakho sandile kwaye uyadla ngaphezulu, kodwa awufumani isisindo.
- Ukugxininisa kunye neNkumbulo: Unayo "inkohlakalo yengqondo," ubunzima bokugxila, kunye nobunzima bokukhumbula.
- Ukushisa komzimba / ukuqhuma: Uziva ushushu xa abanye beziva beshushu; uyaphumelela kwaye uzive unxaniwe.
- Ukuguquka Kweenwele: Izinwele zakho ziyawa. Izinwele zakho zincinci okanye zenzekile.
- Utshintsho lwesikhumba: Uye wakhula isikhumba esilula ngokugqithiseleyo kunye neselula. Uphuhlise imifuno. Unemivumba engavamile okanye i-blister-like bumps ebunzini bakho kunye nobuso (i-milaria bumps). Unomsila wesicabangqangi ubuso bakho nentamo yengingqi.
- Iinguqu zeLizwi: Unayo izwi elikhuni okanye elibi.
- Ubuhlungu / Ubuthakathaka: Unamaqatha neentlungu kumalungu akho, amahlombe, izandla, iinyawo, okanye ubuthathaka obukhulu kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kwiingalo zakho ezingaphezulu nasemilenzeni.
- I-Drive Drive: Unokuba ne-sex exaggerated drive drive, okanye unakho ukulahla kwisithuthi sakho esifanelekileyo sesondo.
- Ukugubha / ukunyakaza: Unentshukumo okanye u-shakten ezandleni zakho, okanye ukunyuka kwe-hyperkinetic (oko kukuthi, i-table drumming, i-tapping feet, i-movements jerky); oku kudla kancinci kubantwana.
- Iminwe / Iipilisi: Unesibindi sokuvuvukala (acropachy) okanye ukwahlukana kweeminwe ezisuka kwisibhedlele sakho sekhosi (i-onycholysis okanye izipikili zePlummer).
- Iintambo: Unesilonda kwiimpawu zakho okanye iipatches zesikhumba esinyeneyo, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-myxedema ye-pretibial okanye i-dermopathy.
I-Hyperthyroidism Izimpawu kunye neMpawu kwiBafazi
Kukho iimpawu ze-hyperthyroidism ezizodwa kubafazi:
- Ukhulelwe kodwa ulahlekelwa ubunzima.
- Ulahlekelwa ngokukhawuleza emva kokuzala umntwana.
- Ukhulelwe kwaye unomdla ongaphantsi okanye ukuhlanza.
- Unembali yokujikeleza kwexesha eliqhelekanga, ngokukodwa ixesha eliqhekekileyo, ixesha elifutshane kunye nexesha lokukhanya, kunye nexesha elide eliphakathi kwexesha.
- Unembali yokungabikho komntwana okanye ukuphuphuma kwesisu ngokuphindaphindiweyo.
I-Hyperthyroidism Izimpawu kunye neempawu kwiintsana / abantwana / abantwana abaselula
Kwiintsana, abantwana kunye nabaselula, ezinye iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ziquka:
- Ukuqhaqhabalaza, ukuxuma
- Ukunqongophala kweengxaki zokungaxhatshazi (disordactivity disorder) (ADHD) -type symptoms
- Ukungahambi kakuhle okanye ukuvutha komsindo
- Ukuthuthumela izandla
- Ukunyuka kwe-Hyperkinetic ezifana nokugubungqa kwiitafile, ukugubha umlenze, ukubetha iinyawo
- Ukutshatyalaliswa kokutshatyalaliswa
- Unzima ukufumana ubunzima
- Umdla omkhulu ngaphandle kokufumana isisindo somzimba, okanye ukulahleka kwesisindo
- Ingxaki ibandakanyeka kwaye ihluphekile ukusebenza kwesikolo
- Ukuxela
- Iingxaki zokulala nokulala
- Ukujonga amehlo
Iimpawu ze-Thyroiditis kunye neempawu
I-Thyroiditis iquka iimeko ze-thyroid ezivuthayo. Ezinye iimeko ze-thyroiditis azibonakali nhlobo. Kukho neemeko apho i-thyroiditis inganciphisa okanye isantya i-thyroid, ngoko iipateni zibonakalisa kwi-hypothyroidism okanye i-hyperthyroidism njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla.
Ezinye iimpawu ezizodwa ezifumaneka kwiintlobo ezithile ze-thyroiditis ziquka ezi zilandelayo:
- Ukwandiswa kwe-thyroid (goiter)
- Ubuhlungu, ububele, okanye ukunyameka entanyeni okanye emqaleni
- Unzima ukugwinya
- Fever
- Ukwandisa i-lymph nodes kufuphi ne-thyroid.
- Ukuthuka ngezwi lakho
Ifomu ye-thyroiditis eyaziwa ngokuba yi-thyroiditis echaphazelekayo ibonakalisa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo, eziquka:
- Ukuqala ngokukhawuleza kwentlungu yentlungu kunye nokunyamekela, ngokuqhelekileyo kuphela kwelinye icala lentamo
- Ukuqala kwentlungu kuhambelana nomkhuhlane, izibonda kunye nezinye iimpawu zentsholongwane
- Ukwandisa okanye ubunzima entanyeni yakho; inokuthi "ishukunywe" kwibala lakho
Izibonakaliso zeMigangatho yeZizwe kunye neMpawu
I-goiter yamazwe onke iquka ama-nodules amaninzi, kunye nokwandiswa kwegciwane le-thyroid. Iimpawu zingabandakanya:
- isithukuthezi, isisa, isinyanzele, okanye uvakalelwa ngokupheleleyo entanyeni okanye emqaleni
- intlungu okanye uxinzelelo entanyeni
- okanye ukukhwehlela
- ubunzima bokugwinya okanye ukuphefumla
- ntliziyo
- kulala
- ukukhathala
Izimpawu zeChrotic Cancer kunye neMpawu
Umdlavuza we-Thyroid , ingakumbi ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yophuhliso lwawo, ingabangeli naziphi na iimpawu. Kodwa njengokuba umdlavuza we-thyroid ukhula kwaye ukhula, kunokwenzeka ukuba kunokwenza ukuba iimpawu zendawo zenzeke entanyeni nasemqaleni. Ezinye zeempawu ezingabhekisela kumdlavuza we-thyroid ziquka ezi zilandelayo:
- Ingqungquthela okanye ingqungquthela entanyeni, ingakumbi phambi kwentamo kwindawo yipulasti ka-Adam (Qaphela: ngamanye amaxesha ihlumelo okanye i-nodule inokukhula ngokukhawuleza.)
- Ukwandiswa kwentamo
- Ukwandisa okanye ukuvuvukala kwe-lymph nodes entanyeni
- Utshintsho kwizwi lakho, kubandakanywa ukwesaba, ukukhahlela, nobunzima bokuthetha
- Unzima ukugwinya okanye ukuva
- Ukuphefumula okunzima
- Ubuhlungu entanyeni okanye emqaleni, kuquka intlungu entanyeni ukuya ezindlebeni
- Ukuzwela entanyeni; ukungahambi kakuhle neentambo, i-turtlenecks, iifowuni, iintambo
- Ukukhwehlela okungapheliyo okanye okungapheliyo ngenxa yokugula okanye ukugula
- I-Asymmetry entanyeni yakho; icala elinye linokuba lukhulu kunelo
ILizwi
Enye yemingeni ekuxilongweni kwe-thyroid kukuba iimpawu zakho ze-thyroid zihlala kunye kwaye ziqhelekile kwezinye izinto ezininzi. Oku kungakhokelela ekubeni ungaphathwa kakubi ngesinye isimo-mhlawumbi iimpawu zakho zithi "ziqhelekile ukuba nje unomntwana," umzekelo-ngaphandle kophando olunzulu, ukuxilongwa, kunye nonyango lwe-thyroid. ukuvavanya kwe-thyroid yakho, unokufumana ukuba unesimo sengqondo sengqondo esifana nokudandatheka okanye ukuphazamiseka kwengxaki.
Imeko ekhethekileyo ingaba ngumngeni. Iimpawu zesifo sikaHashimoto zihlala zifana ne-hypothyroidism esiphumo sesifo. Ngezinye iinkalo, nangona kunjalo, ngelixa i-thyroid ingaphumeleli, ingaba nexesha apho lihlahlela khona ubomi kwaye liye lisebenzise ixesha elide. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba nguHashitoxicosis. Iimpawu zinokudideka, ukuhamba ngebhayisiki kwixesha leentsuku okanye iiveki phakathi kwe-hypothyroidism kunye neempawu ze-hyperthyroidism.
Elinye iqhosha elibalulekileyo: Qinisekisa ukuba uzisa uluhlu lokutshekisha kwiingozi zakho kunye neempawu zakho kunye nogqirha. Ukuba unogqirha-nangona kukho iimpawu zakho ze-thyroid-wenqaba ukwenza uvavanyo lwekliniki kunye nokuhlolwa kwegazi, okanye uvume ukuba le mpawu ifuna ukufumana unyango olongezelelweyo, unokufuna ukufumana ugqirha omtsha.
Kwakhona qaphela ukuba izimo ezithile zezempilo zingabangela, zibangelwa okanye ziqhelekileyo kwizigulane ze-thyroid. Ukuba unayo le miqathango, kufuneka uhlale ulindile iimpawu ze-thyroid kwaye unokwenziwa kwe-thyroid ngezikhathi ezithile. Le miqathango ibandakanya isifo se-celiac; fibromyalgia ; isifo esingapheliyo; Isifo seLyme; i-carpal tunnel syndrome ; i-tarsal syndrome ; i-tendonitis ; i-fasciitis ; i-hypercholesterolemia (i-cholesterol ephezulu) ngakumbi xa ingaphenduli kumachiza; ukungabikho; ukuphuphuma kwesisu; umgca kunye ne- hemochromatosis .
> Imithombo:
> Bahn, R., Burch, H, Cooper, D, et al. I-Hyperthyroidism kunye Nezinye izizathu zeTrorotoxicosis: Izikhokelo zoLawulo lwe-American Thyroid Association kunye ne-American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. I-Endocrine Practice. I-Vol 17 No. 3 ngoMeyi / ngoJuni 2011.
> Braverman, L, Cooper D. Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid, 10 Edition. WLL / Wolters Kluwer; 2012.
> Garber, J, Cobin, R, Gharib, H, kunye. al. "Izikhokelo zeCliniki zoLwazi lwe-Hypothyroidism kubantu abadala: I-Cosponsored yi-American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists kunye ne-American Thyroid Association." I-Endocrine Practice. I-Vol 18 No. 6 uNovemba / Disemba 2012.