Kwiminyaka Emashumi Kamva, iChernobyl isasaxhaswa kwiKhroroid nezinye iziphumo zeMpilo
Ngo-Apreli wama-26, 1986 ngo-1: 23 ekuseni, izinto zaseChernobyl, idolophu encinane kwilizwe laseSoviet, lahla kakhulu. Namhlanje igama elithi "iChernobyl" ligxininiso, elinye igama elithetha "inhlekelele yenyukliya" kubantu abajikeleze ihlabathi. I-Chernobyl, ngokwenene, yengozi enkulu yenyukliya kwimbali. Nangona umonakalo we-reactor kaMashi 2011 we-Fukushima wagwetywa ngokuba "unzulu" njengeChernobyl ngamagunya enyukliya, kucingelwa ukuba ukukhululwa kwemisebe eJapan kwakungaphantsi kweChernobyl, kwaye ukuwa kwempembelelo kwakungekho mpe mbelelo encinci kwezinye iindawo.
Sekunjalo, kusenokuba yiminyaka ngaphambi kokuba sazi ukuba iChernobyl iya kuqhubeka ibambelela ngokungafaniyo kweyona nhlekelele yenyukliya.
Kwimeko nayiphi na into, iChernobyl iye yaxhalabisa kakhulu oogqirha bezonyango kunye nezigulane, kuba enye yee-radioisotopi ekhutshwe ngexesha leengozi ze-reactor nuclear - kuquka neentlekele zaseChernobyl-iodine 131, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-iodine ye-radioactive okanye i-radioiodine.
Iodine 131 ine-half-life of days days, oku kuthetha ukuba isiqingatha sazo sichitha zonke iintsuku ezisibhozo. Ubomi obude obude bude (xa uwuqhathanisa nakwezinye ii-radiosotopes, ezinobomi bemizuzu yesibini okanye imizuzu) lithetha ukuba iodine e-radioactive ingakwazi ukungena ngokukhawuleza kokutya kwabantu ngokungcolisa izityalo, izilwanyana kunye namanzi phambi kokuba inani elibalulekileyo lemimandla yokubola kunye nokusabalalisa. Emva kokungcinywa, iodod i-radioactive igxininise ngokuthe ngqo kwi-thyroid gland, apho i-radiation ingabangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-gland, okanye ithathe ixesha elide ekuphuhliseni umdlavuza we-thyroid kunye nezinye iingxaki ze-thyroid.
Abantwana abancinci kunye nabantwana abancinci, abaye bahlakulela kunye neengqungquthela ze-thyroid ezikhula ngokukhawuleza, banako ukuhlaselwa kwi-iodine ye-radioactive, kunye nemiphumo yokukhutshwa kwezinto ezivame ukubonisa ngokukhawuleza kubantwana xa kuthelekiswa nabantu abadala. Abantwana nabo baninzi abathengi bebisi, kwaye xa iinkabi zidla utshani obune-iodine ecocekileyo, u-iodine ugxininisa ngobisi, okwenza ubisi basebenzise enye indlela ebalulekileyo yokuchasana ne-iodine ye-radioactive.
Kubalulekile ukuhlaziya imbali ethile emva kweengxaki zeChernobyl, kunye nefuthe lempilo yentlekele, kungekhona kuphela kwimpilo ye-thyroid, kodwa nezinye iziphumo zempilo ngokunjalo.
I-Chernobyl Geography kunye neMbali yezobupolitika
Idolophu encinci yaseChernobyl ifumaneke kwiphondo - eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Oblast" - yesithili seKiev e-Ukraine. Ngomnyaka we-1986, i-Ukraine yayingumbuso wento eyayisengumSoviet Union. I-Chernobyl ihlala kwiikhilomitha ezili-110 ukusuka eKiev, kwiimitha ezili-22 ukusuka emngceleni wase-Ukraine kunye neGomel Oblast yaseBelarus, kwaye kufuphi ne-Bryansk Oblast yaseRashiya. Ummandla waseChernobyl wawungummandla onabantu abahlala kwiidolophana ezincinci.
Isityalo samandla enyukliya, eyakhiwe njengenxalenye yeprogram yezixhobo zenyukliya yeSoviet Union, yayikhilomitha ezimbini ngaphandle kweyona nxalenye enkulu yedolophu yaseChernobyl ngokwayo. I-reactor yayikukhoneni lweemilambo emibini, i-Pripyat ne-Uh, kufuphi ne-Kiev reservoir, eyayinika amanzi amaninzi okupholisa. Emva kwexesha, isityalo satshintshelwe ukuba sisetyenziswe njengesikhululo samandla esisigxina.
Umgaqo osemthethweni waseSoviet wawukunciphisa ulwazi lokusabalalisa okanye ukuxoxa ngeengxaki ezinxulumene nokwakhiwa, ukugcinwa, kunye neenkqubo zokusebenza kwizityalo zenukliya. Ngoku siyazi ukuba ngenxa yolu ngcamango olucothayo, kulo lonke elaseSoviet Union, kwakukho ukuqeqeshwa okuncinci, ukuxakeka kweentlekele kunye nokulungelelaniswa kweengxaki zenyukliya, kwaye iChernobyl yayingekho.
ISoviet Union nayo iqhutywe phantsi kwenkqubo yezopolitiko eyayishiya eMoscow ibe namandla amakhulu kwiiphabliki zayo ezihlukeneyo kunye nemimandla, ngoko indawo yaseChernobyl, njengenxalenye ye-Ukraine, yayingaphantsi komgaqo-nkqubo wezopolitiko wabenzi bezigqibo eziliwaka eziliwaka ukusuka eMoscow.
Ngenxa yoko, xa inhlekelele yenyukliya ihlasela eChernobyl, abahlali bezityalo kuphela kunye nabemi bezityalo abangazange balungele ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo kwingozi yenyukliya, kodwa impendulo yatshitshiswa, njengoko amagosa asekuhlaleni ayelindele isiqondiso esivela eMoscow. Kuye kwaxelwa ukuba nangokuba imirhumo ephuma kwi-reactor ekhubazekile, abantwana babethunyelwa esikolweni, umtshato wangaphandle wawuqhutyelwe, umdlalo webhola, kwaye abahlali bendawo bahamba ngokuloba kwiindawo zamanzi zokupholisa.
Ngokweengxelo zeZizwe zeZizwe eziManyeneyo (1), ngokwenene kwakuyiintsuku ezimbini ezipheleleyo-emva kokuba i-reactor eyodwa isele iqhutywe, kwaye okwesibini yayisemlilweni-ngaphambi kokuba uMoscow avume ukuba "into" yenzeke eChernobyl, ngaphantsi kwembulwe ubukhulu beentlekele.
Yintoni Eyenzekayo eChernobyl?
I-International Atomic Energy Agency ichaze oko kwenzekayo kubangela inhlekelele yenyukliya yaseChernobyl. Ingxelo, ngelixa abasebenzi beqhuba uvavanyo lweReactor Four, amandla amakhulu amakhulu atshabalalisa isityalo saseChernobyl, okubangelwa ukuqhuma nomlilo, owakhupha i-plume enkulu yemisebe emkhathini. I-designers ye-reactors eChernobyl yayicatshulwa ingekadluli, kwaye yayingenaso isakhiwo sokukhusela ukukhusela ummandla ojikelezayo kwiimitha eziphezulu. Ukuqhuma kwe-Four's reactor kukhishwe amaqela angama-100 ahlukeneyo omsakazo kummandla.
Abasebenzi ababini kwisityalo babulawa ngokukhawuleza. Uninzi lwabaphendulayo bokuqala babecelwa ukuba bafa ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba baphendule engozini, kwaye baninzi kwiinyanga ezintathu zokuqhuma kokuqala. Abaqhubi bee-helicopter abasebenza kule ndawo kwiintsuku zakudala baphela baphuthunyiswa e-Moscow ukuya kunyango zingangeentsuku kunye neveki zokuncedisa ingozi.
Kwiintsuku zokuqala, malunga nama-49,000 abahlali basemzini baxoshwa kuloo ndawo, kodwa baxelelwa ukuba baya kuthunyelwa ngaphandle kweentsuku ezimbini okanye ezintathu.
Kwiiveki ezilandelayo, kwenzeka ukuqhuma okukhulu, kodwa izingozi kummandla zaphikisiwe okanye zancitshiswa. Amagosa aseSoviet awazange avume ukuba ezinye zezibhamu zatshatyalaliswa kweso sityalo, kwaye ziqinisekisa uluntu ukuba imeko leyo yayigxininiswe ngokupheleleyo kwaye amazinga atshanje asebenzayo kuloo ndawo ayesisiseko.
NgoMeyi ka-1986, inyanga emva kwentlekele, abantu abangaphezu kwe-116 000 kwiindawo ezili-18 ezijikelezileyo baye bathuthwa. Kwiminyaka ezayo, inani labantu ekugqibeleni lafuduka, lalinganiselwa kuma-230,000, ngokutsho kweKhomishoni ye-Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
Ngoku siyazi ukuba indawo enkulu ebanzi yayibonakaliswe kwimisebe esuka eChernobyl.
Kwingxelo ka-2006 evela kuGreenPeace ebizwa ngokuba yiChernobyl Catastrophe: Iziphumo kwiMpilo yabantu , iiplanethi yehlabathi jikelele, ezininzi iingcali ezivelele kwimimandla yazo kunye nabanye abaphandi bexesha elide ababebeka iliso eChernobyl ukususela ngo-1986, bathi:
Esi siganeko somhlaba wonke sasinempembelelo enkulu kwiiphabliki ezintathu zaseSoviet zangaphambili, ezizimeleyo ngoku zimeleyo zaseUkraine, eBelarus naseRashiya. Iimpembelelo, nangona kunjalo, zandiswa kakhulu kakhulu. Ingaphezulu kwesigamu se-cesium-137 ekhutshwe ngenxa yokuqhuma kwaqhutyelwa emoyeni kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. Kwamanye amazwe alinesine eYurophu (i-Austria, iSweden, iFinland, i-Norway, iSlovenia, iPoland, iRomania, iHungary, iSwitzerland, iRiphabhliki yaseCzech, iItali, iBulgaria, iRiphabhulikhi yaseMoldova neGrisi) yayingcoliswe ngamazinga emisebe ngaphezu komda osetyenziswayo ukuchaza kwiindawo ezifana "ezingcolileyo." Ngaphantsi, kodwa nangona kunjalo ubuninzi be-radioactivity edibene nomngcipheko weChernobyl befunyenwe kwilizwekazi laseYurophu, ukusuka eScandinavia ukuya eMeditera naseAsia. (2)
Emuva eChernobyl ngokwayo, amaqela okubizwa ngokuba "ngabacwangcisi" aziswa ngenjongo yokuncedisa i-radiation, asuse i-debris, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukuba ancede ukwakha isakhiwo esikhulu sekhonkrithi - esibizwa ngokuthi "sarcophagus" - ukutywina reactor. Iqela labasebenzi bezokwakha ama-250,000, abo bathi bonke baye bavezwa, kwiinyanga eziliqela, ukuya kumda wokuphila kwemitha, bathabatha inxaxheba kwizinto ezibhekwa njengeyona nkampani ebalulekileyo yobunjineli kwimbali, kwaye ekupheleni kuka-1986, babethe I-reactor yeChernobyl kwi-sarcophagus.
Iziphumo zeMpilo zeChernobyl
Bangaphi abantu abachaphazelekayo kwimpilo evela eChernobyl? Kunzima kunzima ukulinganisa ubungakanani bomonakalo kwimpilo yabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Ulwazi luyahluka, kuxhomekeke ekubeni luvela kurhulumente waseSoviet ngexesha leengozi, oorhulumente bamanje, ii-arhente zamazwe ngamazwe, okanye amaqela azimeleyo.
Ngokombiko weZizwe eziManyeneyo:
Kule ntlungu yaseChernobyl, abantu abangama-35 babhengezwa ukuba 'babesimweni esinzulu,' kwaye babeswele ezintandathu. I-toll yavuka ngo-31 ngehlobo le-1986, kwaye yahlala khona. Akukho nanye kwabaninzi abasemthethweni abaxhasa amaxhoba aseChernobyl abaye bancediswa kuloluhlu: ukufa kwabo kubangelwa ezinye izizathu. (3)
IKomishoni yokuLawula iMandla eNyukliya yase-United States ibike ukuba uphando lubonisa ukuba abahlali belo mmandla abazange bafumane amayeza omhlaba ophezulu ngokugqithiseleyo, kwaye ukuba akukho mveliso ekhulayo yomhlaza. Baxelele ukuba abantwana kuphela abonise ukunyuka komdlavuza we-thyroid - ama-4 000 amanyathelo afanelekileyo athile-kwaye ukuba i-99% yalezi ziganeko "yanyanga." (4)
Zombini iingxelo zikarhulumente zibonakala zibala. Iimeko kwinqanaba livela kwingxelo ye-Scientific Committee ye-UN kwi-Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), echaza ukuba ngo-2005, abantu abathandathu aba-6,000 baseRussia, baseBrazil nabaseBelarussian bafumene umhlaza wesibeletho. (5)
Kukho nawuphi na, imfuneko yokususa i-thyroid gland ngenxa yomhlaza ayinakubonwa nje ngokuba "yonyango" ngendlela yegama. Abantwana baseChernobyl beye, kwaye baya kuqhubeka beboshwe ngemicimbi yezempilo ngenxa ye-thyroid "unyango" kwixesha labo lobomi, kwaye ezinye iingcali zikholelwa ukuba iziphumo zezofuzo zingaqhubeka kwisizukulwana esilandelayo. Kusuka kwiYunivithi yaseHarvard, uphando olwanyatheliswa kwiiMpilo zeNdalo zeNdalo lubhekisele kwiziganeko zesifo somhlaza we-thyroid kwi-iodine yama-radio i-131 kuma-12 000 ase-Ukraine angaphezu kwe-18 ayenama-radiation ngexesha laseChernobyl. Inani labantu lihlolwe liphindwe kabini phakathi ko-1998 no-2008, kwaye abaphandi bafumana oku kulandelayo:
- Kwakukho umngcipheko wokwanda komdlavuza we-thyroid emva kweminyaka engama-20 emva kokuqala. Lo mngcipheko wawungenalo olufanayo kwiqela lonke kwaye kubonakala ngathi lixhomekeka kakhulu kumgama wendawo ukusuka kwisityalo ngexesha lokungcola.
- Umngcipheko okhulayo womdlavuza we-thyroid, ngokulinganayo, u-1,91 amaxesha angaphezulu kuwo onke amajikizi angaphezulu. (Imvilo ilingana nokuxutywa komnye umdlalo we-radiation nge-kilogram yeesisisi).
- Akukho bubungqina obubonisa ukuba lo mngcipheko wengozi kulabo abahlala kuloo ndawo ngexesha le-ngozi liyehla ngenxa yexesha.
Ingxelo yathi kwakhona, "Izifundo zangaphambili ze-atomic survivors bomb zibonise ukuba nangeminyaka engama-30 emva kokuqala kwemisebe ye-radiation, ukwanda kweengxaki zomhlaza kubakho kwaye akuyi kuhlahloka kakhulu kwada emva kweli nqaku." (6)
Ngo-1989, i- Time Magazine yayithatha ibali malunga nokuqhubeka nokufihla iChernobyl, ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele kubantwana ababesele kuloo ndawo, kwaye baveleleka kwiimitha zengxowama kwixesha elide. Ibali licaphula iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zezombusazwe kunye nososayensi, abaye bamangalela urhulumente waseSoviet wokunciphisa amanqanaba e-exposure - bayakholelwa ukuba ngokuphindaphindiweyo amaxesha angaphezu kwama-20 anikwe ingxelo-kunye neshedyuli yokukhutshwa kwabahlali kwindlela ehambelana nayo.
Igosa elinye lathi, "ukufuduka kwabantwana kwagqitywa ngoJuni 7. Akumangalisi ukuba baninzi abantwana abagulayo kwisithili sethu, ngakumbi abo bane-hyperplasia ye-thyroid gland." Ibali laqhubeka liphawula ukuba oku kunye nezinye izifo ezinxulumene ne-radiation, ezinjenge-leukemia, zityholwa njengeziganeko ezingenanto ezingenanto. (7)
Abagqugquzeli kwiGreenPeace banombono ongathethekiyo. Ngxelo yabo ye-Chernobyl Catastrope yabo ka-2006, bachaze ubungakanani bendawo yokutshatyalaliswa, ekufumaneni ukuba ngelixa iingxelo ezisemthethweni zithetha ukuba abantu abangaphezu kwama-4 000 abangaphezu kwesilinganiso bafa eBelarus, eUkraine naseRashiya ukusuka kwengozi, iingcali ezibandakanyekayo ekuqulunqweni kwengxelo yeGreenPeace echazwe ubuncinane abayi-200,000 abafayo ngaphandle kwesiqhelo kubantu abemi.
Ingxelo yeGreenPeace ibonise ukuba:
- Phakathi kwabahlalutyi baseBelarussian - abantu abaye banceda ukucoca ingozi - iziganeko zeengso, ukuvuthwa kwamanzi / isisu kunye nomdlavuza we-thyroid zonke ziphezulu kakhulu kwixesha ukususela ngo-1993 ukuya ku-2003 ngokumalunga neqela elihambelana neenkcukacha. I-leukemia yayiphakamileyo kakhulu kubaxhasi base-Ukraine, kubantu abadala aseBelarus nakwabantwana abakwiindawo ezingcolileyo kakhulu zaseRashiya nase-Ukraine.
- Phakathi kwabahlalutyi ngokubanzi, i-88% yabonisa ubungqina beenguqu ze-chromosomal kwiiseli zabo ezimhlophe zegazi.
- Ukususela ngo-1995 ukuya phambili, ubuninzi beekresi zesisu, iimiphunga, isifuba, i-rectum, i-colon, i-thyroid gland, i-bone marrow kunye ne-lymph system ziye zafunyanwa kwiindawo ezisemzantsi-ntshona zommandla. Kwimimandla yaseTula, amanqanaba aphezulu asemdlalweni wesifo somhlaza kunye namanomdla e-system central nervous afunyanwe kubantwana ngeli xesha ukususela ngo-1990-1994.
- Kwakukho ukubonakaliswa ngokubanzi kweenkqubo zokuphefumula ukuya kwizinto ezifakwe kwi-radioactive ezikhutshwe kwifomu yegesi ngexesha lomngcipheko weChernobyl. Amanani e-Ministry of Health e-Ukraine abonisa ukunyuka kwama-bronchitis kunye ne-emphysema engama-300 ukuya kuma-10,000 abantu abahlala ngo-1990 ukuya kuma-500 ukuya kwi-10 000 kwi-100 yabantu abadala nabaseminyakeni yobudala ngo-2004. Ngaloo xesha i-bronchial asthma of morbidity iphindwe kabili, ifikelela kwiimeko ezingama-55.4 nge-10,000 labantu.
- Phakathi kuka-1988 no-1999, i-atherosclerosis yokuqala kunye ne-coronary disease yaba ngamaxesha angama-10 ukuya kwe-15 aqhelekileyo aqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezikhuphayo ezivela kwiindawo ezili-18 ezijikeleze iKhernobyl, kunye nabahlala kwiindawo ezinokungcoliswa kwamanzi, xa kuthelekiswa noluntu jikelele.
- Isifo sesifo se-endocrine, ukuphazamiseka kwesondlo, izifo zesifo kunye nezifo zokuzikhusela komzimba ziphindwe kabini eziqhelekileyo kwiindawo eziphumayo kwiindawo ezili-18 kunye neendawo ezazingcolileyo, xa kuthelekiswa nabantu baseBelarussian.
- Kwiindawo ezichaphazelekayo zaseChernobyl zaseRussia, kukho ukunyuka kwamahlanu kwindwangu yokunciphisa umzimba. Ngokukodwa, inani elincitshisiweyo yamaseli egazi ezimhlophe abonakala, kunye nemisebenzi enciphise ye-T-lymphocyte kunye neeseli zokubulala, kunye neziganeko eziphezulu zezifo ezifana ne-thrombocytopenia kunye ne-anemia.
- Uhlolisiso lwabahlali baseUkraine ngaphambi nangemva kokuba ingozi yaseChernobyl ibonise ukunyuka kwexesha eli-6 kwixesha lokutshintsha kwama-chromosomal, okwenzeka kubonakala kuqhutyelwa abantwana babo. Iingubo ze-Chromosomal ezicatshangelwe ukuba zivela kwiChernobyl zibhaliswe kude njenge-Austria, eJamani naseNorway.
- Nangona amanqanaba aphantsi asemzimbeni angakhokelela kwinqanaba elithile lomonakalo kwiinkqubo zesiseko kunye neendlela zentlungu. Kunzima ukuvavanya ngokugcwele umonakalo we-neurological from radiation of Chernobyl, kodwa i-liquidators esuka eRashiya, yabika izifo zengqondo njengeyona yesibini ebonakalayo yesifo seChernobyl. Iingxaki ze-neurological and psychiatric phakathi kwabantu abadala kwimimandla engcoliswe yimitha ye-Belarus nazo ziqhelekileyo kakhulu kunezo zivela kwiindawo ezingekho phantsi (31.2% xa kuthelekiswa ne-18.0%).
I-Greenpeace ayikho iqela elichaphazelekayo malunga nempilo yeChernobyl.
Kwinqaku epapashwe kwiNcwadi ngeMpilo yeZingqongileyo zeMpilo, izazinzulu zaseMoscow zinike ubungqina obubonisa ukuba ukukhutshwa kweokhilikliya kunokubakho ngaphezu kwamaxesha angaphezu kwama-26 kunokuba kuchazwe. Ngokutsho koososayensi baseMoscow, kuphela i-10 ukuya kwi-15% yezinto ezichanekileyo zomsakazo ngokuqinisekileyo kusekho ukutywinwa kwisakhiwo se-sarcophagus esifana nesithinteli somonakalo owonakele, ngokumalunga ne-90% echazwe ngamagunya. Baphetha ukuba amanqanaba okungena emzimbeni aphezulu, ngoko ke, aphezulu kunabanye oososayensi abaye bacinga.
Ngoxa i-World Health Organisation (i-WHO) iqikelele ukuba amazinga okuhlaliswa kweemitha kwiindawo ezikufutshane, idilesi ye-biological iyaqondana nabalingani be-WHO, kubonisa ukuba izinga lokuchithwa kwama-chromosome alinganakunyanga nolomeleleyo lwaluba malunga nama-10 ukuya kuma-100 amaxesha angaphezulu kunokuba kulindeleke, kwaye ukukhululwa okukhulu kwe-radioactivity kunokuba kuchazwe.
Kwakhona, amazinga aphezulu okufa kunye nokungalunganga phakathi kweenyawo zafunyanwa eJamani, ePoland, eYurophu yaseYurophu, eTurkey nakwaseSoviet Union emva nje kokuqhuma kweChernobyl.
Ngaphandle kweendawo ezichaphazelekayo ngokukhawuleza zaseBelarus, eUkraine naseRashiya, ukuwa kweChernobyl kwaba nemiphumo. Ngokomphandi, ngaphezulu kwe-40% yaseYurophu yayingcoliswa ukuwa kweChernobyl, kwaye iziphumo zempilo ezivela kwiinguqu zentsholongwane ukuya kwintsholongwane yomntwana kunye nomdlavuza we-thyroid zabhalwa kumazwe aseNorway aye eTurkey.
- Ngasentshonalanga nakumazantsi, ukusuka eJamani ukuya eCroatia ukuya eBulgaria naseTurkey, ukunyuka kwengxaki ekuzalweni kubhalwe kubantwana abaye bavezwa ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Oku kwakuquka i-Down syndrome, ebonakalayo kwi-1 kwi-1,000 yokuzalwa, kodwa yaphakanyiswa eNtshona Yurophu naseScandinavia. Ukwanda kwenyameko kwimizuzu kubonakala ngoJanuwari 1987, ngokuhambelana nabantwana abakhulelwe ngexesha lokuwa kweChernobyl ephezulu (Sperling et al. 1994b). Abantwana abazalelwa empuma yeRomania phakathi kukaJulayi 1, 1986 kunye noDisemba 31, 1987 nabo banokuthi banokuphelelwa yintsholongwane yobomi begazi kunokuba bazalwa ngaphambili okanye emva kwexesha eli.
- Engxenyeni esempuma yeAustria kwiiveki emva kwengozi, imifuno enjengeipinashi kunye nemifuno ye-saladi ayivunyelwe ukuba ithengiswe kuluntu. Ubisi, ngakumbi ubisi oluvela kwimimandla yase-alpine, lwangcoliswa ngaphezu konyaka. Kwiindawo ezingenamanzi, ikakhulukazi empuma yeAstriya, iindawo ezinomsoco ophezulu kwi-iodine emoyeni zaziphakamileyo ngexesha leentsuku ezimbini okanye ezimbini apho ifu elivuthayo liye ladlulayo. Oogqirha kule mimandla babika ukuba inani labantu abanezifo ze-thyroid landa ukusuka ngo-1990 ukuya phambili.
- Phantse abantu abangama-3,000 bavela eArmenia; abantwana abangamashumi asibhozo bala madoda bafundiswa kwaye bafunyaniswa ukuba babekho kwimpilo ebuthakathaka, iimeko ezibuhlungu eziquka i-pyelonephritis yesibini, iingxaki zesisu, i-tonsillitis, i-hyperthermic convulsions and stpile. Abantwana aba-15 kuphela (27.3%) bachazwa "njengempilweni."
- IRiphabhliki yaseCzech ifumene ukuwa kokubangela ukuba amanqanaba angcolileyo aphezulu. ukufundwa komhlaza we-thyroid obandakanya i-247 yezigidi zabantu-iminyaka yafumanisa ukuba phakathi kuka-1976 no-1990, umhlaza we-thyroid wawukhuphuka kwisilinganiso se-2% ngonyaka. Nangona kunjalo, ukususela ngo-1990 ukuya phambili, izinga laphakama ngaphezu kwe-2% kunyuka ngonyaka.
- Umdlavuza we-Thyroid wawukhuphuke kakhulu enyakatho yeNgilani, ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu eCumbria, indawo efumana ukuwa kweyona ngozi.
IPoland yathatha amanyathelo okusebenza ukukhusela abantu bayo. Abantu abaninzi abazi ukuba iChernobyl yintsimi yasePoland ngamakhulu eminyaka. Namhlanje, ukuphendula kwePoland kwiChernobyl kubonwa njengomzekelo wempendulo eyenziwa yimpumelelo yempilweni yomphakathi kwingozi yenyukliya. Emva kwengozi yaseChernobyl, iPoland yasasaza iipilisium iodide iipilisi kwizigidi zabemi bayo. Ezi macwecwe zazalisa i-thyroid gland nge-iodine, ekuthintela ukungena kwe-iodine ngamaqela asePoland emva kwengozi yaseChernobyl. Abaphandi kunye neengxaki ze-epidemiologists bakholelwa ukuba oku kwakunceda ukukhusela intshukumo kumdlavuza we-thyroid njengabo babonwa kwiindawo ezakhelene neChernobyl.
I-Chernobyl: Ngaba Izifundo Zifunde?
Ininzi yale nto esiyayaziyo namhlanje malunga nokukhusela uluntu xa kwenzeka ingozi yenyukliya yavela kwiindleko zalabo bahlala eChernobyl. Siyazi indlela yokuyila nokwakha ama-reactors anakho ukufumana i-radiation kwindawo yokuphela kwengxube.
Ukususela kwimpilo ye-thyroid, sineengcamango ezingcono zento okumele silindele - imilinganiselo yomdlavuza we-thyroid yavuka kulabo abangazange bavikeleke yi-iodide ye-potassium kunye nakwabo babela ubisi obonakele ngokuwa.
Ngelo xesha, njengoko oogqirha nabaphandi abandakanyekayo kwiGreenPeace "iChernobyl Catastrophe" ingxelo ithi: "Ngokuphathelele ukuqonda okupheleleyo kweempembelelo enkulu yenyuka yenyukliya kwimpilo yabantu, kubonakala ngathi asikho phambili phambili ngaphezu kwethu ngaphambili ngaphambi kokuqhuma kweChernobyl iminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo. "
Oku kwacaca emva kokuzamazama komhlaba kwe-Matshi 2011 kunye ne-tsunami eJapan, eyabangela ukuphazamiseka kwi-reactor nyukliya ye-Fukushima. Intlekele yaseJapan yaya ngaphantsi kweminyaka engama-25 ukuya kutsho emva kweChernobyl. Nangona kunjalo nangamava enkulungwane ngekhulu leminyaka ngegunya lamandla enyukliya, kwilizwe elithembela ngokubanzi ngamandla enyukliya, iJapan ibonise ukuthetha okungaqhelekanga kunye nokulawulwa kombandela, ukungahambelani kunye nezihlandlo ezikhuphisanayo zokukhupha, kunye nokusilela kwe-iodide ye-potassium kwezinye kwimimandla ephambili. Okwangoku, ehlabathini lonke, kukho ukungabikho kokuqonda malunga nokuba iodidi ye-potassium iyakwazi-kwaye ayikwazi ukwenza ntoni kwiimeko eziphuthumayo; Kukho ukugcinwa nokugcinwa kwe-iodide ye-potassium ngaphandle kweJapan, ukungcoliswa kokutya kwezilwanyana zasemanzini, kunye nezinye izinto ezixhalabisayo eziza kusombulula. Akucaci ukuba ezininzi zezifundo ezibaluleke kakhulu zaseChernobyl ziye zafundwa.
Imihlathi
(1) IYunivesithi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo "Umzila omude wokubuyisela: Iimpendulo zentlalo kwiintlekele zezoqoqosho" ezihlelwe nguJacob Mitchell © 1996
(2) http://www.greenpeace.to/publications/Chernobyl_Health_Report.pdf
(3) http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le0h.htm
(4) http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/chernobyl-bg.html
(5) http://www.endocrineweb.com/news/thyroid-cancer/4780-un-releases-report-chernobyl-survivors-thyroid-cancer
(6) http://content.hks.harvard.edu/journalistsresource/pa/society/health/thyroid-cancers-in-ukraine-rel-to-chernobyl-accident/
(7) http://www.time.com/time/daily/chernobyl/891113.coverup.html
(8) http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2011/s3175469.htm
(9) http://www.greenpeace.to/publications/Chernobyl_Health_Report.pdf)
(10) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1867971
Iingxelo
- http://www.naturalnews.com/031793_hyperthyroidism_radiation.html
- http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/svc-grp-further-info.pag?mode=open&sid=94934299
- http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/544071
- http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/thyroid.shtml
- http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/features/chernobyl-15/cherno-faq.shtml
- http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl/faqs.shtml
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16881739
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16966081
- http://content.hks.harvard.edu/journalistsresource/pa/society/health/thyroid-cancers-in-ukraine-rel-to-chernobyl-accident/
- http://www.endocrineweb.com/news/thyroid-cancer/4780-un-releases-report-chernobyl-survivors-thyroid-cancer
- http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/chernobyl.html
- http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le0j.htm
- http://unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu21le/uu21le0h.htm
- http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/chernobyl-bg.html
- http://www.abc.net.au/worldtoday/content/2011/s3175469.htm
- http://inthesenewtimes.com/2011/04/02/the-chernobyl-nuclear-catastrophe-unacknowledged-health-detriment/
- http://abcnewsradioonline.com/health-news/higher-cancer-risk-continues-after-chernobyl.html
- http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs303/en/index.html
- http://www.greenpeace.to/publications/Chernobyl_Health_Report.pdf
- http://culture.polishsite.us/article/art410fr.htm
- http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/739180
- http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtPrint/WSIHW000/24479/36146/1394299.html?d=dmtContent&hide=t&k=BasePrint
- http://www.healthvermont.gov/enviro/rad/KI_fact.aspx
Umphandi / umbhali uLisa Moretti uncedise kweli nqaku.