Imemori ibandakanya iindawo ezininzi zeBongo
Yintoni esinokuyenza ngaphandle kweenkumbulo zethu? Ukuba awuzange ukhumbule apho ukhona khona, okanye abo babenomdla, ngaba uya kuba nguwuphi na ngoku? Kuthekani ukuba ukhohliwe indlela oqhele ngayo ukuphendula kwabanye, yonke into oyifunayo esikolweni okanye into oye wafunda ukuyenza ebomini bakho?
Ukukwazi kwethu ukukhumbula nokufunda phakathi kwezona zinto ziphambili kwaye zibalulekileyo zobuchule bethu bobuchopho.
Ingqondo nje ingasivumeli ukuba sivelele yonke into esasijikelezile, isenza sikwazi ukuphinde sivalele yethu idlulileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ukwenza oku ngeendlela ezininzi, usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zememori.
Yintoni eyona nto ibona yinto enhle kakhulu eyenzeka kuwe namhlanje? Lo ngumzekelo wememori ye-autobiographical okanye i-episodic, xa sikhumbula into ethile kumxholo, njengokukhumbula ikhofu yekusasa. Ikwahlukileyo kwimemori ye-eidetic, imemori yeenyaniso ezixhunyiwe kumava, njengolwazi lokuba iParis iyinhloko-dolophu yaseFransi. Ukukwazi kwakho ukufunda oku kusekelwe kwenye inkumbulo ebizwa ngokuba yimemori yenqubo-uhlobo lomemori owenza ukuba ukhumbule indlela yokwenza into "efana nokukhwela ibhayisiki."
Imemori inokugqithiswa ngakumbi-umzekelo, ukusebenza kwememori kukuvumela ukuba ubambe into ethile engqondweni ngemizuzwana embalwa ngelo xesha, uze ukhulule, njengenombolo yefowuni omele uyifake ngokukhawuleza kwaye ungaphindi. Imemori yesikhashana esifutshane ihlala ixesha elide, mhlawumbi iyure okanye njalo, kwaye imemori yesikhathi eside iyakudlula ubomi.
Izigaba zale memori zihlala ziphazamiseka ngokoqobo kodwa zinika isakhelo sokuqonda indlela ubuchopho bukhumbula ngayo.
Uqeqesho lweHippocampal kunye neNkqubo yeLimbic
Udumo olugqithisileyo lwe-1950 olukhuphayo lwalushukumisa kakhulu ulwazi lwethu ngokubunjwa kwememori. U-HM wayeyindoda enesifo esithile esivela kwi-lobes yexesha elide elikhokelela oogqirha ukuba basuse zombini.
Isiphumo sasiyinto enjenge-movie "Memento", apho i-protagonist inokukhumbula kuphela imizuzu embalwa ngexesha. Izinkumbulo ze-HM ngaphambi kokuba utyando lugcine luye lwaqhubeka luze lwafa, nangona oogqirha abasebenzisayo emva kwengozi bephinde bazithumela ngamakhulu amaxesha.
I-lobe yexesha eliphakathi iququzelele i-hippocampus, isakhiwo sengqondo esine-curve efana ne-S eyenziwe ngabaphengululi beengcali ekuthiwa igama emva kwegama lesiGrike elithi "ihashe lolwandle." Kwimiba ye-hippocampus i-neurons ehlukeneyo, kunye kunye nokuseka iziseko zeenkumbulo ezintsha.
Nangona indima ye-hippocampus kwimemori iyaziwa kakuhle, yinto nje inxalenye yentanethi eyenza malunga nobuchopho. Zomibini ezide kakhulu kwaye ezinokumbalwa zesikhumbuzo zingakhona kakuhle ngaphandle kwe-hippocampus kunye nezakhiwo ezikufuphi, njengoko kuboniswe ngabanye bobuchule be-HM. Ngaphandle kwe-hippocampus kunye nezakhiwo ezinxulumene noko, ke, ezininzi iinkumbulo azikwazi ukuhlala.
I-hippocampus ayisebenzisi yedwa, kodwa njengenxalenye yechungechunge lwe-neural, efundwa kakuhle ngabafundi bezonyango, ebizwa ngokuba yisekethe yasePapez . Oku kuquka i-hippocampus, imizimba yamathambo (ezimbini izakhiwo ezincinane kufuphi ne-brainstem), iinxalenye ze-thalamus kunye ne- cortex .
Ezinye iindawo zengqondo, ezifana ne-basal forebrain, zidlala indima kwimemori. I-basal forebrain ithumela i-acetylcholine kwi-cortex ye-cerebral. Ezi ziphumo zonakaliswe kwi-Alzheimer's-medication-medication ezifana ne- Aricept emsebenzini ngokunyusa amanqanaba e-acetylcholine.
I-Cerebral Cortex
Nangona i-hippocampus kunye nenkqubo yemilenze ibaluleke kakhulu ekubunjweni kwememori, ezo nkumbulo zigcinwa kuzo zonke i-cortex. Ukongezelela, zonke iingqondo zibandakanyeka ngezicwangciso zokufunda nokukhumbula, kunye nokuqwalasela, konke okubaluleke kakhulu ekufundeni okufanelekileyo nokukhunjulwa.
Imemori yokusebenza yindlela yememori egcina ulwazi ngokukhawuleza ukuba uyisebenzise okanye uyilondoloze kamva.
Oku kuye kwaboniswa kuxhomekeke kwiesekethe ezibandakanya i-lobes yangaphambili kunye neparietal. Ukulimala kule mimandla kunokukhokelela ekubeni bunzima ukugcina into engqondweni engade ngokwaneleyo ukuqala isigaba sokuqala sokukhumbula, esaziwa njengekhowudi. Ukucwangcisa kubandakanya ukusebenza ne-hippocampus ukulungiselela kwaye ukhethe yiphi i-information okufanele igcinwe ngokusisigxina.
Ukongeza kwi-encoding, i-cortex inokubandakanyeka ngokukrazula imemori ngaphandle kokugcinwa kwenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-retrieval. Kunokwenzeka ukuba umntu abe neengxaki ngokufumana imemori nokuba i-encoding yenziwe ngokufanelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ininzi lethu liye laba nzima ukukhumbula into ethile kuphela ukuba ikwazi ukuyibeka emqondweni wethu kamva. Ngamanye amaxesha ulwazi olungafanelekanga lunokufunyanwa, njengokuba kuhlanganiswa , apho kubonakala ngathi umntu ulala ngokuphathelele ixesha elidlulileyo, nangona bekholelwa ngokunyanisekileyo kwimemori yamanga.
Iingxaki zeMemori
Iziphazamiso ezahlukeneyo zeememori zempembelelo ezahlukeneyo zobuchopho. Isifo se-Alzheimer , umzekelo, silimaza ngokuyinhloko i-hippocampus, okwenza kube nzima ukudala imemori emitsha kodwa akukho nkinga yokuqala yezinto ezigcinwe. Ukulimala kwangaphambili kweengqondo kungabangela ubunzima ngememori yokusebenza, oko kuthetha ukuba kunzima ukugcina ingqalelo engqondweni ngokwaneleyo ukuba ibhalwe ngekhowudi. Nangona kunjalo, khumbula ukuba ulwazi luyakwazi ukuhlala, nangona ubunzima bokubuyiselwa kwakhona bukhona.
Imithombo:
H Blumenfeld, i-Neuroanatomy ngokusebenzisa iiKliniki zeCliniki. I-Sunderland: Abapapashi be-Sinauer Associates 2002
UM Mesulam (2000): I-Neuroanatomy yokuziphatha. Ku: UMesulam MM, umhleli. Iimigaqo zeNzululwazi yokuziphatha neCognitive. ENew York: i-Oxford, iphe 1-120.