Njengomthando nomtshato, kunye nebhokisi ye-peanut kunye ne-jelly, i-zombies kunye nobuchopho baya kunye. Nabani na owenza isicatshulwa se-zombie esinengqiqo kufuneka afake igama elibuhlungu, "braaaaaiiiiinns." Kodwa kutheni i-Zombies idinga ubuchopho ngendlela abayenzayo? Kwaye kwenzeka ntoni kubomi beZombi?
Abaphandi uBradley Voytek, Ph.D., kunye noTim Verstynen, i-Ph.D., ngamalungu oMbutho woPhando lweZombie, intlangano enomdla ozinikele ekusebenziseni i-neuroscience yangempela ukuchaza ubuchopho be-zombie.
Baya kumbono we-zombie njengama-neurologists ukuya kwiphina isigulane: ngokuphawula iimpawu kunye neempawu, ngoko ucinga ukuba zeziphi iingqondo zobuchopho ezimele zonakaliswe ukudala ezo ngxaki zeengxaki.
Njengoko abaphandi benza icacile, kwaye ndiya kuphinda ndibuye apha, lo msebenzi awuhloselwe naluphi na uhlobo lokunciphisa iimpawu zalabo abanezifo zengqondo, okanye ukubiza abo bahlushwa yilo "sifo-zombie". Kunoko, umzamo wokukhuthaza ukucinga ngezi ngxaki, nokwandisa ukuqonda iingxaki ezisisiseko.
Iimpawu kwiBrains Zombies
UDkt. Voytek noDkt. Verstynen baye baqokelela iimpawu ezibangelwa ziZombi kwi-syndrome ebizwa ngokuba yi-consciousness-distilit disactivity disorder (CDHD). Iimpawu zeli gciwane eliqingqiweyo, kunye neengcaciso ezicacileyo, kubandakanywa oku kulandelayo:
1) Ukunyanzeliswa-Impembelelo eSebenzayo
Ngaba uke wambona i-zombie evuya?
Akunjalo, i-Zombies kwimiboniso yeefilimu zidla ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye zihlala zihlala zixhatshazwa ngoluhlobo olufanayo, oluvuthayo. I-correx ye-prefrontal ngummandla wengqondo olawula iimvakalelo, kwaye ezinye iinjongo zobudlobongela obundlobongela zibonise ukungalingani kwalo mmandla. Icala elidumileyo likaPineas Gage libandakanya umlumnene onobubele oye wafumana ingozi kulo mmandla wengqondo waza waba yinto ekhohlakeleyo.
Mhlawumbi i-Zombies zineengxaki ezifanayo ze-neurodeergenerative.
2) Ukuhamba kweLumbering
Nangona ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa "bahamba befile," i-Zombies ayifaki ukuhamba kangangokuba i-wood or pitch. I-Zombies ayikho umfanekiso wobabalo. Uhambo lwe-zombie luya kufana negalaji enobungozi engabonwa ngomonakalo kwi-cerebellum, isakhiwo esenziwe nge-cauliflower ngasemva kwengqondo. Kodwa kuthiwani ngeZombi ezizilawulekileyo, njengoko zibonwa kwi-movie 28 Kwiintsuku ezizayo ? Kulo hlobo lwe-zombie, i-cerebellum ingabonakali kakhulu.
3) Ukulahleka kweMemori yexesha elide
Zombies zibonakala ziphazamiseka lula. Kungenzeka ukuba i-Zombies zinomhlobo we-anterograde amnesia. Le syndrome iboniswe kwi-movie yeMemento yaye yafumana isiguli esithethwa yi-HM emva kokuba i-hippocampi yakhe yombili isuswe ngo-1950, kumzamo wokumisa ukuxhwaleka kwayo. Isiphumo sasingenakukwazi ukukhumbula into engaphezu kwemizuzu embalwa ngexesha. I-vitamin ethile ye-vitamin iyakwazi ukukhokelela kwi-Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, ebonakalayo ngokulahlekelwa kwememori efanayo.
4) Ulwaphulo lweelwimi
I-Zombies ayikho i-orators enkulu. Eyona nto ingcono, banokuthetha ngokukhawuleza, "ubuchopho." Ngaphezu koko, i-Zombies ayibonakali ukuba iyaqonda imiyalelo efana ne "stop" okanye "akukho." Ingcali ye-neurologist ithi i-Zombies ihlupheke nge- aphasia ecacileyo neyayamkelekileyo , oku kuthetha ukuba abakwazi ukuvelisa okanye baqonde ulwimi.
Oku kubonakala kubonakalisa umonakalo kwi-hemisphere ephezulu (kwicala lasekhohlo kuma-90 ekhulwini labantu), kubandakanywa nommandla we-Wernicke ukufumana indawo ye-aphasia kunye ne-Broca yendawo yokucacisa aphasia.
5) Ukuzimela / Ukunye ukuxhamla
Kwenzeka njani ukuba i-Zombies ayiboni abantu abaye bavala nabo ngaphambili? Kunoko, umhlobo wabo wangaphambili ubonwa njengesidlo sasemini. Mhlawumbi i-Zombies iyingcamango: bayakholelwa ngokungenakuphi into into engeyinyaniso. Umzekelo nguCapgras delusion, apho umntu oqhelekileyo ekholelwa ukuba uthathelwe endaweni yesohlwayo. Mhlawumbi iZombi zinezinto ezifanayo ezivumela ukuba babone uhlobo lomntu, kodwa bangaqapheli ukuba umzimba ungumntu owayefudula esondelene nawo.
6) Ukunciphisa ubuhlungu bePain Perception
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba uphosa ntoni kwi-zombie, i-zombie iyaqhubeka izayo. Akunandaba nokuba i-zombie idutshulwa, ilahlekile ingalo, ize isethelwe ngomlilo-iya kuhlala izayo. Bazenza njani?
Mhlawumbi i Zombies ayisayi kubona intlungu. I-neuroanatomy yentlungu iyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ibandakanya i-cortex ye-somatosensory kwi-lobe ye-parietal, ummandla ochaphazelekayo kwintlungu. Iingingqi ezifana ne-insula kwaye i-cortex ifake iqhosha elibi kwiintlungu. Ekubeni i-Zombi zibonakala zingenayo impendulo kwiintlungu zabo, uDkt. Voytek noDkt. Verstynen babone ukuba le ndlela yesibini echaphazelekayo kwi-zombie pathology. I-Zombies ngoko ikwazi ukuva intlungu, kodwa ayinakukhathalela.
7) I-Stimulus-Ivalwe ingqalelo
I-Zombies inomdla wokulungisa. Xa bakuxoshe, abaqapheli nto yonke into. Ukuba into inokubangela ingqalelo yabo-njengemisebenzi eyenziwa kwiGeorge Romero Land of the Dead- uhlala ukhuselekile okwesikhashana, njengoko i-zombies ibonakala ilibala ixesha lakho. Ukungakwazi ukuphulaphula into engaphezu kweyodwa ngexesha elinokuthi lenzeke ngokulimala kwi-lobe ye-parietal. Ngapha koko, ukuphazanyiswa kwezixhamlwano ezingundoqo phakathi kwale lobes kungabangela ukukhubazeka.
8) Ukunyaniseka kwenyama
Isidingo se-zombie somntu wesintu ngumnqweno ongenakunqunyulwa. I-zombie iya kuhamba ngomlilo, amanzi, kunye nokubanda okubandezelekayo, inyathelo lokubeka ingozi kunye nantoni-ukudlula-ubomi-konke ukunyusa ukutya okungapheliyo kwindlala. Ezi ziphatha zifana neziyobisi ezidinga ukulungiswa kwayo ngokuzayo, kwaye mhlawumbi zibandakanya iindlela ezifanayo kwingqondo. Iiseli ezikhupha i-Dopamine zithumela amagatsha aphuma emkhatsini we-midbrain aze ahambe aye kwi-nucleus ehlangene ngaphambili kwengqondo. Le ndlela ibuye ingasebenzi kwiimpawu zokuqala zothando .
9) Ulambile
Zombies bathanda ukutya. Enyanisweni, kungakhathaliseki ukuba bangaphi abahlobo bakho okanye amalungu entsapho i-zombie sele isidlile, kukho njalo kubonakala kuwe indawo. Oku kunokubangelwa yingxaki kwi-hypothalamus, inxalenye yengqondo elawula ukuqhuba okuyisiseko njengendlala, ukoma, ukulawula ubushushu, nokulala. I-nucleus ye-hyperhalamus yokulawula i-hypothalamus, ivakalelo ezaneleyo ngokwaneleyo. Ukuba lesi sakhiwo sonakaliswe, i-zombie ayiyi kuziva ipheleleyo. Enye inkcazo yinkcazelo yexesha lexesha. Ukulimala kwinqanaba lexesha elifanelekileyo, ngokukodwa, kubonakala lihambelana nokuthambekela kokutya ngokutya.
Ekugqibeleni, ubuchopho be-zombie buya kulahleka kakhulu kwimimandla yengqondo eyaziwa ngokuba yintlangano-oko kukuthi, imimandla apho sibeka khona iingcinga eziphezulu. Kwiingcamango, ezi ziimimandla ezibangela ukuqonda komntu. Uninzi lwezakhiwo ezichaphazelekayo ziyinxalenye yesiphaluka sePapez-i-circuit ye-neuronal echazwe ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-75 edlulileyo kwaye icinga ukuba idibana nomoya kunye nememori. Kucingeka ukuba i-agent esebenzayo, njengegciwane okanye i-prion esasazekayo kule mimandla, inokuvelisa i-syndrome kakhulu njengeCDHD.
UDkt. Voytek noVerstynen abayena kuphela abaphandi abanomdla kwindlela ubuchopho be-zombie busebenza ngayo. Abanye, njengoDkt. Steven C. Schlozman kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard, baye babhala phantsi kwesi sifundo, kwaye bavumelana ngokusweleka kwe-lobe kunye ne-cerebellum. UDkt. Schlozman ukhetha i-Ataxic Neurodeergenerative Satiety Deficiency Syndrome (ANSD). Ingaba ubiza ngokuba yi-ANSD, i-CDHD, okanye i-zombism nje, le ngongoma kukuba ngethuba le-syndrome ayinakwenzeka, akunakwenzeka. Ukuba ezinye iindawo zengqondo zazingatshatyalaliswa-mhlawumbi ngumbutho osulelekileyo njengegciwane okanye i-prion-ixhoba liyakwenza ngendlela efana ne-zombie.
Kakade, oku akuyona into efanayo ukubuyisela abafileyo. Kodwa injongo yale projekthi yinto ehlukileyo yokuvuselela: injongo ye-Zombie Research Society iyayifaka inxalenye yobomi kwisifundo esininzi abantu abanokukholelwa ukuba siyingozi kakhulu, kwaye ngaloo ndlela ivuselela umdla kwi-neuroscience ngokusebenzisa ubuchopho be-undead -kungekho ukukhankanya ukuba ne-pop-culture-culture fun.
Imithombo :
AH Ropper, amaSamuels MA. I-Adams kunye neMigaqo yeVictor ye-Neurology, 9th: I-McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2009.
I-Hal Blumenfeld, i-Neuroanatomy ngokusebenzisa iiKliniki zeeKliniki. I-Sunderland: Abapapashi be-Sinauer Associates 2002
UMnu Sollberger, K. Rankin, B. Miller (2010). Ukuqatshelwa kwentlalo. Ukuqhubeka nokufunda i-Neurol yokuFunda yonke, 16 (4), 69-85