Yintoni Eyakhuthaza?
Amagama ashukumo, ukukhuthazwa kunye neemeko zonke ziqulethe igama elifanayo. Xa sicinga ngempembelelo, sinokubuza malunga nemvakalelo ngamagama athi "kukuthini na?" Zonke ezi ngcaciso kwi-neurological fact- ezininzi zeemimandla ezinxulumene ne-drive kunye nezizathu zenyama zidibanisa zethu iimvakalelo ngezenzo.
I-Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Umququzeleli wezopolitiko owayengenangqondo kwaye ozinikeleyo wabuhlungu ngesifo esibuhlungu esivela kwi- aneurysm kwindawo yakhe yokuthetha .
Emva kokuphazamiseka, wayesevukile kwaye ephapheme, kodwa akazange aphendule nantoni na eyayijikelezile. Amazwi akhe entsapho kunye nokuphazamiseka ngokomzimba kwakubonakala kungathethi nto kuye. Wayengayidli ngaphandle kokuba ukutya kwabekwe emlonyeni wakhe, kwaye akayi kuthetha ngaphandle kweelwimi ezifanayo. Oogqirha bamfumanisa nge-akinetic mutism, ukungabikho kobutyebi obukhulu kakhulu.
I-CT scan yaphakamisa ukuba igazi elivela kwi-aneurysm liye lalingena kwi -cortex yangaphambili ye-cingulate (ACC), ummandla emva kwento ekubhekwa ngayo njenge-lobes yangaphambili, phakathi kweengqondo malunga nokude emva kweetempile zakhe. I-cortex yangaphambili ye-cingulate iyinxalenye yesimilly system, inethiwekhi yezakhiwo zobuchopho ezibonisa kwaye zivuselele imvakalelo.
Ingxenye engezantsi ye-ACC ixhunyiwe kunye ne-amygdalae, imimandla ebalulekileyo yeemvakalelo, kunye ne-prefrontal cortex, echaphazelekayo nokulawulwa ngokomzwelo. Kwakhona kudibaniswe ne-hypothalamus kunye ne-brainstem, apho i-ACC ithinta inqanaba lethu lentliziyo, uxinzelelo lwegazi, kunye nezinye izinto zokuzimela.
Ingxenye ephezulu ye-ACC ixhunyiwe kwi-lobes yangaphambili, esinceda sikhokelo kwaye senze izicwangciso. I-ACC iyaxhuma ngqo kwi-corotte ye-premotor, ekhuthaza iindawo zokuqala zokuhamba. Ngokudibeneyo, iindawo eziphezulu nakwinqanaba le-ACC yenza ukuba kubekwe kwindawo efanelekileyo ukudibanisa ulwazi lwengqondo kunye nokutshintshela ekusebenzeni.
Ukuphazamiseka kwe-Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Ngelishwa, i-ACC ingakonakaliswa zizifo zonyango ezifana nezicubu, ukubola, izibetho kunye nokunye. Xa oko kwenzeka, ukuxhamla olubalulekileyo phakathi kweemvakalelo kunye nesenzo kutyunjwe, kwaye silahlekelwa ngumqhubi wethu womoya. Oku kubangela ukungabi nandaba, okubizwa ngokuba yi- abulia , apho abantu abanomuva wokuba baphendule kuyo nayiphi na indawo kwindawo yabo, kuquka izinto eziqhelekileyo zibaluleke kakhulu kuzo, njengentsapho, abahlobo, okanye ngamanye amaxesha ubuhlungu bomzimba. Ifom ephezulu kakhulu yi-akinetic mutism, apho umntu ekhungathekile ukuba akayi kuhamba okanye athethe.
I-Dopaminergic Reward Pathway
Ukongezelela ukungabikho kokukhuthazwa, kukho neemeko xa sishukunyiswa ngokungalunganga. Umlutha ungomnye wemimiselo engcono kakhulu apho sikhuthazwa ukuba siziphathe ngendlela esiyazi ngayo iphikisana neminqweno yethu.
UJames Olds noPeter Milner baseYunivesithi yaseMcGill babonisa ukuba ukukhuthazwa kwesikhungo somvuzo we-mesolimbic ephantsi nangaphambili kweengqondo zenza umvuzo kwiirati. Ama-electrode afakwa kwiibhokhwe zeenkokhwe ukuze isilwanyana singakhuthaza ngokuchukumisa i-lever. Izilwanyana ziya kusebenzisa le lever ngamanye amaxesha ngamawaka ngamawaka ngelixa.
Emva kwee-circuits zaboniswa kwiinkwenkwe ngabanye abaphandi.
Ummandla we-ventral area, owaziwa ngokuba yiprojekthi ye-eyelimbic umvuzo wesikhokelo kwiinkalo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibandakanya ukuvakalelwa kunye nokuqhuba, kuquka ne-cortex yangaphambili ye-cingulate kunye ne-amygdala. Iphinda iphrojekthi kwi-correx ye-prefrontal, esenza sikwazi ukugweba nokulinganisela umvuzo onxulumene nesiganeko sento kwindawo yethu.
Enye yezona zibalulekileyo ezibalulekileyo kwiindawo ezithintekayo zendawo yenyumba i-nucleus accumbens. I-nucleus accumbens iqulethwe kwimimandla emibini: ingundoqo kunye negobolondo. Izilonda ezingundoqo ziphelisa ezinye iimpendulo zokuziphatha kwi-stimuli, kwaye ngoko kubonakala ngathi zihambelana nokuhamba okuhambelana nokubaluleka komzimba.
Ingundoqo ibonakala ukukhulisa ukuziphatha okumiselweyo-umzekelo ukuba i-amphetamine ingeniswe kwi-core, isilwanyana sinokuthi sisebenze ngokubhekiselele ekujoliswe kuyo ekujoliswe kuyo nomvuzo kwixesha elidlulileyo. Igobolondo ibonakala ihambelana nezinto ezintsha kunye neziganeko.
Iintlupheko zeNgcaciso yeMbuyekezo yeDopaminergic
I-neurochemically, indlela yokuvuza incike kwi-neurotransmitter dopamine. Ukugqithiswa kweziyobisi kuye kwaxinwa ngokuqinileyo kunye nokunyuka kwe-dopamine kule nkqubo. Ngokufanayo, ezinye iziyobisi ezenzelwe ukwandisa amanqanaba e-dopamine kwingqondo, njengeziyobisi ezijoliswe ekuphatheni izifo zesifo se-Parkinson, nazo zinokuchaphazela le nkqubo, ekhokelela ekuziphatheni komlutha njengengcakazo yokugembula.
Ukuba umntu ohlukumeza i-cocaine okanye i-amphetamine eyeka ukusebenzisa isibisi, abanokupheliswa kwintlawulo ye-dopamine kwisistim yokubuyisela i-mesolimbic, ekhokelela ekuvalelweni nasekudakaleni ngexesha lokuyeka. Esi siphumo sinokubangela ukuba abanye oogqirha baphathe izigulane ezigulisa okanye ezinobundlobongela-ukunika amayeza anjengeHaldol anciphisa amanqanaba e-dopamine, ekhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuqhutshwa kwesigulane kwaye ngoko kuyancipha. Izishukumisi ze-Serotonin zinokufanayo xa zingenasiphumo esincinci, kwaye zinokuphepha ezinye zeempembelelo ze-antipsychotics.
Isiphelo
Iingingqi zengqondo zidibanisene kakhulu, ezinokukwenza kube nzima ukucacisa ukuba kutheni umntu enesifo esinokunganakwa. Nangona ndixubushe imimandla ebalulekileyo ehambelana nomqhubi, ezinye iindawo ezifana ne-insula yangaphakathi nazo zingabandakanyeka.
Ukuphazamiseka kwesishukumisi akusiyo isigxina. Ingqondo iyakwazi ukulungelelanisa, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zinokuhlawula umonakalo kummandla othile. Ibhinqa eliye lahlushwa isisu kwi-cortex yakhe yangaphambili yaya kuphucula ngexesha xa umzimba uphinde wabuya igazi, nangona waqhubeka ehlushwa iimpawu zokunciphisa ukukhumbuza.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ngelixa sibuchopho bethu, oku kuthetha ukuba siyakwazi ukulungelelanisa kwaye sikwazi ukunqoba umonakalo onokuthi unqande umnqweno wethu wokusebenza.
* Iinkcukacha zabantu zitshintshile ukukhusela imfihlo.
Imithombo
IBarris R, i-Schuman H (1953): Izilonda zangaphambili zenyango zi-gyrus; isifo se-anterior cingulate gyri. Neurology. 3: 44-52.
U-Nielsen J, uJamess L (1951): Izilonda ezixhamlayo ze-anterior cingulate gyri; ingxelo yengxelo. I-Bulletin yeLos Angeles Neurological Society. 16: 231-234.
Sollberger, M., Rankin, KP, & Miller, BL (2010). Ukuqatshelwa kwentlalo. Ukuqhubeka nokufunda i-Neurol yokuFunda yonke, 16 (4), 69-85.