Indlela Ubumba Ubumba Indlela Oziva ngayo
Kwibhubhoratri yaseBerkeley, eCalifornia, indoda enomvumba onomvalo ihleli phambi kwesikrini sethelevishini. Uchungechunge lweefilimu edlalwa kuye: into encinane kaCharlie Chaplin, umdlalo wokuqanjwa kwesisu, umntwana okhalayo. *
Okwangoku, kwicandelo elincinane, sibukela umboniso weTV. Kulo, nangona kunjalo, ubuso bendoda elandelayo, kubonisa ukuphendulwa komntu ngamnye kwiifilimu.
Ngokuphawulekayo, zonke iimpendulo zakhe ziyafana. Uyaphendula ngamnye ngokukrazula. Umboniso wothando, umdlalo, okanye umonakalo wokubulala uyamnandi. Emva komnye, uyathemba ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba uzive ehle. Umnumzana unesimo sengqondo sokuziphatha komqondo we-frontotemporal . Imvakalelo yakhe ayifani ngokungafani kakuhle nehlabathi elikujikelezile.
Ukucinga Ngomsindo
Akufanele ube yintsiphelo ye-neuroscientist ukuqonda ukubaluleka kweemvakalelo kwimpilo yethu yemihla ngemihla. Ubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla buqhutywa yimvakalelo-siphuthuma into esiyicinga ukuba siya kuyifumana inomvuzo kwaye sizame ukuphepha into enokusenza singonwabi. Sekunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa nokunyakaza, ubuchule bokuqonda kunye nokuqonda, imvakalelo ixhomekeka kwi-neurology, mhlawumbi ngenxa yeengxaki ezininzi ezinokuthenjwa.
UDkt. Robert Levenson wachaza imvakalelo ngokuthi "iziganeko zengqondo zengqondo ezinqamlezileyo ezinokuthi zifane neendlela ezichanekileyo zokulungelelanisa nokutshintsha iimfuno zendalo." Umoya ucwangcisa iimpendulo ezahlukahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye neenuroloki kuquka ukuvakalelwa kwi-viscera (okanye "gutya"), iintetho ebusweni nasemzimbeni, kwaye utshintshe ingqalelo kunye nokucinga.
Ezi mpendulo zidla ngokunceda kwaye iindlela ezizenzekelayo iingqondo kunye nomzimba ukulungelelanisa imeko.
Ingqondo iqukumbela iimvakalelo kwinqanaba lamanyathelo. Okokuqala, ulwazi olungenayo kufuneka lufunwe kwaye lube noluncedo lwamavakalelo. Le nkqubo idla ngokukhawuleza kwaye ingahamba ngaphaya kokuqonda kwethu.
Nangona kunjalo, ukusabela kwethu kokuqala kwemizwa kuxhomekeke kumanani amaninzi kunye nezimo. Singazibona ngoko kwaye sizive iimvakalelo. Ngokuxhomekeka kwimeko yentlalo, sinokufuneka silawulwe loo mazwi. Ngokomzekelo, kukho amaxesha apho sifuna ukubonisa ukukrakra okanye ukunyaniseka kodwa kufuneka sigcine ukuzola kungakhathaliseki.
Neuroanatomy emotion
Impendulo yokuqala yempembelelo kwinto ethile kwimeko yethu yenzeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye kaninzi ayiphumeli ukulawula. Ezi mpendulo zenzeka kwingxenye yamandulo yengqondo yethu eyaziwa njengeyilic system. Ngokungafani ne-cortex esanda kuphuhliswa, inkqubo ye-limbic inezinxalenye ezimbalwa ze-neurons ukuqhuba ulwazi. Isiphumo sihamba ngokukhawuleza, kodwa njengokuba amava ethu abonisa, ayisoloko idibanisa lonke ulwazi olufanelekileyo.
Imida yesigxina iminyanzelo ichazwe ngokungahambisani kunye neencwadi kwaye ibonakala ikhula okanye ikhonterikethi ihambelana neminqweno yomlobi. Imisebenzi yenkqubo yelimbic iphinda idlulise ngaphaya kwemvakalelo ukuba ibandakanye imemori, ukunyaniseka , kunye nomsebenzi wokuzimela . Iingxenye ezibalulekileyo zesimilly system for emotion zibandakanya i-amygdala, i-hypothalamus, i-cortex, kunye ne-ventral tegmental.
Ezi zakhiwo ngokuqhelekileyo zifana nohlobo oluthile lwezakhiwo ze-cortical (ezimbalwa izitha ze-neurons ezingaphezulu kweesithandathu) kwaye zonke zifumaneka kufuphi neziko kunye nesiseko sobuchopho. Nangona ukubaluleka kwenkqubo yesigxina kwimizwelo kuye kwagxininiswa, ezi zakhiwo ziye zathonyelwa ezinye iindawo zengqondo, ngakumbi i- correx ye-prefrontal .
U vavanyo
Kukho iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo kwingqondo edibanisa ukuvuselela ngexabiso elixabisekileyo. Ezi nkqubo zixhomekeke kakhulu kunye nefuthe, njengoko iimvakalelo zethu zihlala zikhokelela ekusebenzeni. Iimpawu zengqondo azikho phantsi, kodwa kunoko zithethe kunye kwaye zithandane.
Inkqubo yokuqala echaphazelekayo ekuhlolweni kwe-appraisal yinkqubo yokuvuza ye-dopaminergic, ebandakanya indawo yendawo yokuhlala kunye ne-nucleus accumbens. Ezi zakhiwo zihlala kwindawo kunye nangaphantsi kwengqondo, malunga neqondo lemehlo nakude emva kweetempile. Le nkqubo iphendula kwimbuyekezo, kwaye isishukumisela ukuba siphinde sibuyele into ethi "ilungile."
Inkqubo yesibini ibandakanya iisekethe ze-amygdalae. Lezi ziqendu ezimbini zeentlanzi malunga nobukhulu be-alimondi abahlala kwi-lobe nganye ye-temporal. Ezi zixazululo eziphambili zomsindo, ukwesaba kunye nobudlova.
Ezinye izakhiwo, ezifana ne-insula, nazo zibandakanyeka nemvakalelo. I-insula (intsingiselo yamagama) ngummandla wengqondo ekhutshwe ngaphaya kwesigxina se-lobe yangaphambili kunye nesikhotho kwicala lobuchopho. Inxalenye yangaphambili inceda ukuncedisa ukuphendula.
Ukuqonda Ngokomoya
Emva kokuba ezi zakhiwo zidibanisa ukuvuselela ngexabiso elithile leemvakalelo, isenzo esicatshangelwayo siqala. Ngokomzekelo, i-amygdala ixhunyiwe kwi-hypothalamus yaye inokukhuthaza ukunyuka kwenani lentliziyo kunye nokunyuka kwengcinezelo yegazi, zombini ezo zibalulekileyo inxalenye yokwesaba okanye umsindo. I-insula ixhunyaniswe namaphecana eentlanzi ezinokubangela ukuba isisu sibe nexhalaba. Umzimba wethu unako ukuthabatha kule mpawu kwaye uqaphele imvakalelo.
Ukongezelela ukuphawula utshintsho emzimbeni, amaziko eemvakalelo kwimihlaba ye-cortex esivumela ukuba siqaphele imvakalelo eyenzekayo. Ngokomzekelo, iprojekthi yee-circuit circuits kwi-cortex ye-orbitofrontal cortex, eya kusinceda siqonde izenzo ezisekelwe kwiinkcukacha zengqondo.
UmGaqo woMoya
Kukho amaxesha apho imvakalelo kufuneka ilawulwe khona. Ngokomzekelo, asifanele sihlekise umngcwabo nangona umntu egqoke ingubo ekhohlakeleyo. Njengoko iimvakalelo ziza phambili, kufuneka sibe nokulawula loo mazwi. Singazama ukunqanda imvakalelo ngokungavumeli ubuso bethu okanye umzimba ukuba sibonise ngokwemvelo oko sivakalelwa. Umzekelo, ukuba sibona i-tiger, sinokuzama ukuziphatha ngesibindi. Singahlaziya kwakhona, esichazela ngokugqithisileyo ukurhoxisa umongo we-stimulus yokuqala eyasenza sibe nemvakalelo. Ngokomzekelo, sinokuzikhumbuza ukuba ngokwenene nje ngumfanekiso wehlosi kunokuba yinto yangempela.
I-corbit i-orbitofrontal isebenza kwiimeko zokulawulwa ngokomzwelo, kwaye umonakalo kulo mmandla kunokubangela ukunyanzelisa nokungazinzanga ukulawula iimvakalelo zokuqala Umzekelo odumeleyo nguPineas Gage, umqhubi wezitrosi oye wafumana ingozi eyathumela intonga enkulu yentsimbi kule nxalenye kwengqondo. Ngokweengxelo zogqirha wakhe, wayenemvakalelo engakumbi kunye nefuthe emva kwengozi. Ezinye iziphumo zibonise ukuba izigulane azikwazi ukuphinda ziphinde zixabise iimeko xa imeko iguquka. Ngokomzekelo, ekuhloleni apho izigulane ezinjalo zitshintsha ukusuka kumsebenzi wokugembula, banokukhetha umvuzo omkhulu kwixesha elifutshane nangona beyazi ukuba akukho kwiminqweno yabo yesikhathi eside.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu abaninzi baye bacetyiswa ukuba kwicala lasekunene leengqondo zethu libandakanyeka ekusebenziseni iimvakalelo ezinjengokwesaba, ukudabuka, kunye nokunyaniseka. I-hemisphere ekhohlo iphakanyisiwe ukuba ixhamle ngakumbi kunye novuyo. Ezi zinto zinokwenzeka ukuba zininzi kakhulu, nangona uphando oluninzi luxhasa inkxaso engundoqo.
Isiphelo
Umoya awulwanga nje kuphela kwinqanaba leengqondo kodwa lithembela kwiinkqubo ezinxibelelwano ezinxulumene ne-amygdala, indawo ye-ventral, i-orbitofrontal cortex, kunye nezinye ezininzi eziye zisebenzise ukulinganisa umzenzelo wangaphandle, ukuvelisa impendulo yangaphambili, kwaye ilawule loo mpendulo ukuba kuyimfuneko. Ukuphazamiseka kule nkqubo kungakhokelela ekungabikho kwemvakalelo okanye kakhulu, kuxhomekeke kwimeko kunye nendawo yokuphazamiseka.
* Ezinye iinkcukacha zitshintshile ukukhusela imfihlo.
Imithombo:
I-Bechara A, iTranel D, iDamasio H, iDamasio AR (1996): Ukungaphumeleli ukuphendula ngokuzimela kwiziphumo ezizayo ezizayo emva komonakalo kwi-correx ye-prefrontal. Cereb Cortex. 6: 215-225.
I-Davidson RJ, i-Ekman P, i-CD CD, i-Senulis JA, i-Friesen WV (1990): Indlela yokurhoxisa kunye ne-asymmetry ye-cerebral: ukuthetha kwengqondo kunye nokuphila kwengqondo. I. J Pers Soc Psychol. 58: 330-341.
Levenson R (1994): Imvakalelo yomntu: Umbono osebenzayo. Ku: Ekman P, Davidson R, abahleli. Ubume bomzwelo: Imibuzo ephambili. ENew York: i-Oxford, iphe 123-126.
UMesulam MM (2000): I-Neuroanatomy yokuziphatha. Ku: UMesulam MM, umhleli. Iimigaqo zeNzululwazi yokuziphatha neCognitive. ENew York: i-Oxford, iphe 1-120.
URosen HJ, uLevenson RW (2009): Iingqondo zengqondo: ukudibanisa ulwazi kunye nezigulana kunye nesayensi yesiseko. Neurocase. 15: 173-181.