Isifundo sibonisa ukutshaya kuyingozi ngaphezu kwe-HIV ngokwayo
Ukutshaya i-cigarette kusekho phakathi kwezinto ezixhalabisa kakhulu kunye nezingozi ezijongene nabantu abane- HIV namhlanje. Xa kuthelekiswa nomntu jikelele wase-US, apho ukuqhuma ukutshaya kwehla kuye kwadlula kwiminyaka yamuva ukuya kuma-21 eepesenti, ubuninzi abangama-42 ekhulwini abantu abaphila ne-HIV bahlelwa njengabokutshaya. Leyo manani ephazamisayo kunye nento ehambelana ngokunyuka kwintsebenziswano ye-HIV kunye nokufa kwangaphambili.
Abantu abaneNtsholongwane kaGawulayo banamaqabane aphindwe kabini kunokuba babenomsi
Kukho uphando oluthile olunokufumaneka ngokucacileyo ukuchaza ngokuthe gabalala amazinga aphezulu okutshaya kwi-HIV. Ezinye izifundo ziphakanyisile ukuba amanqanaba aphezulu okuxhalabisa nokuxinezeleka kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwaye abaninzi baye kwi-nicotine njengendlela yokuhlangabezana neengcinezelo zansuku zonke ze-HIV.
Kodwa akucaci ukuba ngaba le micimbi yeemvakalelo iyinto ebangela ukusetyenziswa kwecuba, okanye ukuba nje yenza imizamo yokuyeka ukuphumelela kwabo baphila ne-HIV.
Idata iphikisana. Ngokutsho kohlalutyo lwamanqaku avela kumaziko e-US for Control and Infection Control (CDC), ababhemayo abane-HIV kwi-US bahlala bekhulile kunokuba bancinci, abanama-58 ekhulwini aneminyaka engama-45 ubudala nangaphezulu, ama-40 ekhulwini aneminyaka engama-25 ukuya kuma-44, kwaye kuphela amabini amabini aneminyaka eyi-18 ukuya ku-24.
Ezi manani zibonisa ukuba uxinzelelo olunxulumene ne-HIV alukho into ebangela ukuba kusetshenziswe icuba, kubandakanywa abatsha abane-HIV abatsha-ababandakanya iipesenti ezingama-26 zentsholongwane-abasenako ukutshaya kunokuba bangatshatanga nabo abane-HIV (iipesenti ezimbini ngokumalunga nama-19 ekhulwini).
Kunoko, amanani afana nesimo esiqhelekileyo e-US, apho ababhemayo abadala abakwazi ukuhlola ukuyeka ukubhema kunokuba abatsha abatshatshayo (amaphesenti angama-84 kunye nama-66 ekhulwini).
Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesondo kunokudlala inxalenye encinci yokutshaya. Enyanisweni, amanani ayinxalenye engabonakaliyo, kunye nabaninzi abantu abatshitshisayo (ama-51 ekhulwini) njengama-gay, ama-lesbians, okanye amaqabane (ama-49 ekhulwini) -kunoko ukuba izifo ezitsha kubantu abalala ngesondo kunye namadoda (MSM) zihlandlo ezintathu ephakamileyo kunabanye abantu.
Oku kuthetha ukuba ipesenti enkulu yabantu ababhemayo abane-HIV, ngokwenene, balala ngesondo. Kutheni le nto ingahlali ingacacile-ngakumbi kuba i-smoking rates phakathi kwama-gay, ama-lesbians kunye nabasetyhini kubantu abaqhelekileyo phantse kabini kwi-sex-sexual, ngokwemibiko ye-2010 yase-American Lung Association.
Indlela Ukutshaya kuchaphazela njani ngqo abantu abane-HIV
Ukubhema kunempembelelo enkulu kakhulu kwi-prognosis yabantu abanentsholongwane kaGawulayo kwilizwe eliphuculweyo kunokuba nayiphi na isifo esifana ne-HIV. Oku kuhambelana nophando luka-2013 oluvela kwisibhedlele saseYunivesithi yaseCopenhagen, olubonisa ukuba ukutshaya, kwaye ngokwalo, kunciphisa ukulindela ubomi kubantu abane-HIV ngeminyaka eyi-12.3.
Ngaphezu koko, umngcipheko wokufa (nokuba unxulumene neHIV kunye nonxulumene neHIV) kubonwa kuba likhulu kangangezihlandlo ezinhlanu kwabashushu abane-HIV kunabantu abanentsholongwane kaGawulayo abangazange bavume.
Phakathi kweengozi ezibhekiselele ekubhekeni kwe-HIV:
- Ukubhema yinto ebalulekileyo yengozi ehambelana nesifo senhliziyo esilula (ACS) kubantu abane-HIV. Ngokomphando ovela kwiYunivesithi yaseBarcelona, umrhumo wokubhema kwi-ACS kubantu abadala abane-HIV yayininzi kuneminikelo yesifo sikashukela okanye i-hypertension kwaye yayingaphindi kabini ephakamileyo njengokuba abantu abadala abangenayo i-HIV (ama-54 ekhulwini ama-31 ekhulwini) . Ukusetyenziswa kwee- antiretrovirals okanye umthamo we - CD4 womntu / umthamo wentsholongwane kubonakala unempembelelo encinci nokuba ngaba ababhemayo abane-HIV bavelise i-ACS okanye hayi.
- Ukubhema kuthathwa njengengozi ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni umhlaza wemiphunga . Enyanisweni, kukho ukunyuka kwama-14 kwintsholongwane yomdlavuza wamaphaphu phakathi kwababhemayo abane-HIV, abazimeleyo kwi-CD4 count okanye imbali yesifo se-lung disease. Uphando oluvela kwi-Swiss HIV Cohort Study lubonisa ukuba amazinga okusinda ahluphekile kubantu abatsholongwane be-HIV abaphuhlisa izifo zesifo sengqondo, kunye neepesenti ezili-14 kuphela zisaphila iminyaka emibini emva kokuxilongwa. Oko kwathiwa, ababenokutshaya babonakaliswe ukuba banobungozi obuncipheko kunokuba ababhemayo, abonakalisa ukubaluleka kokuyeka ukutshaya kwabo abane-HIV.
- Ukubhema kuqhubela phambili ukuphakamisa umngcipheko wesifo esingapheliyo sesifo se-pulmonary (COPD) kunye ne-pneumonia ye-bacteria. Ababhemayo abangeNTSHOLONGWANE KAGAWULAYO abanalo kuphela iimpawu zokuphefumula kuneendlela ezingabhemi ukutshaya, banokunyuka okuphindwe kabini kwengozini yokufa. Ezinye izifundo zibonise ubudlelwane phakathi kokutshaya kunye ne- candidiasis esophageal .
- Kukho ubudlelwane obuqili phakathi kokutshaya kunye nokusuleleka kwe- papillomavirus (HPV) yabasetyhini kunye namadoda ane-HIV. Abafazi abane-HIV ababhemayo banomda phakathi kwembini neyesithathu iziganeko zentsholongwane ye-HPV kunabesetyhini abane-HIV abangabambi. Ngokufanayo, ukutshaya kumadoda anentsholongwane kaGawulayo kwadibene nomngcipheko okhulayo wokuphuhlisa izilonda ze-HPV. Ukusulelwa kwezifo ze-HPV ezixhamlayo zixhunyaniswe ngqo nomngcipheko okhulayo womhlaza wesibeleko kubasetyhini kunye nomhlaza womhlaza kumadoda. Izifundo ezininzi zibonisa ukuba ukutshaya kunemiphumo emibi ekukhuselweni komntu, kokubili inkqubo kunye ne-mucosal (ekugqibeleni equka iisensi zeLangerhans ezikhuselekileyo ezihambelana nomlomo wesibeleko kunye ne-anus). Iingxelo ze-CD4 ngaphantsi kwama-cell cell / mL zikwaxutyushwa njengegalelo elinxulumanayo.
- Ukutshaya i-cigarette kunokunyusa umngcipheko wesifazana wokudlulisela i-HIV kwintsana yakhe ngexesha lokubeletha, kunye nokuqhekeka kweembrane ezingaphambi kwexesha ezenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo koomama abaye bavutha ngethuba lokuqala lokukhulelwa kwabo. Yonke into echazwe, umngcipheko wokutshatyalaliswa ngokubonakalayo kuboniswe ukuba uphakamileyo kangangoko kathathu ngabesifazane abangabhiyoli abane-HIV.
- Ukubhema kudibaniswa neengozi yokwanda kwenkunkuma (umzekelo, i-osteopenia, i-osteoporosis), kwaye ithathwa njengesichengeni esizimeleyo seengcambu phakathi kwalaba abane-HIV. Ubudala obudala kunye nomgca omhlophe nazo ziqaphelisa iziganeko zomzimba.
Iinzuzo zokuyeka
Izinzuzo ezide kunye nexesha elifutshane lokushiya zisoloko zingenakuphikwa kwaye zicacile. Ukuyeka ukubhema kunciphisa umngcipheko wesifo senhliziyo kubantu abanentsholongwane kaGawulayo, kunye novavanyo olulodwa olubonisa ukunciphisa umngcipheko malunga nama-65 ekhulwini emva kweminyaka emithathu. (Uphando olusuka kwi-Aquitaine Cohort Study eFransi lubonisa ukuba ukuyeka ukuphela, okunokwenzeka, kukuphela kwezinto ezinxulumene nophuculo lomngcipheko womoya kubantu abanentsholongwane kaGawulayo nangaphezu kweziyobisi ezinciphisa i-anti-drug or antiretroviral therapy.)
Ngokufanayo, umngcipheko womhlaza wamaphaphu ungancitshiswa ngamaxa angama-50 ekhulwini kwabashushu abane-HIV abaye bayeka umnyaka okanye ngaphezulu. Iziphumo ezifaniswayo zibonwa kwizigulane ezine-COPD, i-bacterium pneumonia, kunye nezinye izifo zokuphefumula ezingenasifo.
Kubaluleke ngokufanayo ukugxininisa ukuba kungekudala kulunge ngakumbi emva kwexesha xa kuziwa ukuyeka, ngokukodwa kulabo abanamasosha omzimba athathaka. Uphando olusuka kwi-Anderson I-Cancer Centre kwi-Yunivesithi yaseTexas lubonise ukuba ukuyeka ukutshaya kunokunciphisa umthwalo weempawu ezinxulumene ne-HIV zingaphantsi kweenyanga ezintathu kwaye ukuba iimpawu ziqhubeke nokuhla njengoko ixesha lokungabi nokutshaya landa.
Ngaphezu koko, ukutshaya ukuziyeka kukuzimela ngokuzimeleyo kunye nokunyanzeliswa okuphuculweyo kulabo abakwi-antiretroviral therapy.
Imithombo:
Mdodo, R .; Frazier, E .; Mattson, C; okqhubekayo. "Ukubhema i-cigarette phakathi kwabangama-HIV + abadala ekunakekeleni: Iprojekthi yokuLawulwa kwezeMpilo, i-US, ngo-2009." INgqungquthela ye-20 kwi-Retroviruses kunye neZifo eziHlangeneyo (i-CROI 2013). Atlanta, Georgia; Ngo-Matshi 3-6, 2013: Isiqendu 775.
Helleberg M .; Afzal, S .; IKronborg, G; okqhubekayo. "Ukufa okubangelwa ukutshaya phakathi kwabantu abane-HIV-1: isifundo sobonke besizwe esiphezulu." Izifo ezithathelwanayo zonyango. Matshi 2013; 56 (5): 723-734.
Clifford G; Lise, M .; Franceschi, S .; okqhubekayo. "Umdlavuza womlenze kwi-Swiss study class cohort: indima yokubhema, i-immunodeficiency and pulmonary infections." IBritish Journal of Cancer. NgoJanuwari 12, 2012; 106 (3): 447-452.
Crothers, K .; Griffith, T; McGinnis, K .; okqhubekayo. "Impembelelo yokubhema ugwayi ekufeni, umgangatho wobomi, kunye nokugula okuxhatshazwayo phakathi kwabadala be-HIV." I-Journal yeGrimeli yangaphakathi. Disemba 2005; 20 (12): 1142-1145.