Impembelelo ye-Down Syndrome kwiBomi boMuntu iguquke
Ngowe-1862, uDkt. John Langdon Down wathi ezinye zezigulane zakhe zazibandakanya ukudibanisa izinto eziphathekayo, imicimbi yonyango kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
Ukudibanisa oku kufana kunye, u-Down waphetha ukuba izigulane zakhe zine-syndrome ethile. I-Down yabika ingxelo yakhe kwiphephancwadi yezokwelapha kwaye yayinguyokuqala ukuchaza into esiyazi ngoku njenge-Down syndrome.
Iimpawu zePhys Syndrome
Ngelixa bonke abantu abane- Down syndrome babelana ngeziganeko ezifanayo zomzimba, zikhona ezinye iinkalo ezivame ukuvela kule mzobo yemfuza. Yingakho abantu abane-Down syndrome benokubonakala okufanayo.
Impawu ezintathu ezitholakala phantse wonke umntu one-Down syndrome zi:
- Iipilisi ze-Epicanthic (isikhumba esongezelelweyo sejwabu eliphakathi, elinika amehlo i-almond shape)
- Ukutshitshisa i-palpebral fissures (ukuhluma amehlo)
- I-Brachycephaly (intloko encinci ephihliweyo ngasemva)
Ezinye izinto ezibonwa kubantu abane-Down syndrome (kodwa azinjalo kuwo wonke umntu) ziquka amabala anombala emehlweni abo (ezi zibizwa ngokuba yiBrushfield spots), umncinci, umlomo onobuqhophololo, umlomo omncinci, umlomo ovulekileyo ngolwimi olukhulayo, kunye neendlebe ezincinane ezisezantsi ezingafakwa.
Emlonyeni wabo, abantu abane-Down syndrome banakho amazinyo angavamile, i-palate encinci, kunye nolwimi olunezitshixo ezinzulu kulo (oku kuthiwa ulwimi oluthile).
Basenokuba nobuso obujikelezileyo, iintambo ezimfutshane kunye nekhumba elongezelelweyo kwi-nape entanyeni, kunye neeprofayili ezintle.
Ezinye iimpawu ezibonakalayo kwi-Down syndrome zibandakanya i-crease enye kwiintendelezo zezandla zabo kunye neminwe eminwe emfutshane kunye nomnwe wesihlanu okanye i-pinky ejikelezayo (oku kuthiwa yi-clinodactyly).
Zihlala ziba neenwele ezichanekileyo ezintle kwaye zincinci. Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu abane-Down syndrome bahlala besifutshane kwisigxina ngamalungu ambalwa. Basenokuba neyona ndawo ephakamileyo kuneendawo eziqhelekileyo phakathi kweeyonto ezinkulu kunye neyesibini kunye namajoyino athile.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba akukho nanye kwezi zinto zobuso okanye ezibonakalayo eziqhelekileyo ngokwabo, kwaye azikho okanye zibangele naziphi na iingxaki ezinzulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ugqirha ubona ezi zixhobo kunye, baya kukhankanya ukuba umntwana une-Down syndrome .
Iingxaki zeMpilo kwi-Down Syndrome
Ukongeza kwimiba yabo ebusweni nangokwenyama, abantwana abane-Down syndrome banomngcipheko ophezulu wokuphuhlisa uninzi lweengxaki zonyango.
Nazi ezi sixhenxe iingxaki zempilo abantu abane-Down syndrome banokujamelana:
Hypotonia
Phantse zonke iintsana ezine-Down syndrome zineetaysi ephantsi (hypotonia), nto leyo ithetha ukuba imisipha yabo ibuthathaka kwaye ibonakale i-floppy. I-tone ye-muscle ephantsi ingenza kube nzima ukunqumla, ukuhlala, ukuma nokuthetha. Kwiintsana, i-hypotonia ingabangela iingxaki zokutya.
Abantwana abaninzi abane-Down syndrome balibazisekile ekufikeleleni zabo iimoto ezinkulu ngenxa ye-hypotonia. I-Hypotonia ayikwazi ukuphiliswa kodwa ngokubanzi iphucula ngexesha. Unyango oluthile lunokukunceda ukuphucula ithoni ye-muscle.
I-Hypotonia ingakhokelela kwiingxaki zomzimba, omnye umcimbi oqhelekileyo ohambelana nokuxilongwa kwe-Down syndrome.
Imiba Yengxaki
Iingxaki zembono ziqhelekile kwi-Down syndrome kunye nokuba nethuba lokunyuka omnye xa umntu edala. Imizekelo yeengxaki zombono ziquka ukujonga kwangaphambili (myopia), ukujonga phambili (hyperopia), amehlo awela ( intambo ), okanye ukugubungela iso kwindlela yesigqi (nystagmus).
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba abantwana abane-Down syndrome baqale ukuhlola iimvavanyo ngenxa yokuba uninzi lwezi ngxaki zombono zilungelekile.
Iintsilelo zeentliziyo
Phantse iipesenti ezingama-50 zeintsana ezine-Down syndrome zizalwa ziphosakeleyo.
Ezinye zezi ziphoso zentliziyo zincinci kwaye ziyakwazi ukuzilungisa ngokwazo ngaphandle kokungenelela kwezonyango. Ezinye iintsilelo zentliziyo zinzima kakhulu, zifuna ukuhlinzwa okanye amayeza.
Ukuvalela Ukulahleka
Ukuva iingxaki zixhaphakileyo kubantwana abane-Down syndrome, ikakhulukazi i- otitis media, echaphazela malunga nama-50 ukuya kuma-70 ekhulwini kwaye iyona nto ibangela ukulahlekelwa kwindlebe. Ukulahleka okuvelayo okwenzekayo ekuzalweni kubakho malunga neepesenti ezili-15 zeintsana ezine-Down Syndrome.
Iingxaki zesisu
Phantse ama-5 ekhulwini lweintsana ezine-Down syndrome ziya kuba neengxaki zesisu ezifana nokunciphisa okanye ukuvalelwa kwamathumbu (i-duodenal atresia) okanye ukuvula okungekhoyo (u-anal atresia). Uninzi lwale ntsholongwane lugqityiwe nokuhlinzwa.
Ukungabikho kwamathambo kwi-colon (isifo sikaHirschsprung) siqhelekileyo kubantu abane-Down syndrome kunokuba kubemi bonke kodwa kusenqabile. Kukho unxibelelwano oluqinileyo phakathi kwesifo se-celiac kunye ne-Down syndrome, oku kuthetha ukuba kuqhelekileyo kubantu abane-Down syndrome kunabantu bonke.
Iingxaki zeTyroid
Abantu abane-Down syndrome banokuba neengxaki nge-thyroid-gland-encinci ye-gland ekhoyo entanyeni-ngokuba ayivelanga i-hormone ye-thyroid eyaneleyo, enokubangela i-hypothyroidism. I-Hypothyroidism isoloko iphathwa ngokuthatha i-hormone ye-thyroid. La mayeza kufuneka athathwe bonke ubomi bomntu. I-Hyperthyroidism (ithetha intsholongwane ye-thyroid) ingenzeka nakwabantu abane-Down syndrome.
Leukemia
Kunqabile kakhulu, malunga neepesenti ezili-1 zexesha, umntu one-Down syndrome unokuhlakulela i- leukemia . I-leukemia luhlobo lomhlaza oluchaphazela iiseli zegazi kwi-bone lomnatha. Iimpawu ze-leukemia ziquka ukunyunyuza, ukukhathala, ibala elibumba, kunye neentsholongwane ezingachazwanga. Nangona i-leukemia yisifo esibi kakhulu, izinga lokusinda liphezulu. I-leukemia ngokuqhelekileyo iphathwa nge-chemotherapy, i-radiation, okanye ithambo lokutshiza umongo.
Imiba Yengqondo kwi-Down Syndrome
Wonke umntu onesifo se-Down syndrome unelinye izinga lokukhubazeka kwengqondo. Abantu abane-Down syndrome bathambekele ekufundeni ngokukhawuleza kwaye banengxaki ngokuqiqa nokucamngca. Akunakwenzeka ukuqikelela ukuba yeyiphi inqanaba lokukhubazeka kwengqondo abazalelwe nge-Down syndrome baya kuba-nangona, oku kuya kucaca xa bekhula.
Kukho uluhlu oluninzi lwengqondo phakathi kwabantu abane-Down syndrome. I-standard ye-IQ ye-intelligence-kuba ingqiqo eqhelekileyo iphakathi ko-70 no-130. Umntu uthathwa njengenokukhubazeka ngokwengqondo xa i-IQ yabo iphakathi ko-55 no-70. Umntu okhubazekileyo onokukhubazeka une-IQ phakathi kwama-40 no-55. Uninzi lwabantu abanomlinganiselo we-Down syndrome ngaphakathi kwinqanaba elincinci ukuya kumodareyitha.
Nangona i-IQ yabo, abantu abane-Down syndrome bangafunda. Kukho ukungaqondi kakuhle ukuba abo abane-Down syndrome banokukwazi ukufunda. Siyazi ngoku ukuba abantu abane-Down syndrome bahlakulela kwixesha lokuphila kwabo kwaye banako ukufunda. Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba kunyuselwe ngokungenelela kwangaphambili, imfundo enhle, ukulindela okuphezulu kunye nokukhuthaza.
ILizwi
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba akukho mntu umntu onesifo se-Down syndrome eya kuba nayo yonke impawu, izimo zempilo okanye iingxaki zeengqondo ezichazwe apha. Akunani nenani leengxaki zomzimba umntu one-Down syndrome ehambelanayo nekhono labo lobuchule. Umntu ngamnye umntu onesifo se-Down syndrome unobuntu bakhe obuhlukile kunye namandla akhe.
> Imithombo:
> Mundakel GT. (NgoJanuwari 2017). Down syndrome. Emedicine
> Ostermaier, KK. (Novemba 2015). I-Down syndrome: Iinkalo zekliniki kunye nokuxilongwa. Ku: U-UpToDate, uDktutz JE, uFirth HV (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA.