Umhlaza wesikhumba ngowona hlobo oluqhelekileyo lomhlaza ofunyenwe eUnited States, kwaye unokuphulwa phantsi kweengqungquthela zeeselm, i-basal cell cancers, kunye ne-melanomas, kunye nezinye i-cancer. Iimpawu zingabandakanywa isifo esingaphilanga, indawo entsha kwesikhumba, okanye i-mole eguqukayo. Xa oogqirha bekrokreza umdlavuza wesikhumba ngexesha loviwo, i-biopsy iyadingeka ukwenzela ukuba ixilongwe.
Izinketho zonyango zixhomekeke kuhlobo kunye nesigaba, ngokuhlinzwa ukuba kususwe umhlaza wendlela eqhelekileyo. I-melanomas kunye ne-squamous cells cell carcinomas, ezinye iindlela zokwelapha ezifana ne-immunotherapy, chemotherapy, okanye i-radiation zifuneka. I-ounce yothintelo ixabisa ipilisi yonyango, kwaye kukho izinto ezininzi ezilula abantu abanokuzenza ukuze banciphise umngcipheko wabo.
Ngexesha langoku, umdlavuza wesikhumba uthathwa njengengqungquthela e-United States, nomhlaza wesiko unomyinge wama-50 ekhulwini. Phantse ama-80 ekhulwini abantu abafa ngenxa ye-melanomas, kwaye uphando lubheka iindlela ezingcono zokubona kunye nokunyanga ezi ngxaki zonyango.
Ukuqonda i-Skin
Abantu abaninzi abakucinge ngesikhumba njengelungu, kodwa njengamanye amalungu, unesakhiwo esicacileyo kunye nemisebenzi emininzi ebalulekileyo. Ekubeni ukhetho lwonyango lomhlaza wesikhumba ludla ngokuxhomekeke kwi "bunzulu" bomhlaza, kunceda ukuqonda ezi zimbini zetekisi.
Epidermis
I- epidermis yindawo engaphezulu kwesikhumba kwaye isebenze imisebenzi emininzi, kubandakanywa nokukhusela ngaphakathi kwimizimba yethu kwimeko. Amaseli kulolu liseko aphakanyiswa kwii-cancer eziqhelekileyo eziqhelekileyo: i-squamous cell carcinoma, i-basal cell carcinoma kunye ne-melanoma.
- Iiseli zesigqabi: Ezi iiseli zilapha ngaphantsi kwendawo engaphandle kwesikhumba.
- Iiseli zeBasal; Amaseli ase-Basal aphantsi kocingo obuninzi kwaye avelise amaseli amatsha ekhumba.
- I-Melanocytes : Ezi iiseli zifumaneka phantsi kwe-basal layout kwaye zivelise i-melanin, i-pigment enika isikhumba umbala wayo.
IDermis
I- dermis yindawo ephakathi kwesikhumba esakhiwa ngu-collagen kunye ne-elastin, kwaye iqulethe izinwele zezinwele, izilwanyana ezivelisa i-oli (i-glands), iimbulunga kunye nemithambo yegazi.
Iimpawu ezincinci
Izicubu ezincinci zineenqatha , izicubu ezixubileyo kunye nemithambo yegazi emikhulu, kunye nenani lala mathambo lihluka ngoxhomekeke ekubeni umntu ungcini okanye ukhuluphele.
Iintlobo zeCancer Cancer
Kukho iintlobo ezintathu eziqhelekileyo zomhlaza wesikhumba, kunye neentlobo ezingaphezu kwe-100 eziqhelekileyo ezikhoyo. Ngokubambisana, i-basal cell carcinoma kunye ne-squamous cell carcinoma zibhekiswa njengeengxaki zeekliniki ezingenayo i-melanoma.
Basal Cell Carcinoma
I-Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) yindlela eqhelekileyo yomdlavuza wesikhumba, i-75% ukuya kuma-80 ekhulwini lala khansela. Umngcipheko wobomi wokuphuhlisa i-basal cell carcinoma ngoku malunga neepesenti ezingama-30. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ikakhulu kubantu abadala okanye abadala, kodwa kuyafumaneka ngokubanzi kubantu abancinci. Umdlavuza wesikhumba oqhelekileyo phakathi kwe-Hispanics.
I-Basal cell carcinoma iqala ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezichazwe elangeni, njengobuso, intamo kunye nezandla.
Umhlaza okhula ngokukhawuleza awunqabile ukwanda kwezinye iindawo zomzimba, kodwa abantu abaneembali ze-BCC basengozini enkulu yokufumana i-BCC yesibini. Ukuba i-basal cell carcinoma ayiphathwa, ingonakalisa izicubu ezizungezile, kubangele ukuphazamiseka kwaye ekugqibeleni kungahlaselwa amathambo. Unyango luyasebenza kakhulu xa ezi ngcingo zitholakala kwaye ziphathwa ngokukhawuleza.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
I-Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) i-akhawunti ye-16% ukuya kwi-20 yeepesenti zeekliniki zesikhumba kwaye iyenzeka kabini kwindoda njengabasetyhini. Ezi zihlobo oluqhelekileyo lweekhenya zesikhumba ezitholakala kumnyama. Ngokungafani ne-basal cell carcinomas, ezi ngqamana zingasasazeka (i-metastasize) ukuba ziba zikhulu.
Ngokuqhelekileyo kuvela ebusweni, entle, entanyeni, emlonyeni, nasemilenzeni yezandla. I-SCC ingaqala kwakhona kwimiba okanye izilonda zesikhumba kwezinye iindawo emzimbeni. Njenga-basal cell carcinoma, unyango olukhoyo lusebenza kakhulu ukuba i-tumor ifunyenwe ngelixa iyingcinci kwaye iyincinci. I-Squamous cell carcinomas inxulumene ngokuqinileyo kunye nokukhanya kwelanga.
IMelanoma
I-Melanoma yindlela eyoyika kakhulu umdlavuza wesikhumba kwaye, nangona ingaqhelekanga kunokuba i-basal cell kunye ne-squamous cancers, ixanduva loluninzi lwabafayo kwisifo. Ezi ngqomana zingaphuma kwesikhumba, kodwa zihlala ziqala kwi-mole ekhoyo. Itholakala ngokuphindaphindiweyo emva kumadoda, emilenzeni yabasetyhini, nasezintendeni zezandla, kwiintendelezo zeenyawo, nangaphantsi kweeminwe okanye kwiintonga zabantu abanemibala yesikhumba emnyama. Oko kwathiwa, ezi ngqanda zingenzeka naphi na, kuquka iindawo zesikhumba ezingakaze ziboniswe elangeni.
Isiganeko se-melanoma siye sakhula ngokuphawulekayo eUnited States iminyaka engama-3 edlulileyo. Nangona i-melanoma iphindwe ngamaxesha angama-20 e-white, iziganeko ze-melanoma phantsi kwezipikili zifana nabantu bazo zonke izikhumba. Ukongezelela, izinga lokusinda kulabo bafumanekayo liphezulu kumnyama. Ngamanye amazwi, wonke umntu kufuneka aqonde esi sifo.
Ukugxekwa kwala ma-khansa kulungile xa kufunyanwa kusasa, kodwa kuncipha ngokukhawuleza xa kusasazeka kwiimpawu zelumzimba okanye iziko, ezifana namathambo, imiphunga, isibindi kunye nengqondo. Kodwa unyango olutsha, nangona kunjalo, lwenza umehluko ekusindeni, kwaye ezinye i-melanomas eziphambili ziyakwazi ukulawulwa kwezi zonyango.
Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo
Kuncinci kakhulu, kukho ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza ezivela kwesikhumba okanye ezinxulumene nolusu. Ezinye ezimbalwa ziquka:
- I-Merkel cell carcinoma: I-Merkel cell carcinomas yizinto ezinomdla wesikhumba ezinqabileyo eziqhelekileyo zifunyenwe ngapha kwelanga kubantu abadala. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa, ezi ngonyana ziya kwanda. Bavame ukuba nobudlova, kwaye basasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwezinye iindawo zomzimba.
- I-sarcoma yeCapasi : Lo mhlaza ubangelwa yiKapasi sarcoma herpesvirus, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo kufumaneka kubantu abane-HIV / AIDS, okanye ngubani ongagxininiswa ngenxa yezizathu ezinjenge-transplant organ. Inika njengophawu olubomvu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye olumnyama olujikeleze umzimba kunye nokuvuvukala okunokuba nzima. Ngenhlanhla, ihlala isabela kakuhle kwimishanguzo ye-HIV.
- I-Sebaceous gland carcinoma: Ezi ngqamana zivela kwiingqungquthela ezinobungozi, kwaye zivela rhoqo kwiimfazana ezikhulileyo, ngapha kwelanga.
- I-Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance: Ezi ngqanda ziqala njengengqungquthela engqongqo evela kwi-dermis kwaye isasazeka ngokukhawuleza. Zihlobene nokuguqulwa kwemfuza, okuba neziphumo zenzeke kwi-overproduction yeprotein ebizwa ngokuba yi-platelet-derived growth factor.
I-Skin Metastases kunye nezinye i-Cancer ezenzeke kwisikhumba
Ngamanye amaxesha, iintsholongwane ezivela kwezinye iindawo zomzimba zinokusasazeka (i- metastasize ) kwesikhumba. Iintsholongwane eziqhelekileyo ezinxulumene ne-skinast metastase ziquka umdlavuza webele, umdlavuza wekoloni kunye nomhlaza wemiphunga. Xa ezinye iintsholongwane zisasazeka kwesikhumba azibizwa ngokuba ngumhlaza wesikhumba, kwaye ukuba ukhangele iiseli ngaphantsi kwe-microscope, umzekelo, kunye neengxube ze-breastastas zesikhumba, iiseli zesikhumba zinomzimba wesifo somhlaza. Baya kunyangwa njengomhlaza wesifuba, kungekhona umdlavuza wesikhumba.
Iibini ezimbini zomhlaza wesifuba nazo zinokubonakala kwesikhumba, kwaye kwinqanaba lokuqala lingafana ne-eczema okanye umdlavuza wesikhumba. Umdlavuza wesifuba ovuthayo uvame ukuqala ngokubomvu kunye nokugqithisa kwibele. Isifo sePaget luhlobo lomhlaza wesifuba oluqala elukhumbeni lweengono. I-T-cell i-lymphoma isisifo sezifo (kubandakanya i- mycosis fungoides , i-Sezary syndrome, kunye nabanye) ngokwenene iindidi ze-lymphoma. Iiseli zomhlaza zihlobo lweeseli ezimhlophe zegazi ezibizwa ngokuba yi-T lymphocytes, kwaye kungekhona iiseli zeganda. Iinqununu zeT-T ezinqamlekileyo zihlala ziqala njengezicabha, ezibomvu zesikhumba ezixakeke kakhulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iiplati, kwaye ke izicubu ezibonakalayo ziyavela.
Iimpawu
Iimpawu neempawu zomhlaza wesikhumba ziquka nayiphi na utshintsho ephawuliweyo kwesikhumba kwaye ingaquka:
- Isibonda esingaphilanga.
- I-mole eguqukayo.
- I-Scaly, izilonda ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo.
- Imibala emhlophe, emhlophe, okanye emzimbeni ebonakala ngathi i-dome-like.
- Ukutshiza.
I-mnemonic yokuqonda iimpawu ezinokwenzeka ze-melanoma zilandelayo:
- I-stand stands for asymmetry: I-mole okanye isifo esibuhlungu.
- B imele imida. Imida ye-melanoma ingaba yinto engavumelekanga, ingagqithwanga, okanye icacile.
- C imele umbala. I-Melanomas kaninzi inemibala engaphezulu kweyodwa okanye i-hue.
- D imele ububanzi. I-mole ekhudlwana kune-penas eraser inokwenzeka ukuba i-melanoma.
- E imele ukuphakama okanye ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. I-mole iyakhuphuka (kaninzi ihamba ngokungaqhelekanga) kwaye ihlala ishintsha (iguqula) ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Izizathu kunye neengozi
Asizi kakuhle oko kubangela umdlavuza wesikhumba, nangona siye safumanisa izinto ezinobungozi . Ezinye zezi ziquka:
- Ukukhanya kwelanga
- Ukuba nohlobo lwekhumba olumnyama, ngakumbi abo banobomi obomvu okanye obomvu, amehlo aluhlaza okanye aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwaye abayithandabukiyo kwaye bayatshisa kalula.
- Ukuba nenzala yentsapho yomhlaza wesikhumba.
- Ukuba nomlando wodwa ngumhlaza wesikhumba.
- Ukuba nesinye sezidalwa ezinama-genetic syndromes, ezifana ne-xeroderma pigmentosum.
- Unama-moles amaninzi (ngaphezu kwama-50) okanye unama-moles aseypiki (nevi).
- Iingcingo ezisuka kumlilo okanye izifo zangaphambili zesikhumba.
- Ukuba ne-immune system.
- Ezinye unyango kunye neyeza, ezinjenge-radiation unyango lomhlaza, kunye nokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ye-psoriasis.
- Ukuboniswa kwamakhemikhali emsebenzini njengetata kunye ne-vinyl chloride.
- Ukuboniswa kwi-arsenic emanzini okusela.
- Ukubhema (kwandisa ingozi ye-squamous cell carcinoma).
Ukuxilongwa
Ukuchonga umdlavuza wesikhumba kuqala ngolwazi olumkileyo (ukunyamekela iimpawu kunye nemeko yobungozi) kunye nokuhlolwa komzimba. Ngokusekelwe kwimeko yokubonakala kwesikhumba, ugqirha unokucebisa i-biopsy, njengoko kunokuba ngamanye amaxesha kunzima ukwazi ukuba ukungaqhelekanga ngumhlaza okanye kungabonakali kubukeka obonakalayo. Oku kunokuba nzima nakakhulu kubantu abangewona abamhlophe.
I-biopsy inokwenziwa ngenye yeendlela ezininzi. Eyona nto ixhaphakileyo (ukuba isal cell okanye i-squamous cell carcinoma iyalitshutshiswa) yinto ye-shaopsy ye-shave, inkqubo equka ukuphazamisa isikhumba kunye nokucoca isiqwenga sesilonda. I-biopsy ye-punch nayo ingenziwa. I-biopsy engahambelaniyo iquka ukwenza isicatshulwa nokususa inxalenye engafanelekanga ukuba ibonwe yi-pathologist. Ukuba i-melanoma ikhunjulwa, i-biopsy i-exclusal isicetyiswa ngokuqhelekileyo. Oku kubandakanya ukususa konke okungaqhelekanga kunye nommandla weethambo ezijikelezayo. Ekubeni ubunzulu bokubandakanyeka kwesikhumba bubaluleke kakhulu ekugxininiseni i-melanoma, kufuneka kwenziwe i-biopsy ngokucophelela ukuze kugcinwe i-lesion ye-pathologist ukuvavanya.
Ukuba umhlaza wesikhumba (i-melanoma kunye namaxesha ambalwa e-squamous cell carcinoma) iqhubekile, iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo zenziwa ukuqhubela isifo kwaye zikhangele ubukho be-metastases. Ezi zingabandakanya i-sentinel node biopsy, i-CT, i-PET scan, okanye ezinye iimvavanyo kuxhomekeke kwindawo yesikhumba somhlaza.
Unyango
Unyango lwemhlaza yengqondo luya kuxhomekeka kwiimeko ezininzi, ezifana nomhlobo womhlaza, ubukhulu kunye nobunzulu, nokunye.
Ukususa i-tumor kuyona yonyango oluqhelekileyo. Utyando oluthile olubizwa ngokuba ngu-Moh's surgery lubandakanya ukususa iziqwenga ezilandelelanayo kunye nokujonga iindawo eziselunxwemeni naluphi na ubungqina bomhlaza, ukwenzela ukuba umlinganiselo omncinci wokuhlinzwa ukhuphe ngokupheleleyo. Nge-melanomas, indawo enkulu yeesisundu ezijikelezayo isuswe.
Ukufumana iimvumi eziphambili eziye zasasazeka kwii-lymph nodes okanye kwezinye iindawo zomzimba, unyango olunjenge-immunotherapy, i-chemotherapy, unyango olujoliswe kuyo, kunye neyeza zokwelapha.
Ukuthintela kunye nokuQaphela kwangaphambili
Kukho izinto ezininzi abantu abanokuzenza ukukhusela umdlavuza wesikhumba , okanye ukunciphisa umngcipheko. Ukuqwalasela ilanga kubalulekile, kodwa kubandakanya okungaphezulu nje kokugqoka i-sunscreen, kunye nokusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokukhusela (ezifana nezambatho, iinqanawa kunye nokuphepha kwelanga). Olunye utyalo lwezemisebenzi lunokwandisa ingozi, kwaye iiglavu zicetyiswa xa zisebenza kunye neekhemikhali ezininzi kunye nezinto.
Akunabo bonke abanomdlavuza wesikhumba onokuthintelwa, kwaye ukufumanisa kwangaphambili kuba ngumgomo. Ukuhlolwa kwesikhumba sokuzikhusela kufuneka kuqwalaselwa, ngakumbi kulabo abanomngcipheko wesifo. Abanye abantu abanezinto ezinobungozi obukhulu, okanye iimpawu zesifo somzimba ezinxulumene nomngcipheko ophezulu, bangathanda ukujonga ukutyelela rhoqo kunye ne-dermatologist yabo.
ILizwi
Ingxenye yesithathu yabantu iya kuphuhlisa uhlobo olumdlavuza womhlaza ngexesha lokuphila. Ukuqonda izibonakaliso zezilonda zesifo, nokwazi imingcipheko yakho, kubalulekile ekufumaneni la mayeza eyokuqala kunye neendlela eziphilisa kakhulu zesifo. Nangona i-dermatologist ikwazi ukukwazi ukuba ukungaqhelekanga ngumhlaza okanye ayikho, i-biopy idla ngokuyimfuneko ukuba uhlolisise eso sifo. Ukuba unaluphi na utshintsho lwesikhumba olukukhathazayo, ungalindi, uze wenze idibaniso ukuze ubone ugqirha wakho oyintloko okanye ugqirha.
> Imithombo:
> INational Cancer Institute. Ukwelashwa kweMelanoma (PDQ) -Ingcali yeNgcali yezobugcisa. Ukuhlaziywa 03/22/18.
> INational Cancer Institute. Ukwelashwa Kwemhlaza Yesikhumba (PDQ) Ukuhlaziywa 01/01/18.
> I-Weller, uRichard PJB, uHamish JA Hunter kunye noMargaret W. Mann. Dermatological Clinic. Chichester (West Sussex): John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2015. Print.