Indlela iSikolo kunye neSizwe seSifo esixelela ngayo impendulo
Ngelixesha apho iindaba malunga nokuqhekeka kweZika , ubhubhane lwe-Ebola , okanye ubhubhane lwe-HIV aluyikrakra, ngamanye amaxesha siyadideka malunga nokuba lukhulu kangakanani okanye lube lukhulu kangakanani kwezi zifo.
Nangona abanye abantu banokucinga ukuba "ukugqabhuka," "isifo," kunye nokutshatyalaliswa "kwindlala", abanye bangabasebenzisa ngokungenasiphelo ("ukuxhatshazwa kwaba yintlupheko kwizikolo") okanye ngokungalunganga.
Ukususela kwimbono ye-epidemiologist, le migaqo ibonisa indlela ebonisa ngayo ubukhulu kunye nobukhulu besifo xa kubandakanywa inani elikhulu labantu.
Kuyintoni Ukuqhambuka, Ubhubhane, nokuLweliswa?
Ngokutsho kwamaziko okuLawula nokuLawula (i-CDC), ukugqabhuka kukubangelwa kweziganeko zesifo kunokuba ziqheleke kulindeleke kwindawo ethile okanye iqela labantu phezu kwexesha elithile. Ukuqhambuka kungabelana nokutyhefu kokutya ukuya kwi- enterovirus ukuya kumkhuhlane wonyaka.
Ixesha leengxaki libhekisela kwizinto ezifanayo kodwa zivame ukudibanisa ukuba kwenzeke ngakumbi. Nangona ukuqhambuka kungaphakamisa into ethile engabonakaliyo okanye iyanqandeka, ubhubhane lujongene nesimo esibuhlungu esingasasazeka. Ukwahlukana kobuqili kodwa kubalulekile.
Ngokwahlukileyo, ubhubhane luyi-bhubhane oluxhaphakileyo kwaye luhlala luhlala kwihlabathi jikelele, ngokuqhelekileyo luchaphazela inani elikhulu labantu.
Nangona eli gama lisikisela into enzulu kunokuba yindlala, kunjalo nje ngokobunzima kwaye kungengobunzima besifo.
Elinye igama elisetyenziswe kuphando lwe-epidemiological yiqela. Oku kubhekisela kwiqela lamatyala ngexesha elithile kunye nendawo enokuthi okanye ingabi ngaphezu kweqhelekileyo.
Uphando lwezigcawu zezifo zisetyenziselwa ukuchonga izinga eliqhelekileyo okanye elilindelekileyo yesifo esithile.
Okwangoku, isifo esigcina kwisimo esiphakamileyo kodwa esinyanisiweyo phakathi kwabantu sisithi siphelile . Umzekelo, ngelixa ukuqubuka kwe-HIV kungenzeka kwindawo ethile ngenxa yeemeko ezibangele ukwanda okukhulu (njengoko kwenzeka e-Indiana ngo-2015 phakathi kwabasebenzisi abasebenzisa iziyobisi), i-HIV ingacingwa ukuba yinto engaphelele kwenye indawo apho isantya sentsholongwane sihlala sisigxina .
Ngaloo ndlela, ubhubhane lubhekisela kwisilinganisi sesifo esingaphezu kwesigqirha xa sisigxina sibhekisela kwisimo esifanelekileyo sesifo esingafi okanye singatshintshi kakhulu kwinani labantu abachaphazelekayo.
Iinjongo zePhenyo loPhulo
Uphando lwezityalo ziyimfuneko ukuqonda kwaye ekugqibeleni ukulawula nokukhusela ukusasazeka kwezifo. Ngokuqonda indlela ezinye izifo ezidluliselwa ngayo kwaye zihlalutya indlela yazo yokusuleleka, isifo se-epidemiologists sinokuthi sicinge umthombo kwaye sifumane iindlela zokumisa isifo.
Uphando lubaluleke ngokukhethekileyo xa isifo sikhulu kwaye sisasazeka lula. Uphando lunokunceda ukuququzelela uphuhliso lwezitofu ezitsha kunye neziyobisi, ukuphunyezwa kwemigaqo-nkqubo yezempilo, ukuphunyezwa kwemida, nokufumana iindlela zokutshintsha iziphathamandla eziyaziwayo ukwandisa umngcipheko wokuhambisa.
Amanyathelo athathwe kwi-CDC yophando lweZiphuko
I-CDC ikhuphe uluhlu lwamanyathelo a-10 asetyenziswa ngabaphengululi be-epidemiologists ukuphanda ukuqhuma. Ezi zikhokelo zijolise ekuqinisekiseni ukuhlolwa kokukhawuleza nokuchanekileyo kokuqhambuka ukuze kufikeleleke eso sifo ngokukhawuleza kwaye kunqande ukulimaza uluntu ngokubanzi.
Amanyathelo alandelayo:
- Lungiselela umsebenzi wentsimi . Abaphandi bafanele baqhelane nesi sifo (okanye zikhutshelwe izifo) kunye necebo lokusebenza.
- Ukuseka ubukho beqhekeza . Oku kubandakanya ukuhlola iingxelo zogcino lwezempilo, iirekhodi zebhedlele, kunye nokubhaliswa kwezifo okanye ukuqhuba intetho yodliwano.
- Qinisekisa ukuxilongwa . Abaphandi baya kudinga ukuphonononga ukufunyanwa kweekliniki kunye nokuqhuba iimvavanyo zebhanki ukuqinisekisa ukuxilongwa okanye ukuchonga uhlobo oluthile lwesifo, ukuba ingaziwa.
- Chaza kwaye uchonge amatyala . Oku kuqala ngokuseka ukuba yintoni na imeko. Ngokwenza njalo, abaphandi banokuphelisa ubuxoki bezithuba xa bebala inani langempela lamatyala kubantu.
- Chaza idatha ngokwexesha, indawo kunye nomntu . Oku kubandakanya ukuphula phantsi xa kukho isifo ngasinye, apho kwenzeka khona, kunye neentlobo zabantu abachaphazelekayo (ngobudala, ubuhlanga, isondo, njl.
- Ukuphuhlisa i-hypothesis . Oku kuluhlu olufundwayo olusekelwe kwidatha ehlanganisiweyo.
- Hlola i-hypothesis . Oku kudinga iinombolo ze-crunching ukuba zixhase okanye zingayixhasi i-hypothesis.
- Cwangcisa i-hypothesis kwaye wenze ezinye izifundo . Izifundo ezongezelelweyo zingabandakanya iimvavanyo zebhabhi okanye izifundo zendalo.
- Ukuphunyezwa kolawulo kunye namanyathelo okukhusela . Ezi zizenzo ezisetyenziselwa ukukhupha nokukhusela ukusabalala kokusasazeka kumthombo.
- Ukuthetha iziphumo . Unxibelelwano lujoliswe ukulungelelanisa impendulo yempilweni yoluntu kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba amanyathelo adingekayo ukuphelisa ukugqabhuka kuphunyezwa ngokupheleleyo.
> Umthombo
> Amasebe okuLawula nokuVimbela (iCCDC). "Amanyathelo oPhando loPhulo." Iimigaqo ze-Epidemiology kwi-Practice Health Practice, 3rd ed.