Nangona intsholongwane kaPowassan ingabonakali, unyaka ngamnye, kukho abantu abaninzi abafunyaniswa ukuba nabo.
Le ntsholongwane yafunyanwa okokuqala ePoasssan, eOntario, ngo-1958, xa yayingabikho kwengqondo yenkwenkwana eyayifa nge-encephalitis, eyona nto ibonakalisa intsholongwane yegciwane le-Powassan. Phakathi kowe-1958 no-1998, abantu abangama-27 kuphela bafumene ukuba banesifo sengculaza sasePowassan.
Phakathi kuka-2003 kunye no-2017 eli nani linabantu abangaphezu kwesithathu, kunye nabantu abangama-85 abafunyaniswayo.
Ngokubhaliweyo bombhali we-2017 ebizwa ngokuthi "i-Powassan Virus: I-Arbovirus evelayo yeMpilo kaRhulumente eMntla Melika," oku kuphakanyiswa "kungakho ngenxa yokunyuka kweengxaki kunye nokuvavanya iindiza ezithwala i-arthropod, ukuvela kwangempela kwesi sifo, okanye udibaniso lwezinto zombini. "
Imvelaphi
Njengegciwane leZika, intsholongwane ye- dengue , kunye neNtsholongwane yaseNtshonalanga yeNtsholongwane, igciwane le-Powassan luhlobo lwe-flavirus. Kufana nenye i-virus ekhutshwa yi-tick edala i-encephalitis: igciwane le-encephalitis (TBEV). Usulelo lwe-TBEV luxhaphake kakhulu kunegciwane le-Powassan, kunye nabantu abayizinkulungwane eziliqela eYurophu nase-Asia abachaphazelekayo nge-encephalitis kunye ne-meningitis ngonyaka.
Ininzi yale nto esiyayaziyo malunga nekhono logulo lwegciwane lePowassan lokuphinda liphindwe kwaye likwazi ukubangela ukuba ugula lusekelwe kwi-TBEV, ebizwa ngokuba yinkxalabo yempilo yehlabathi jikelele kwaye ifundwe kangcono kunegciwane lePowassan.
Kucacile, izitofu zenzelwe i-TBEV.
Intsholongwane ye-Powassan yintsholongwane ye-RNA enye. Ngokwenene, igciwane lePowassan liqukethe imigangatho emibini: i-virus ye-Powassan kunye ne-virus ye- deer tick (DTV). Kule nqaku, siza kubhekisela kuzo zombini kwezi zifana (kodwa zinezizukulwana ezahlukileyo kunye nezofuzo) njengegciwane le-Powassan.
Intsholongwane yasePowassan ithathwa yi- Ixodes uhlobo lweengqungquthela. Ukuhanjiswa kwegciwane lePowassan kuvela kwiVirginia yonke indlela eya ngasentla eNova Scotia. Kufunyenwe kwakhona ngaphakathi e-United States naseKhanada, kuquka neNew York, ePennsylvania, eQuebec, eMichigan, eWisconsin, e-Minnesota nase-Ontario. I-virus ye-Powassan iye yafunyanwa njengentshonalanga njengeColorado, eCalifornia, naseBritish Columbia.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, igciwane le-Powassan lisasazwa kwiindawo ezikuMntla-mpuma kunye neGreat Lakes, kunye ne-Hudson Valley eNew York naseNew England ebika amaninzi amaninzi.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuba intsholongwane yasePowassan ifumaneka eRashiya; Nangona kunjalo, lo kusasazwa ngokuthe ngqo kubangelwa isingeniso esisodwa kwiminyaka engama-100 edlulileyo-mhlawumbi kwimveliso ye-mink eyenzelwe ukuthengiswa koboya ekupheleni kwe-1800.
Ixodes ikhupha ihamba ne-Powassan virus ifakwe zilwanyana ezininzi, kubandakanywa nezikratshi ezibomvu, i-chipmunks, i-groundhogs, i-skunks, i-voles, i-cow-tailed deer, kunye neigundane ezimhlophe. Nangona kunjalo, abantu abanqabile ukudibanisa nezilwanyana ezivame ukugqithisa, ezifana ne-groundhogs kunye ne-skunks. Kunoko, abantu banokubethwa yii- ticks ze-Ixodes emva kokugqithisa i-litter yamagqabi ahanjelwe ngamagundane amhlophe kunye ne-tailed white tailed.
Iimpawu zoKliniki
Ngokuqhelekileyo, abantu abakwazi ukukhumbula xa bethwa yi- Ixodes tick.
Uninzi lwabantu abalunywe yikhakiti abazibonakalisi. Kulabo bahlakulela iimpawu, kunokuthatha ixesha eliphakathi kweeveki ezintlanu ukusuleleka ukuba ubambelele. Ngokuphawulekayo, kuthatha imizuzu engama-15 kuphela itekethi ukuba ifake kwaye ifake i-virus ye-Powassan.
Ekuqaleni, abantu ababa zizibonakaliso bahlakulela isifo esifana nesifo somkhuhlane kunye nomkhuhlane, onokuhamba kunye neentloko, iimpawu zesisu, ukulala, ukuphazamiseka nokuhlaselwa. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa zeempawu zokuqala, i-encephalitis iphelelwa. Incephalitis ibhekisela ekuvukeleni kwengqondo. Ukongezelela, intambo yomgogodla nayo iya kutshiswa ekukholiseni i-meningitis kunye ne-myelitis.
Xa ubuchopho kunye nomgudu womgogodla uphahla, iimpawu ezilandelayo zibonakaliswa:
- Intloko
- Lethargy
- Ukuxhamla
- Iingxaki zokuthetha
- Ukukhubazeka
- Ingxaki zo mbono
- Intetho edibeneyo
- Ukuvutha
- Ukuphefumla
- Ulungelelaniso lokusebenzisana
Phantse iipesenti ezili-10 zabantu abahlakulela i-encephalitis bafa. Ukongezelela, ama-50 ekhulwini abantu baya kuhlakulela iingxaki ezingasigxina. Iingxaki zeengxaki ezingapheliyo ziquka iintloko zeenwele, ukutshabalalisa imisipha kunye nobunzima beememori.
Ukuxilongwa
Ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane yasePowassan ifunyaniswe ngokusekelwe kwiimvavanyo zekliniki kunye nokuhlolwa kweelabhoratri.
Ukuxilongwa kwezonyango kufuneka kuzalisekise imilinganiselo emithathu:
- umkhuhlane omkhulu kunokuba ulingana no-38 degrees Celsius
- naziphi na iimpawu zesistim sokukhubazeka kwesantya
- akukho nenye inokuthi ixilongwe
Uvavanyo lwe-serological yindlela eyona nto yokufumana intsholongwane yePoasssan ebhodini. Ukuvavanywa kwentsholongwane kubonisa i-antibodies kwintsholongwane kwisampuli yamanzi omgogodla, igazi, okanye izicubu.
Ngokutsho kweCDC, nantsi enye ingcaciso yokuxilonga malunga negciwane le-Powassan:
I-Electroencephalography (i-EEG) kwizigulane ezine-POW virus encephalitis zityhila umsebenzi ojikelezayo ojikelezayo kwaye iziphumo zinokufana nezibonwa kwi-herpes simplex virus encephalitis. I-MRI yengqondo kwizigulane ezine-POW i-encephalitis ibonisa utshintsho oluhambelanayo ne-microchemical ischemia okanye i-demyelinating disease kwi-parietal okanye nge-temporal lobes; Iziphumo zeengqondo ze-CT ezingabalulekanga ngokukhethekileyo.
Unyango
Akukho naluphi unyango lwe-Powassan virus. Esikhundleni salokho, iimpawu zonyango ziphathwa ngokuxhaswa ngamanzi amanzi, ukuphuphuma umoya, kunye namayeza anciphisa ukukhukhumeza kwengqondo. Ngaphezulu, akukho ubungqina obaneleyo bokuphuhlisa iingcebiso zonyango.
I-Steroids kunye ne-immunoglobulin (IVIG) enesifo esine-intravenous (IVIG) ziye zabonwa ukuba zisebenza ngokunyanga kwonyango. Akucaci ukuba unyango lwe-antiviral (okt, ribavirin) lusebenza. Ngokukodwa, isigulane esinye esasiphathwa nge-intergyon ye-pegylated kunye ne-ribavirin esasifa ngesifo. I-note, i-steroids, i-IVIG, i-interferon, kunye ne-ribavirin yonke isilumkiso seempendulo ze-immune kwaye i-immunomodulators.
Nangona kungenakho ukuxilongwa, ukucinga ngengqondo kunye ne-MRI kungabonisa ubungqina kwaye zibonisa ukuba zeziphi izigulane eziza kuba zibi nakwixesha elide.
Thintelo
Okwangoku, akukho sitofu segciwane le-Powassan. Kukho izitofu ze-TBEV, efana ne-Powassan virus, kwaye ezi zitofu ziyafumaneka eRashiya naseYurophu. Nangona kunjalo, izitofu ze-TBEV azange zibonakalise ziyimpembelelo ekukhuseleni intsholongwane ne-Powassan virus.
Ukongezelela, i-Powassan virus iyinhlobo ye-flavivirus, kwaye ngaphezu kwe-TB ye-TBEV, kukho izitofu zezinye iintlobo ze-flavivirus, kuquka i-yellow fever kunye ne-encephalitis yaseJapan. Nangona kunjalo, intsholongwane kaPoasssan ibonakala ifana nezinye iintlobo ze-flavivirus ngokwemimiselo yamatye ukuze ezinye izitofu zisebenziseke.
Okwangoku, indlela efanelekileyo yokuphepha ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane kaPowassan kukulandela isikhokelo sokukhusela. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zomntu kunye nepropati ongayithatha ukuze unciphise umngcipheko wakho wokukhutshwa kweekethi kubandakanya oku kulandelayo:
- Gwema ukudibanisa ngqo kunye neekhiza ngokugwema iindawo ezinobuncwane obuphezulu.
- Hamba uye kwiziko leendlela.
- Sebenzisa i-repellent equle i-20 ekhulwini okanye ngaphezulu kwe-DEET, i-picaridin okanye i-IR3535. Faka isicelo esiphezulu kwiindawo ezibonakalayo zolusu.
- Ugqoke iimpahla ezinamakhono amade kwaye ezikhanyayo. Kwakhona, tank yakho ibhulukwe kwiisokisi zakho.
- Xa usebenzisa isicelo esiphambukayo kubantwana, gwema isicelo kwamehlo, izandla kunye nomlomo.
- Sebenzisa iimpahla neempahla eziqukethe i-permetrin.
- Gubha ngokukhawuleza xa ubuyela ekhaya uze wenze i-tick check using mirror. Susa zonke iikethi ngokukhawuleza.
- Hlola zonke iimpahla, iimpahla kunye neemfuyo zeekhiza.
- Ukubulala amagqabha kwiingubo zokuhlamba iimpahla, hlamba iingubo emanzini atshisayo kwaye womelele ekushiseni okukhulu.
- Hlola iimfuyo zakho zeekhiza emva kokuchitha ixesha ngaphandle.
- Susa indawo yeendawo zokuhlala, ezinjengotshani obude, i-brush, kunye neengcambu zamagqabi, ukusuka kwipropati yakho.
- Yenza umtshini wakho ugqithise rhoqo ukunciphisa indawo yeengingqi.
- Yakha izicingo ukuze ugcine izilwanyana zasendle kwindawo yakho.
- Susa ifenitshala elahliwe kunye nezinye iinqanawa apho iikiti ehlala khona kwiyadi lakho.
- Ukuxaka imithi ngemibhobho efanelekileyo ukukhusela i-infestation ngamagundane aphethe iikiti.
- Beka ipatio kunye nezixhobo zokudlala kwindawo ngaphandle kwemithi kunye neendawo zokuxubha.
- Cinga ukusebenzisa i- tick tick pesticides (oko kukuthi, i-acaricides) okanye i-repellents kwi-dog yakho, kuquka uthuli, iikholeji ezifakwe kwi-collar, i-sprays, okanye iyeza zonyango. Thetha kunye nodokotela wakho wezilwanyana kuqala.
- Cinga ukuba unomtshabalalisi ucofa lakho ikhaya.
Amakati akhathazeke kakhulu kwizibulala-zinambuzane; Ngaloo ndlela, ungasebenzisi i-insecticide kwikati yakho ngaphandle kokuthetha nodokotela wakho wezilwanyana kuqala.
Izikhokelo zexesha elizayo
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kukho ukwanda kwimizamo yophando ejoliswe kwi-virus ye-Powassan.
Ukujonga phambili, ekulweni nentsholongwane yasePowassan, kuya kuba kubalulekile ukuba izazinzulu zihlaziye iiklasi ezindala kunye ne- Ixodes ezifayo ezithengiweyo ukusuka kwintsimi ukuqonda kangcono umjikelezo wobomi kunye nokujikeleza kweengqikembe kunye neemeko eziguquguqukayo ezenza intsholongwane. Ingqalelo, ezinye iingcali zibonisa ukuba utshintsho olusandul 'ujikelezo lobomi lwala maqhekeza lungachaza ukwanda kobunzima beli pathogen.
Ngaphezu koko, izazinzulu zifuna ukuphucula kangcono indlela yokuphendula i-anti-virus kwisifo se-Powassan kwizilwanyana ezincelisayo. Ngokukodwa, abaphandi kufuneka baqonde kangcono umjikelezo wokuphindaphinda kwintsholongwane kungekhona kuphela kwiikhiza kodwa nakwizilwanyana ezincelisayo. Ezi ngcamango ziya kunceda izazinzulu zichonge iithagethi zonyango kwaye zibonise indlela intsholongwane yakwaPowassan eqhubeka ngayo kwendalo.
Ukuqonda kangcono iimpembelelo zexesha elide leentsholongwane, uvavanyo kufuneka luyilwe lulandele amaqela ezigulane ngexesha (oko kukuthi, izifundo zeqela).
EWisconsin, iipaki ezithile zingadlulisela isifo se-Powassan kunye nesifo seLyme, okwenza ukuba usulele ukhuseleko. Olu tshintsholongwane luyakwazi ukuchaza iimpawu eziqhubekayo zesifo seLyme kwaye kufuneka zifundwe kwakhona.
ILizwi
Nangona kunqabile, inani labantu abasuleleke yiNtsholongwane ye-Powassan linyuka kwaye ugula kakhulu lufuna ukuhlala esibhedlele. Xa kuninzi ukuvavanya nokunyuka kwandala, kunokwenzeka ukuba intsholongwane yakwaPowassan iya kuba yimbangela ekhulayo yokugula kwikamva.
Kwinqaku edibeneyo, ngenxa yokuqwashisa koluntu kunye nokuvavanywa kwe-virus ye-Powassan, kunokwenzeka ukuba le ntsho longwane ayifumanekanga kwizigulane ezinikezela nge-encephalitis. Ngamanye amazwi, abanye abantu abaphelela ekufumaneni i-encephalitis abazange bafumane ukuba banesifo sengculaza sasePowassan.
Indlela efanelekileyo yokusingatha usulelo lwegciwane le-Powassan kukukhusela ukukhutshwa kwekhawu kwindawo yokuqala. Ukuba uhlala kwiindawo apho iPerasssan ifunyenwe khona-ingakumbi kwiindawo eziseNyakatho neNdawo eziLwandle eziMandla-sebenzisa ukuzithemba xa uphuma ngaphandle kwaye wenze i-tick checks xa ubuya.
Gcina ukhumbule ukuba kukho ezinye izifo eziphathekayo ezinokuthi zibangele ukugula, ezifana neBroralia burgdorferi (oko kukuthi, isifo seLyme ), ngoko ukubuyisela kunye nokuhlola iikiti kuyinto efanelekileyo yokuthintela ezinye iintlobo zokugula.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqonde ukuba nangona ikiti liye lahlala emzimbeni wakho kuphela ixesha elifutshane kakhulu, ngeli xesha u libona, unokusulelwa nguGawulayo ngePausssan. Ezinye izifo eziphathekayo eziphathekayo, ezifana neBroralia burgdorferi , zinexesha elide lobabalo lweentsuku ezijikelezayo.
Ukuba ukrokrela ukuba wena okanye othandekayo unentsholongwane ye-Powassan virus, kha wuleza unyamekele unyango. Ukongezelela, vumela ugqirha wakho azi ukuba kutheni usulele ukusuleleka kwintsholongwane kunye nale nkcukacha nayiphi na imbali yezinto ezinokubakho kwiikethi. Ukongezelela, mnike umniki wakho malunga nemisebenzi yakho kunye nalapho uhamba khona-ngokukodwa indawo engaphandle apho i-tick egcina iPawassan virus. Ugqirha wakho kufuneka uqaphele zombini kuba kukho uvavanyo olukhethekileyo kwintsholongwane yasePowassan kwaye imeko leyo ilawulwa yiingcali ezithathelwanayo zesifo.
> Imithombo:
> I-Bennett, i-N. Powassan Virus Izifo kwintsana-Connecticut, 2016, i-MMWR. 2017; 66: 408-409.
> I-Doughty, CT, Yawetz, S, Lyons, J. Iimpawu ezibangela i-Arbovirus Encephalitis eMntla Melika: i-Powassan, iChikungunya kunye ne-Zika Viruses. Iingxelo ze-Neurology zangoku kunye neeuroscience. 2017: 17; 12.
> Hermance, ME, Thangamani, S. Virus Virus: I-Arbovirus evelayo yeeMpilo zikaRhulumente eMntla Melika. Vector-Borne kunye neZoonotic Diseases. Meyi 12, 2017.
> CDC. Virus yePowassan. www.cdc.gov.