Ingaba ngumkhuhlane weengulube, umkhuhlane we- avian , i- smallpox , okanye umkhuhlane we-typhoid siva ilizwi elibhekiselele kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo. Iyintoni intsingiselo ngokwenene? Ukuba siqonda ukuba yintoni isifo esiyingozi, sinokulungelelanisa ngakumbi ukujongana nomnye.
Igama elibhubhane livela kwisiLatini nesiGrike. I-Pan ithetha yonke into okanye ngaphesheya - kule ngxaki, ithetha kuwo wonke umhlaba. Iidosho zithetha abantu okanye abantu.
Ngoko ubhubhane lubhekisela nasiphi na isifo esasazeka kubantu abaninzi. Uninzi kuninzi, ubhubhane lubhekisela kumkhuhlane (umkhuhlane) osulelekileyo kwaye unentsholongwane. Ubhubhane bungaba nesiphelo (isifo sesifo) okanye sinokuba nesibizo (iSifo seMfuyo yaseSpain ye-1918-1919.) Kwakhona, kukho ukumahluko phakathi kobulwelwe kunye nesibhubhane .
Ukulandelela kunye nokuchaza ulwaphulo-mthetho
I-World Health Organization (WHO) ichaza iintlekele. Inkqubo yabo kwisifo sesibhedlele ukukhetha ukuhamba kwayo kwiinqanaba ezithandathu okanye izigaba, kubonisa ukuba yeyiphi impendulo efunekayo kwinqanaba ngalinye. Amanqanaba awahambelani nendlela umntu ogula ngayo okanye bangaphi abantu abanalo. Esikhundleni saloo nto, baqhagamshelana nalapho ikhona khona nokuthi njani isasazeka ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye. Ikwaqwalasela nendlela entsha intsholongwane. Ukuba intsholongwane yintsholongwane isanda kuphuhliswa ngoko, ngokuyinxalenye, abantu baya kuba ne-immunity encinci okanye akukho mkhuhlane.
Izilwanyana ezinjengeengulube neentaka zivelisa iintsholongwane ezintsha rhoqo. Kwimeko yokuba intsholongwane yesilwanyana idibanisa negciwane lesandulela ngculaza, ngoko abantu bangakwazi ukuqala ukuhlakulela isifo esinjenge-influenza, ukusuka kwintsholongwane. Ezi zigqithiso kunye neziphumo ezibangelwa yizifo ziyenzeka ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunokuba ungalindela, ukuthelela abantu abancinci ngonyaka.
Xa abantu beqala ukusulela abanye abantu ngeentsholongwane ezavela kwizilwanyana, ngoko ke izikhulu zempilo ziqala ukuthobela ingqalelo. Ekubeni abantu bengakaze bazakhele ukukhusela ezi ntlobo zintsholongwane, umkhuhlane omtsha kufuneka uqulethwe njengento engcono kakhulu ukuyibeka ekusasazeni kubantu abaninzi kwiindawo zehlabathi, oko kuthetha ukuba yintlupheko.
Izigaba zoLuntu
Ngubani ogcina umkhondo wee-virus zonke, izilwanyana okanye abantu, ngokusebenzisa isigaba sezigaba okanye izigaba.
- Isigaba 1: Iintsholongwane zijikeleza kwizilwanyana kuphela. Akukho ntsholongwane yabantu esele ivela kwiintsholongwane zezilwanyana.
- Isigaba sesi-2: Intsholongwane yesilwanyana ibangele isifo kumntu. Kule ngongoma, kukho isisiseko esisisiseko sokusongela ubhubhane ngenxa yokuba intsholongwane yesifo sengculaza iguqule ukwenza loo nto idluliselwe kumntu.
- Isigaba 3: Amacandelo amancinci ebantwini anesifo sengculaza kwelinye uluntu. Kukho ukusabalala kwintsholongwane ukuba abanye ngaphandle kwale ndawo badibanisa nabo bantu abanesifo. Kule ngongoma, isigulo singabakho ubhubhane kuloo ndawo, kodwa ayiyiyo yindlala.
- Isigaba se-4: Ukudluliselwa kwegciwane lesintu kunye nokunyuka kwintsholongwane yezilwanyana kubangele ukuqhuma kwimiba emininzi kwaye abantu abaninzi bayagula kulao ndawo. Uluntu oluthe xaxa luchaza ukuphazamiseka nokubhubha kunokwenzeka, nangona, ngokutsho kwe-WHO, ubhubhane akusikho isigqibo esiphezulu.
- Isigaba sesi-5: Ukudluliselwa komuntu ukuya kumntu kwenzeke ubuncinane kumazwe amabini kwingingqi enye ye-WHO. I-WHO ine-Network of 120 Influenza Centers kumazwe angama-90 ahlukeneyo. Kwinqanaba lesi-5, amaninzi amazwe awachaphazelekayo (okwangoku) kodwa ubhubhane lubhekwe njengento esondeleyo. Esi sigaba sibonakaliso sokuba oorhulumente kunye namagosa ezempilo kufuneka balungele ukuphumeza izicwangciso zokunciphisa izifo.
- Isigaba sesi-6: Ihlabathi lehlabathi liyaqhubeka. Ukugula kuxhaphake kwaye oorhulumente namagosa ezempilo basebenzela ngokunyanisekileyo ukunciphisa ukusasazeka kwesi sifo, kwaye bancede abantu babo bajongane nayo ngokusebenzisa amanyathelo okukhusela kunye nokuyeka.
- I-Post-pandemic: Emva kokunyuka komsebenzi, umsebenzi wokusabalalisa isifo uya kuqalisa. Inqakraza kweli nqanaba kukulungele ukuzama ukukhusela isangqa sesibini.
Ixesha lexesha lezigaba 1 ukuya ku-6 lingaqhubeka kwiinyanga eziliqela ukuya kwiminyaka emininzi.
Iipandemics kwii-20 neye-21 zamawaka
Njengoko ihlabathi liye lincinci ngokubhekiselele kumnxibelelwano kunye nekhono kunye nomnqweno wokuhamba, izidlova ziye zachaphazeleka.
Ukukhululeka kohambo kuye kuthetha ukuba usulelo luhamba phambili kwihlabathi ngokukhawuleza kunokuba abantu babehlala endaweni. Iqela labafundi elihambela iMexico ngexesha lokuphumula kwentwasahlobo libuyela ekhaya laseNew York kwaye lisasaza le sifo kumalungu entsapho kunye nabafundi abafunda nabo. Umfazi weshishini uhamba waya eMexico kwi-shishini kwaye udibana nomntu ohlala ephethe i-swine flu ngaphandle kokukwazi. Okanye umntu osulelekileyo uye waqala ukukrazula nokukhwehlela aze achukumise itafile okanye ibhotile yamanzi ethintwa ngumfazi weshishini. Uyakontraka iintsholongwane kwaye abachaphazela abantu kwi-moya, kwisikhumulo sezindiza, nasekhaya.
Ukunxibelelana kwezonxibelelwano kunempembelelo, nayo. Ngecala elincinci, kuthetha ukuba sinokufumana ulwazi malunga nesimo kunye nokukhusela kwabo bafuna ngokukhawuleza, ngamanye amaxesha kwangoko. Kwinqanaba elingalunganga, kuthetha ukuba ulwazi olubi luya kudlula ngokukhawuleza, kwakhona. Ukongezelela, ukwesaba kuqhubeka ngokukhawuleza, nangona, ukwesaba, kusenokuthi abantu bathathe amanyathelo okukhusela nokukhusela ngokulula.
Ngethuba lobulwelwe ngo-1918-1919, kwakukho abantu abangama-40-50 abafa emhlabeni wonke. Ngenxa yokuba unxibelelwano kunye nokucwangcisa kuqhubekile kakhulu ukususela ngelo xesha, i-WHO ilinganisela ukuba ubhubhane lwe-21 leminyaka luya kubangela "kuphela" ukufa kwezigidi ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-7.4 emhlabeni jikelele.
I-Avian Flu ne-Swine Flu
I-WHO ibona ukuba le ntlobo ezimbini zentsholongwane zisengozini yokuba yindlala kwikhulu lama-21.
Umkhuhlane we-Avian, obizwa ngokuba ngumkhuhlane weentaka, waqala ukubonwa eHong Kong (H5N1) ngo-1997, kodwa ayithathwa njengengcinezelo ngenxa yokuba ayizange isasaze ngeenkcazo zezigaba zingentla. Ngo-2013, intsha entsha yentsholongwane yentsholongwane, i-H7N9 yachongwa kodwa yayisasazeka kuphela kwi- intanethi .
Umkhuhlane we-Swine yi-H1N1 Influenza A. Ngomhla ka-Apreli 2009, kwaqala ukusabalalisa uluntu olutsha lwaseMexico kwaye lwabhengezwa yi-World Health Organisation ngoJuni 2009. Funda kabanzi malunga nomkhuhlane weengulube .