Iintlobo zezilingo zokuxilonga kunye nezinto ezinokukuxelela zona
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zeemvavanyo ezisetyenziselwa ukufumanisa ubukho be-tuberculosis (TB) ibhaktheriya-iimvavanyo ze-Mantoux kunye ne-interferon gamma release release, uhlobo lokuhlolwa kwegazi. Ukuba uvavanyo lwesikhumba lwakho luhle, lithetha ukuba unentsholongwane yebhakteria ye-TB kodwa ayinayo ifom echaphazelekayo kunye negalelo; oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-TB ekhoyo.
Ugqirha wakho uya kuqhuba uvavanyo olongezelelweyo, kubandakanya i-X-ray nesifuba se-sputum ukufumana ukuba unayo i-TB esebenzayo.
Umboneleli wakho wezempilo uya kuncomela uvavanyo lwe-TB olulungele wena ngokusekelwe kwisizathu sokuvavanya, ukufumaneka kovavanyo kunye neendleko. Ngokuqhelekileyo, akukhuthazwa ukuba uvavanywe koluhlaza kunye nokuhlolwa kwegazi.
Ukongezelela, ugqirha wakho uya kwenza uvavanyo lomzimba kwaye uphumelele kwimbali yakho yonyango. Izifo ezithile, ezifana ne-HIV kunye nesifo sikashukela, kunokukubeka emngciphekweni ophezulu we-TB.
Uvavanyo lweSikhumba
Uvavanyo lwesikhumba saseMantoux lusebenzisa i-protein protein ye-tuberculin ehlanjululwayo (PPD), isisombululo esineengxenye ezithile ze-britrium ye-TB. I-syringe eneesaliti encinci yokulinganisa igcwele isisombululo sePPD, ejoyiweyo phantsi kwesikhumba kwi-forearm yakho.
I-PPD ibangela iiseli ze- immune ezikhethekileyo, ezibizwa ngokuba yi-T-seli, ukuba zibone i-derivative ejoyiweyo njengesihlaseli esongelayo, ebangela ukuba i-skin reaction response.
Isixa sempendulo sichazwa ukuba sihlolwe ukuba umntu unobungozi okanye ulungile kwi-TB.
Ngokungafani nokugonywa okwenziwe nge-intramuscularly, i-injection ye-PPD ayifanelekanga ukuba ishiya indawo encinci, ephakamileyo, ephakamileyo yesikhumba ebizwa ngokuthi "wheal" kwisiza sokungena. I-wheal ekugqibeleni iyanyamalala ngexesha leeyure eziliqela, kodwa ukuba ingaze ibonakale, uvavanyo luya kuphinda luphindwe.
Iziphumo
Ukusabela kwesikhumba kufinyelela kwinqanaba elingama-48 ukuya kuma-72 iiyure emva kokuba i-PPD ifakwe. Kumele ubuyele kumboneleli wakho wezempilo kweso sikhathi ukuze uphendule kakuhle. Ukulinda ixesha elide okanye kungekhona ixesha elide kunokudala iziphumo ezingalunganga.
Ugqirha wakho uya kukhangela indawo ephakamileyo, enzima yesikhumba ebizwa ngokuba yi-induration. Ubungakanani bayo buya kuqinisekisa ukuba unobungozi okanye unobungozi we-TB, kwaye yintoni ubungakanani obubonisa i-TB kuwe kuxhomekeka kwezinye izinto ezinobungozi onokuba nazo.
Ngokomzekelo, abantu abanempilo kufuneka babe ne-15 mm) yokungcola ukuba abo baxhatshazwe ngumzimba, bathi ngenxa ye-HIV, okanye ngubani oye waqhagamshelana naye nomntu onentsholongwane ye-TB echaphazelekayo (5 mm). Ukunciphisa okuncinci kunokuba kukho ukutheleleka kwe-TB.
Uvavanyo olulungileyo luya kubangela nokubomvu kunye nokubamba.
Iingcamango ezingamanga kunye neempembelelo ezibuxoki zixhaphake ngokugqithisileyo kwesikhumba kunezovavanyo zegazi. Ezi ziphumo zihlala zibangelwa ukulawulwa kakubi kwesikhumba okanye ukuchazwa ngokuthe ngqo kweziphumo zayo. Umphumo ongeyiphutha unokuthi uyenzeka nokuba usandul 'uvalele kwi-TB; iimpendulo ezikhuselweyo zokuzivikela komzimba azikwazi ukuphuhlisa iiveki ezisibhozo ukuya kwele-10 emva kokuthintana neebhaktheriya.
IiLabs kunye novavanyo lweGazi
Uvavanyo lwegazi olunokuthi lubone iibhakteria ze-TB yindlela echaseneyo yesikhumba-enye idla ngokukhetha izizathu ezininzi. Ukuba uvavanyo lwakho lwegazi luhle, ugqirha wakho unokuqokelela isampuli yesiputum kwaye uyihlakulele ukufumana ukuba unesifo se-TB.
I-Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs)
Iimvavanyo zegazi ezisetyenziselwa ukuchonga ubukho be-bacteria ye-TB zibizwa ngokuba yi-interferon gamma release videos (IGRAs). Ngale, igazi liqokelelwa kwiibhubhu ezizodwa usebenzisa inaliti, kwaye zithunyelwa kwibhubhoratri yokuvavanya. Akukho mfuneko yokulandelwa kwesigulane kwaye iziphumo zifumaneka kwiiyure eziyi-24.
Kukho iimvavanyo ezimbini ze-IGRA ezivunyiwe yi-Food and Drug Administration (FDA):
- Uvavanyo lwe-QuantiFERON-TB lwe-Gold In-Tube (i-QFT-GIT)
- Uvavanyo lwe-T-SPOT.TB (T-Spot)
Ezi zivivinyo zegazi zihlala zikhethwa ngenxa yokuba zivame ukuchaneka ngakumbi kunokwenziwa kwesikhumba. Okokuthi, ngenxalenye, ngenxa yokuba kuqhelekile ukuba abantu baphuphe ixesha elifanelekileyo elifanelekileyo elifanelekileyo lokuvavanywa kweziphumo zabo zokuhlola izikhumba.
Uvavanyo lwegazi luchanekile ngakumbi kunokwenziwa kwesikhumba kubantu abafumene i-bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), isitofu sesifo sofuba esisetyenziswe kumazwe amaninzi anesifo esiphambili se-TB.
Uvavanyo olufanelekileyo lwe-TB lithetha ukuba, ngandlela-thile ebomini bakho, wachaphazeleka kwaye unentsholongwane ye-TB. Kule meko, ezinye iimvavanyo ziyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba unayo i-TB efihlakeleyo, engabangeli mpawu kwaye ayifumananga, okanye i-TB esebenzayo.
Inkcubeko yeStutum
Ukuba isikhumba sakho okanye uvavanyo lwegazi lukhangelekile kwiibhaktheriya ze-TB, ugqirha wakho uya kwenza uvavanyo olulandelelanayo, kubandakanywa nenkcubeko ye-sputum (phlegm) isampuli. I-Sputum yintlupheko eqhelekileyo eyenziwa emiphakeni ngenxa yokugula. Isampuli iya kufakwa kwiitampu zokuvavanya okanye kwisitya se-petri ukuze ubone ukuba ibhaktheriya ikhula. I-Mycobacterium isifo sofuba sinokukhula ngokukhawuleza, ngoko kuya kuthatha iintsuku ezingama-21 ukufumana iziphumo ezichanekileyo.
Ukucinga
Uvavanyo oluchanekileyo lwesifo sofuba luya kukhuthaza ukuba i-X-ray isifuba. Ukuba unayo i-TB esebenzayo, umphumo wale vavanyo ngokuqhelekileyo awuqhelekanga, mhlawumbi ubonisa indawo eyimthunzi.
Ngamanye amaxesha, i-TB ibonakala kwizitho ezingaphandle kwemiphunga; kwiimeko, i-CT scans, kunye ne-MRIs zisenokusetyenziswa kwakhona.
Ukuxilongwa okuhlukeneyo
Ezinye zeempawu ze-TB-ukugqithisa, ukugula, ukulahleka kwesidlo, ukulahleka kwesisindo, kunye nokukhwaza ebusuku-ziyimpawu eziqhelekileyo kwezinye izifo ezininzi, kuquka ezo zichaphazela imiphunga. Ezi ziquka:
- I-abscess lung abscess (empyema)
- Isifo sokuphefumula esingapheliyo (COPD)
- Pneumonia
- Usulelo lwe-immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- Ukusulelwa ngumngcwabo, njengokwakhe kwi-hertoplasmosis
- Usulelo lwe-mycobacterium
- Umhlaza wemiphunga
Iibhetri epheleleyo yeemvavanyo ze-TB, kunye neemvavanyo ezithile zezifo zingentla, ziya kubakho ukuxilongwa ngokuchanekileyo.
> Imithombo:
> I-Merck Manual, I-Consumer Version. Isifo sofuba (TB). https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/infections/tuberculosis-and-leprosy/tuberculosis-tb#v785596
> Yunivesithi yaseMichigan. IThala leMpilo yeLayibrari yeMichigan Ezinye iimeko kunye neMpawu ezifanayo kunye neSifo sofuba (TB).
> Amasebe ase-US okuLawula nokuVikela (i-CDC) yezifo. Iphepha leNkcazo: I-BCG Vaccine. Ukuhlaziywa kweSeptemba 12, 2016
> Amasebe ase-US okuLawula nokuVikela (i-CDC) yezifo. Iphepha leNkcazo: iTercercinin Skin Test. Ukuhlaziywa kweSeptemba 8, 2016.