Nangona kungenakuze kwenzeke ukukhusela umdlavuza wesibindi, unokunciphisa umngcipheko wakho ngokugonywa nge-hepatitis B, ukuvavanywa kwe-hepatitis C, ukuziphatha ngokwesondo ngokukhuselekileyo, nokunciphisa ukusela kotywala. Amanye amanyathelo anganciphisa ingozi ngakumbi. Ngokubambisana, i-hepatitis B kunye nokutheleleka kwe-hepatitis C zijongene namaphesenti angama-85 ukuya kuma-90 ekhulwini lweesifo somhlaza wesibindi, ngoko ke uthathe amanyathelo okukhusela ezo zifo, kwaye ufuna unyango kubo ukuba zikhoyo, indlela efanelekileyo yokunciphisa ingozi yomhlaza wesibindi kodwa nezinye izifo ezihlobene.
Ukugonywa
Ngelishwa, akukho sitofu sokuphefumula kwesifo se-hepatitis C. Isifo sokugonya kwe- hepatitis B , kodwa ke, sinconywa kubo bonke abantwana base-United States kwaye kufuneka izikolo zivunyelwe.
Ukuba ungumntu osemdala, hlaziya iirekhodi zakho zezokwelapha ukuqinisekisa ukuba ugonywe ngokufanelekileyo njengomntwana. Ukuba awunaloo rekhodi, thetha nogqirha wakho malunga nokuba ukufumana ukugonya kwe-hepatitis B kukulungele. Abanye abantu abadala abangagonyanga banokucinga ukuba banokugonywa, ngokukodwa ukuba banemingcipheko yokufumana isifo.
Okwangoku kucetyiswa ukuba bonke abaqeqeshi bezempilo bafumane isitofu sokugonya, kunye nabani na omnye onokuqhagamshelana negazi.
Iziganeko zobungozi be-hepatitis B ziquka ukusebenzisana nabantu abasebenzisana neentlobano zesini, usebenzisa iziyobisi ezingekho mthethweni (izifo ezingekho mthethweni), ezinezifo ezithathelwana ngesondo (kuquka ne-HIV), unesifo esingasasigxina, nesifo sikashukela esingaphantsi kweminyaka engama-60. EUnited States, abantu abadala abazalwa ngaphandle kwezilwandle basengozini xa igciwane lingatshintshwa ukusuka kumama ukuya kwintsana ngexesha lokubeletha okanye ukuncelisa, okuvame ukuphumela kwintsholongwane engapheliyo.
Ziziphi abantu abaninzi abangaziqondiyo ukuba kulula ukufumana isifo sengculaza ye - hepatitis B , ngokungafani neentsholongwane ezifana ne-HIV. Ukwabelana nje ngesibindi sezinyo okanye unobuncwane obuncinci esandleni sakho kwaye uthinte i-stickorkob nge-trace amount of blood kumntu one-hepatitis B eyaneleyo ukufumana isifo.
Amaphesenti angama-95 abantu abanesifo sengculaza ye-hepatitis B bayicima intsholongwane, nangona bangagula kakhulu. Ezinye iipesenti ezi-5 zibe ziziphatho ezingapheliyo zesifo. Bahlala bengagula xa befumene kwaye mhlawumbi bangazi ukuba usulelo luze lube nomonakalo omkhulu (kubandakanywa oko kukhokelela kumdlavuza wesibindi).
U vavanya
Ukuvavanywa kwezifo ezingakhokelela kumdlavuza wesibindi kunokuhamba ixesha elide ekubambeni le miba yengozi ekuqaleni kwenzame yokubakhusela ekuqhubekeni ngale ndlela.
Uvavanyo lwe-Hepatitis B no-C
Ukuba uzalwe phakathi kowe-1945 no-1965, yiba negazi lakho uvavanyo lwe- hepatitis C. Abanye abantu abanomngcipheko, njengalezo zixutyushwa nge-hepatitis B, kufuneka zihlolwe kwakhona.
I-Hepatitis C yiyona nto ibangela umdlavuza wesibindi eMelika, eYurophu naseJapan. Inkontileka ngendlela efana ne-hepatitis B, kodwa i-40 ekhulwini labantu abanesifo sengcinezelo ayinayo nayiphi na ingozi yeso sifo.
Abantu abanentsholongwane ye-hepatitis C banamathuba amaninzi ukuba babe ngabathwali kunabo abanesifo se-hepatitis B, kunye neepesenti ezili-10 ukuya kuma-30 ekhulwini kubantu abafumana isifo sobungozi baya kuqhubeka nokuphuhlisa i-cirrhosis.
Intsholongwane ye-hepatitis C yafunyanwa kuphela ngo-1989, kwaye ukuhlolwa kwegazi esetyenziselwa ukumpontshelwa i-hepatitis C kuye kwenziwa kuphela ukususela ngo-1990. Oko kuthetha ukuthini, ukuba nabani na onokumpontshelwa igazi ngaphambi kwelo xesha babe nosemngciphekweni, ngoko ke iziphakamiso zokuvavanya.
Ukuba kunqunywe ukuba umntu uthatha i-hepatitis C, amayeza atholakalayo angashenxisa intsholongwane ibe ngama-99 ekhulwini labantu. Oku kuthetha ukuba nangona ulungile, unokukwazi ukukhusela i- cirrhosis nokunciphisa ingozi yomhlaza wesibindi.
Ukuba kunqunywe ukuba umntu uphatha isifo se-hepatitis B, kukho imishanguzo enokunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphuhlisa i-cirrhosis (kwaye mhlawumbi nomdlavuza wesibindi) ngokunjalo.
Kodwa ukuze uphathwe, kufuneka ukwazi ukuba unayo intsholongwane.
Uvavanyo lweHemochromatosis
Ukuba nelungu losapho elinomdlavuza wesibindi okanye unomdlavuza wesibindi landisa umngcipheko wakho, kodwa ngokunjalo unokuba neenombolo zezifo zofuzo ezahlukileyo, ezinye onokungazi ukuba uyithwala. I-Hemochromatosis- ukutshatyalaliswa ngokugqithiseleyo kunye nokugcinwa kwensimbi ekhokelela kwisifo se-cirrhosis kwaye, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umdlavuza wesibindi-ngowomnye wabo.
Ukuba unentsapho yembali yabantu ababenesifo sesibindi (kungekhona nje umhlaza wesibindi) kodwa abengabinxila kakhulu, bathethe nodokotela wakho malunga nokuvavanywa kwesi sifo. Amanye amalungu omndeni anokubonga kwakhona, njengoko imeko okwangoku ixhomekeke kakhulu.
Kukho ezinye izifo zofuzo, nangona ziphantsi kakhulu, eziphakamisa umngcipheko wesifo somhlaza. Kubalulekile ukwazi iprogram yakho yemfuza ukuze ugqirha wakho angakuvavanya ngokufanelekileyo kwabanye abachaphazelekayo nomhlaza wesibindi okanye ezinye zeemeko zempilo.
NgoSondo o khu seleko
Bobabini i-hepatitis B kunye ne-hepatitis C banokudluliswa ngesondo. Ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe rhoqo kweikhondom kunokunciphisa kakhulu ingozi yokubambisana ne-hepatitis kodwa nezinye izifo ezithathelwana ngesondo, kuquka ne-HIV.
Ukuba une-hepatitis B, kufuneka ucebise iqabane lakho ukuze aphethwe. Nangona emva kokugonya, iikhondom kufuneka zisetyenziswe. Umlingane wakho unokuvavanywa ukuze abone ukuba unesigxina emva kweenyanga ezintandathu emva kokuba umthamo wokugqibela.
Ukuba awunayo i-hepatitis B, unokunciphisa umngcipheko wakho ngokunciphisa inani lakho lezondo zesini.
Ukuba une-hepatitis C, kufuneka usebenzise iikhondom. Ukuba uphathwe, kwaye ekugqibeleni ugqibe intsholongwane, usenokukwazi ukuyeka (nangona oku kukwaziswa nje ukuba ulwalamano olulodwa). I-Hepatitis C ayinakwenzeka ukuba idluliselwe ngesondo kune-hepatitis B, kodwa isenokwenzeka.
UkuNciphisa Utywala
Ukusela ngokweqile utywala kunokubangela ukutshatyalaliswa kwesikhumba sesibindi, imeko ebizwa ngokuba yi-cirrhosis. Ukuba ukuphuza kuqhubeka, le meko inokunyuka kwi-cirrhosis ehlawulwe (ithetha ukuba isibindi sinokusebenza kwinqanaba elithile) kwi-cirrhosis ehlawulisiweyo (apho isibindi esasasebenzi).
Umgca weyona nto: I-cirrhosis yandisa kakhulu umngcipheko wokungabikho kwesibindi, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kotywala obude ixesha elide (ngaphezu kweesithathu iziphuzo zemihla ngemihla) kunokunyusa umngcipheko wesifo somhlaza. Ukuba awukwazi ukuyeka, thetha nomboneleli wakho wezempilo malunga nezinketho zonyango okanye ukuhanjiswa ukuxhasa amaqela afana noTywala abangabonakaliyo.
Ukuyeka ukutshaya
Ukuba utshaya, ngoku yisikhathi sokuyeka. Ukongezelela ukwandisa umngcipheko wesifo senhliziyo, ukushaywa komzimba, kunye nezinye i-cancer, ukutshaya kunokunyusa ingozi yomhlaza wesibindi.
Ucwaningo lwango-2018 lufumene ukuba nangona ukutshaya kwandisa ingozi yomdlavuza wesibindi ngamaphesenti angama-25, ukudibanisa nokutshaya kunye nokuba ngumthwali we-virus ye-hepatitis B yayingekho ngaphezu kokunyusa ngokunyuka kwengozi. Abo babephethe i-hepatitis B kodwa babengakhange bavume babe ngama-7.6 amaxesha okuba banomdlavuza wesibindi, kanti kulabo babenomdlavuza we-hepatitis B kwaye babesele bavutha, umngcipheko wawunama-15.68 ngamaxesha angaphezu kwama-average.
Ukuba u-insured, umgaqo-nkqubo wakho wezempilo uza kubandakanya iindleko zenani ubuncinane bokuzama ukuyeka ukutshaya ngonyaka. Isebe lempilo lendawo lendawo linokunika uncedo lokuyeka ukutshaya.
Usetyenziso lweSilondolozi esiKhathalelayo
Inani elikhulu lokungenwa kwe-hepatitis C (kwakunye nokutheleleka kwe-hepatitis B ezininzi) kubangelwa ukusetshenziswa kweziyobisi ze-injection (IDU). Ngaphandle kwesitofu sokukhusela i-hepatitis C (okanye i-HIV), yindlela ephela yokuqinisekisa ukukhusela i-IDU isifo sokungasebenzisi iziyobisi okanye ukuphepha ukuthintela inaliti kunye neentsimbi. Oku kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa okwabelwanayo kwezidakamizwa, ezifana nekotoni, iipuni kunye nezinye izinto zokupheka.
Ukuba ukhetha ukuqhubeka nokujoba iziyobisi, kufuneka ufikelele kwiinkqubo zokutshintshiselwa kwenaliti enikezelwa ngamagosa amaninzi karhulumente kunye noomasipala. Kodwa ke, cinga ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa zokusetyenziswa kwezilwanyana kungekhona nje kwandisa umngcipheko wokufumana i-hepatitis kodwa kunokukhawuleza ukunyuka kwesifo sesibindi-oko kuthetha ukuba umngcipheko we-cirrhosis yesibindi kunye nomhlaza wongakumbi.
Ingxaki yomhlaza wesibindi ehambelana ne-IDU ayihambi. Olunye uphando lwango-2018 lubonise ukuba phakathi ko-1990 no-2016, inani lehlabathi lomdlavuza wesibindi elibangelwa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi ngezidakamizwa lavusa ngaphezu kwesithathu.
Iindidi ze-tattoo ezikwabelwanayo nazo zisisiseko sokusulela isifo (kunye neentsholongwane ze-hepatitis kunye ne-HIV). Ukuba ufumana itekisi, qiniseka ukuba umculi we tattoo usebenzisa iisaliti ezintsha. Nangona ngumthetho eUnited States ukuba iisiliti ezintsha kufuneka zisetyenziswe, kulungile ukuba uhlolisise xa kunjalo.
Ukuhlolwa kwamanzi
Amanzi alungileyo angaba ngumthombo we-arsenic, i- carcinogen eyaziwayo ngenxa yesifo somhlaza. I-Arsenic inokubangela ukulimala kwezintso, isifo senhliziyo, kunye neengxaki zokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kubantwana. Ingakwazi ukungena emanzini angaphantsi komhlaba ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zemvelo kwindalo, kodwa kunye nokungcola kwii-pesticides kunye ne-industrial waste.
I-arsenic kwindawo engaphelelanga yamanzi ifumaneke kuyo yonke imimandla yase-United States.
Ngokuqinisekileyo i-arsenic emanzini amancinci kuluhlu lwezinto ezinokubangela umdlavuza wesibindi, kodwa, ngaphezu kwezinye iingxaki ezinxulumene ne-arsenic, kukho ezinye izizathu kufuneka uvavanye amanzi akho. Ukungcoliswa okongeziweyo kunokubandakanya ezinye izinyithi ezinzima, iikhemikhali eziphilayo, i-nitrate kunye ne-nitrites, kunye ne-microorganisms, ezinokubangela ezinye izinto ezichaphazela impilo.
Ukhuseleko lomsebenzi
Abanye abantu basengozini enkulu yokwenyuka kwiikhemikhali ezinxulumene nomdlavuza wesibindi ngenxa yobume bomsebenzi okanye kwindawo yokusebenzela.
Iikhemikhali ezinokukhathazeka malunga nomhlaza wesibindi ziquka:
- I-Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
- Iikhemikhali ezigqityiweyo (PFCs)
- I-polychlorinated biphenyls (i-PCBs)
- Benzo (a) i-pyrene (BaP)
- Acrylamide
- I-vinyl chloride (ibangela i-angiosarcoma yesibindi)
- Trichlorethylene
Eminye yemisebenzi engabandakanyeka kwezi zixhobo ziquka ukucoceka oomatshini, ukulungiswa kwemoto, umsebenzi wezityalo zokuvelisa i-PVC kunye nayo nayiphi na imisebenzi ebandakanya ukusebenza kufuphi ne-asphalt okanye i-souder fumes.
Abaqeshi bafuneka ukuba banikele ngeeNkcukacha zoKhuseleko zeMpahla (MSDSs) naziphi na iikhemikhali onokuzibonakalisa kuzo kwindawo yokusebenzela. Kubalulekile ukufunda nokulandela naluphi na ukukhusela, njengokusetyenziswa kweiglavu, umphefumli kunye nokunye. ISizwe lesiZwe soKhuseleko kunye neMpilo ye-Occupational ine-guidance guide ekhuselekileyo yeengozi zamachiza ezinokunika ulwazi olungakumbi.
Ukuba unenkxalabo malunga nomsebenzi wakho, ungaqhagamshelana neSizwe soKhuseleko lwezeMpilo kunye neMpilo (OSHA).
Ukunciphisa ubunzima
Ukugqithisa (okanye ukugqithisa kakhulu) akuxhomekeke ngqo kumdlavuza wesibindi, kodwa umngcipheko weemeko ezimbalwa eziye zenza umngcipheko wesifo somhlaza ngokwawo.
Isifo esingasinxilisayo sesibindi sesifo sisimo esoloko sidibene nokukhuluphala. Le meko ihambelana nomngcipheko wesine ukwanda komdlavuza wesibindi.
Uhlobo lwe-2 lwesifo sikashukela luyingozi yesifo somhlaza wesibindi. Abantu abanomdla wesifo sikashukela 2 bafumana kathathu amathuba okukhula komhlaza wesibindi. Ekubeni uhlobo lwesi-2 lwesifo sikashukela ludibaniswa ngokuqinileyo kunye nokugqithisa kakhulu, oku sisinye isizathu sokuba ubukele ubunzima bakho.
Ukuba ukulahlekelwa isisindo kubonakala kunzima, gcinani engqondweni ukuba ukulahlekelwa iipounds eziyi-10 ukuya kwi-10 kuye kwafunyanwa ukwenza umehluko xa kuziwa kwiimeko ezininzi zempilo. Ukulahlekelwa ngamaphesenti angama-7 omzimba wakho kuphucula indlela umzimba wakho usebenzisa ngayo i-insulin kwaye unciphisa ukunganyangeki kwe-insulin.
Kunokuba nje ukunciphisa inani lokutya oyidlayo (ngelixa kubalulekile), thatha umzuzwana ukuba ufunde malunga noko kuthatha ukuthatha isisindo kwaye uyigcine ukukhupha amathuba akho okuphumelela.
> Imithombo:
> I-Arhente yoKhuselo yendalo Iingcoliseko zamanzi ezintle kunye nempembelelo yazo. https://www.epa.gov/privatewells/potential-well-water-contaminants-and-the-impacts
> Erkekoglu, P., Oral, D., Chao, M., no B. Kocer-Gumusel. I-Hepatocellular Carcinoma kunye Nezizathu Zezixhobo Zezolimo kunye Nezizathu Zezinto Eziphilayo: Ukuhlaziywa. Umbhalo we-Environmental Pathology, i-Toxicology kunye ne-Oncology . 2017. 36 (2): 171-190.
> Liu, X., Baecker, A., noMnu Wu. Ukusebenzisana Phakathi Kokubhema Ugwayi kunye ne-Hepatitis Virus Infection kwiMngcipheko weNtsholongwane yeSondlo kwi-Chinese Population. Journal International of Cancer . 2018. 142 (8): 1560-1567.
> INational Cancer Institute. Ukwelashwa kweNtsholongwane yeMhlaza yePilisi (PDQ) -I-Professional Professional Version. Ukuhlaziywa -2/06/18. https://www.cancer.gov/types/liver/hp/adult-liver-treatment-pdq
> Yang, J., Zhang, Y., Luo, L., Meng, R., kunye no-Yu. Ukufa kweMhlabeni jikelele Ukunyulwa kwe-Cirrhosis kunye ne-Cancer Cancer ebangelwa ukusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa zokusetyenziswa kwezidakamizwa, ngo-1990-2016: Uhlalutyo lwe-Age-Period-Cohort and Spaceatic Analysis. I-International Journal yoPhando loMmandla kunye neMpilo kaRhulumente . 2018. 15 (1): 170.