Imithombo yeenkcukacha ezinkulu kwiMithi
Inkcazo elula yeenkcukacha ezinkulu kwiyeza "yinto epheleleyo yedatha ehambelana nokunyamekela kwezempilo kunye neentlalo" (Raghupathi 2014). Kodwa zithini na ezi ntlobo zedatha, kwaye zivela phi?
Oku kulandelelwaniso olubanzi lweentlobo kunye nemithombo yolwazi olukhulu lwenzalo kubaboneleli bezempilo, abaphandi, abahlawuli, abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo kunye noshishino.
Ezi zigaba azihambisani ngokukodwa, kuba idatha efanayo iyavela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo.
Akukho olu luhlu olupheleleyo, kuba isicelo esiluncedo sokuhlaziya idatha enkulu siya kuqhubeka sanda.
Iinkqubo zeeNklinikhi
Le yimithombo yemveli yenkcazelo yekliniki ababonelela ngeenkonzo zezempilo abajwayele ukubukela.
- Iirekhodi zezempilo ze-elektroniki (i-EHRs) ziqokelela, zigcina, kwaye zibonisa ulwazi olunjengeenkcukacha zabantu, imbali yezokwelapha esedlule, iingxaki zempilo zonyango, ukugonywa, ukunyamezela, imithi, iimpawu ezibalulekileyo, iziphumo ezivela kwii-laboratory kunye ne-radiology. ababoneleli, kunye namaxwebhu olawulo kunye nemali
- Iirekhodi zezobugqirha ze-elektroniki (EMRs) azifani ne-EHR kwaye zidla ngokubhekiselele kwiinkcukacha ezigcinwe ngugqirha othile.
- Ulwazi lwengcaciso yezempilo lusebenza njengama-hubs phakathi kwenkqubo yeenkcukacha zonyango ezingafaniyo
- Ababhalisi abagulayo, abagcinwe yimibutho yokunakekelwa kwempilo kwizigulane zabo, bahlala bedibene ne-EHR. Abanye ababhalisi bajonga ukugonywa, umhlaza, ukukhathazeka, kunye neminye imiba yempilo yoluntu kwinqanaba leendawo.
- Izigulane zonyango zivumela izigulane zifikelele kwiinkcukacha zempilo yabantu ezigcinwe kwinqanaba le-EHR yentlalo yempilo. Ezinye izigulane zezigulana nazo zivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bacele i-refill refills kunye nokutshintshanisa imilayezo ekhompyutheni ekhuselekileyo kunye neqela leenkonzo zezempilo
- Iinkcukacha zokugcina iinkcukacha zenklinikhi zihlanganisa idatha yezinga lesigulane kwiinkqubo ezininzi zenkcazelo yeklinikhi, njenge-EHR kunye neminye imithombo ebhalwe ngasentla
Iinkcukacha zamabango ezivela kwiintlawulo
Abahlawuli bawonkewonke (umz. I-Medicare) kunye nabahlawuli abazimeleyo banayo i-repositories enkulu yamatyala eenkcukacha kubaxhamli babo. Abanye abaqinisekisi bempilo ngoku banokukhuthaza ukuba babelane ngolwazi lwezempilo.
Izifundo zoPhando
Iinkcukacha zolwazi zophando ziqulethe ulwazi malunga nabafundi abathathi-nxaxheba, unyango lwezilingo kunye neziphumo zeklinikhi. Izifundo ezinkulu zidla ngokuxhaswa ngamainkampani ezomachiza okanye arhente karhulumente. Ukusetyenziswa kweyeza elenziwe ngabanye kukuxhathisa izigulane ngabanye ngokunyanga ngonyango, ngokusekelwe kumaphetheni kwiinkcukacha zezilingo zesilingo.
Le ndlela idlulela ngaphaya kokusebenzisa imigaqo-yonyango enokwinkcazo, apho umboneleli wezempilo unquma ukuba isigulane sichaza impawu ebanzi (umzekelo, ubudala, isini, uhlanga, isimo seklinikhi) kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba bezilingo. Ngeenkcukacha ezinkulu zedatha, kunokwenzeka ukhethe unyango olusekelwe kwimiba eninzi yegranular, njengengxelo yomzimba yesifo somhlaza (jonga ngezantsi).
Iinkqubo zenkxaso yesigqeba (Clinic support systems systems) ziye zaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngoku zimelela inxalenye enkulu yeengcaphephe zengqondo (AI) kwiyeza.
Basebenzisa idatha yesigulane ukuncedisa iiklinikhi ngezigqibo zabo kwaye bahlala behlanganiswe ne-EHR.
Genetic Database
Ingqolowa yolwazi lomfuzo yoluntu iyaqhubeka iqokelela ngokukhawuleza. Ukususela ekubeni iProjekthi ye-Human Genome yagqitywa ngowama-2003, iindleko ze-DNA yokulandelelanisa ziye zancitshiswa zigidi. Iprojekthi yeGenome yoBuntu (PGP), eyasungulwa ngo-2005 yiHarvard Medical School, ifuna ukulandelelana kwaye ipapashe i-genomes epheleleyo yamavolontiya angama-100 000 avela kwihlabathi jikelele. I-PGP ngokwayo ingumzekelo oyintloko weprojekthi yedatha enkulu ngenxa yevolumu enkulu kunye neentlobo zeenkcukacha.
I-genome yakho siqukethe i-gigabytes eyi-100 yedatha. Ukongezelela ukulandelelanisa i-genomes, i-PGP iqokelela idatha esuka kwi-EHRs, uphando kunye neeprofayili ze-microbiome.
Inani leenkampani zinikezela ngokulandelana kwemfuyo-mboleko kubathengi , iimpawu zabo, kunye ne-pharmacogenetics kwizorhwebo.
Olu lwazi lwazi luya kugxininiswa kukuhlalutya kwedatha enkulu. Ngokomzekelo, u-23Me bayeka ukunika iingxelo zemfuyo enxulumene nempilo kubathengi abatsha ngoNovemba 22, 2013, ukuthobela i-US Food and Drug Administration. Nangona kunjalo, ngo-2015, inkampani yaqala ukunika izixhobo ezithile zempilo zesifo se-genetic test kwakhona, ngeli xesha kunye nokuvunyelwa kwe-FDA.
IiRekhodi zikaRhulumente
Urhulumente ugcina iirekodi ezicacileyo zeziganeko ezinxulumene nempilo, njengokufuduka, umtshato, ukuzalwa nokufa. Ubalo lwabantu base-United States luqokelele ubuninzi beenkcukacha rhoqo kwiminyaka eyi-10 ukususela ngo-1790. I-website yeenombolo zeebalo yabanama-370 billion eeseli ngo-2013, malunga neebhiliyoni ezili-11 ezongeziweyo ngonyaka.
Ukukhangela kwiWebhu
Ulwazi lophando lwewebhu oluqokelelwe yi-Google kunye nabanikezeli bee-search providers bangabonelela ngeengxelo zangoku-mali zangoku. Nangona kunjalo, ukubaluleka kwedatha enkulu kwiipatheni zokukhangela kwiwebhu kungaphuculiswa ngokudibanisa nemithombo yemveli yemininingwane yezempilo.
Imidiya yokuncokola
I-Facebook, i-Twitter kunye namanye amajelo eendaba ezentlalo zivelisa iindidi eziphathekayo zedatha malunga newashi, zinika umbono kwiindawo, iziphatho zezempilo, iimvakalelo kunye nentsebenziswano yentlalo yabasebenzisi. Ukusetyenziswa kwedatha enkulu yoluntu kwimpilo yoluntu kuye kwabizwa ngokuba yi-digital diagnostic disease okanye i-digital epidemiology. I-Twitter, umzekelo, isetyenziselwe ukuhlalutya imingcipheko yesifo sengculazi phakathi kwabantu bonke.
Iprojekthi ye-World Well-Being eyayiqale eYunivesithi yasePennsylvania iyona mzekelo wokufunda iindaba zoluntu ukuqonda amava abantu kunye nempilo engcono. Le projekthi idibanisa kunye neengqondo zeengqondo, oomatriki kunye neengcali zekhompyutheni ezihlalutya ulwimi ezisetyenziselwa ukusebenzisana kwi-intanethi, umzekelo, xa ubhala ukuhlaziywa kwesimo kwi-Facebook ne-Twitter. Inzululwazi ibona indlela ulwimi lwabalimi olubhekiselele ngayo kwimpilo kunye nolonwabo. Ukuqhubela phambili ekuqhutyweni kolwimi kunye nokufunda ngomatshini kunceda ngezenzo zabo. Ukushicilelwa kwakutshanje kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania kubheka iindlela zokuqikelela ukugula kwengqondo ngokuhlalutya imidiya yoluntu. Kubonakala ukuba iimpawu zokudandatheka kunye nezinye izimo zempilo yengqondo zingabonwa ngokufunda kwethu ukusebenzisa i-intanethi. Izazinzulu zi nethemba kwixesha elizayo ezi ndlela ziyakwazi ukuchonga ngakumbi kunye nokunceda abantu abasengozini.
I-intanethi yezinto (IoT)
Amathambo amaninzi eenkcukacha eziphathelele ezempilo aqokelelwa kwaye agcinwe kwizixhobo zaselula kunye nezixhobo .
- I-Smartphone : Ii-Thousands ze-apps ze-Health zithatha ulwazi malunga nomsebenzi womsebenzi womzimba, ukutya okunomsoco, iipatheni zokulala, iimvakalelo kunye nezinye iipameter. Iinkqubo zeefowuni zeselula (umzekelo, i-GPS, i-imeyili, ukuthumela imiyalezo) inokunika iingqinisiso malunga nesimo sempilo yomntu.
- Izilwanyana ezibukhali kunye nezixhobo: Iipedometers, accelerometers, iilazi, iilindi, kunye neepps ezifakwe phantsi kwesikhumba ziphinde ziqokelele ulwazi oluhlobene nempilo kwaye zingabathumela efini.
- Izixhobo ze-Telemedicine zivumela ababoneleli ngezempilo ukuba bajonge iiparitha zezigulane ezifana neengcinezelo zegazi, izinga lentliziyo, izinga lokuphefumula, i-oxygenation, ukushisa, ukulandelwa kwe-ECG kunye nesisindo.
UTshintsho lwezeMali
Ukuthengwa kwekhadi lesibhedlele kwizigulane kufakwe kwiimodeli zokuqaphela ezisetyenziswe nguCarolinas HealthCare System ukuchonga izigulane ezisemngciphekweni ophezulu wokubhalwa esibhedlele. Umniki-nkonzo wase-Charlotte onakekelo lwezempilo usebenzisa i-data enkulu ukuhlula izigulane zibe ngamaqela ahlukeneyo, umzekelo, ngokusekelwe kwizifo nakwiindawo.
Impembelelo nezoBucala
Kudinga ukugqatswa ukuba, kwezinye iimeko, kunokubakho ukubaluleka kokuziphatha kunye nokuzimela ngasese xa uqokelela kwaye ufinyelela idatha kwiinkonzo zempilo. Imithombo emitsha yedatha enkulu inokuphucula ukuqonda kwethu kwinto echaphazela abantu kunye nempilo yabantu, nangona kunjalo, ingozi ehlukeneyo kufuneka iqwalaselwe ngokucokisekileyo kwaye ihlolwe. Kuye kwaqaphela kwakhona ukuba idatha ngaphambili eyabonwa ingaziwa, ingafunyanwa kwakhona. Ngokomzekelo, uNjingalwazi uLatanya Sweeney we-Harvard's Data Lab Lab yangasese yahlaziya amavolontiya angama-130 abandakanyekayo kwi-Personal Genome Project. Yena kunye neqela lakhe bakwazi ukuchaza ngokufanelekileyo amagama angama-42 abathathi-nxaxheba ngokusekelwe kwingcaciso abayibelanayo (Ikhodi, usuku lokuzalwa, ngokwesini). Olu lwazi lunokwandisa ulwazi lwethu malunga nobungozi kwaye lusincede senze iinqunto zokwabelana ngolwazi olungcono.
> Imithombo:
> Conway M, O'Connor D. Imidiya yoluntu, idatha enkulu, kunye nempilo yengqondo: intuthuko yangoku kunye neempembelelo zokuziphatha. I-Opinion yangoku kwi-Psychology 2016; 9: 77-82.
> Fernandes L, O'Connor M, Weaver V. Idatha enkulu, iziphumo ezinkulu. Umbhalo we-American Health Management Management 2012; 83 (10): 38-43
> Guntuku S, Yaden D, Kern M, Ungar L, Eichstaedt J. Ukujonga ukudandatheka kunye nokugula ngengqondo kumajelo asekuhlaleni: ukuhlaziywa okuhlangeneyo . Iingxelo ezikhoyo kwiSayensi zoBomi 2017; 18: 43-49.
> I-Lazer D, uKennedy R, uKumkani G, i-Vespignani A. Umzekeliso we-Google Flu: Izibambiso kwi-Analysis Data Big . Science 2014; 343 (6176): 1203-1205.
> Raghupathi W, Raghupathi V. Big analysis analytics kwinkonzo yezempilo: isithembiso kunye no-al. Ulwazi lwezeMpilo kwiNzululwazi kunye neeNkqubo zika2014 2: 3.
> Sweeney L, Abu A, Winn J. Ukuchonga abathathi-nxaxheba kwiProgram yeGenome yoBuntu ngegama . IYunivesithi yaseHarvard. ULwazi loLwazi loLwazi. IPhepha leNgcaciso 1021-1. Aprili 24, 2013.