EUnited States, nangona kuthemba okukhulu, inkqubo yethu yokunakekelwa kwempilo isasebenza ngokuqhelekileyo njengomlinganiselo olinganayo-wonke umzekelo. Abanye babhekisela kulo njengemodeli yoluntu. Lo mboniso uphakamisa ukuba kuninzi lwabantu, isigulo-kuba yinto eqhelekileyo ebanda okanye ngumhlaza-inesimo esifanayo esichaziweyo, kwaye abaninzi abantu baya kuzuza kwindlela yokwelapha efanayo.
Ukuba unyango oluthile alusebenzi, ke isicwangciso sonyango esiphambili sonyango esiphumelele sichazwe.
Oku kuyaqhubeka kude kube lula ukukhulelwa. Unyango lubekwe ngokusekelwe kumanani ekhoyo abemi, kwaye isilingo nesiphene zisetyenziselwa isigulane siphulule. Kulo mzekelo weyeza, iimpawu zomntu, izinto ezinobungozi, ukhetho lokuphila kunye ne-genetics azicingwanga. Ngoko ke, indlela yokunyanga ingayi kuba yinto efanelekileyo kuzo zonke iziganeko, ukungaphumeleli abo abangafanelanga "imilinganiselo" yeerameters.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, unyango oluthile, lukhuthaza ukunyamekela kwezempilo. Iinjongo zokukhusela izifo, kwakunye nokunyangwa kwonyango umntu okanye isifo okanye ukugula kungacwangciswa ngendlela ethembisa ithuba eliphezulu lempumelelo ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zomntu ngamnye. Ukucinga kwangoku kwindlela yokwenza amayeza (PM) ucingisisa ukuba iziyobisi kunye nokungenelela kuya kuba nokusebenza ngokuchanekileyo ngokusekelwe kumntu ophathwayo.
ITeknoloji yezeMpilo kwixesha lokuGomomics
Ngoku inzululwazi inayo imephu epheleleyo yazo zonke iigleji emzimbeni, unyango olumntu olubonakalayo lubonakala njengenyaniso.
I-National Human Genome Research Institute igxininisa ukuba iyeza elizimeleyo libandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweprogram yezofuzo zesigulane ukukhokela izigqibo malunga nokukhusela, ukuxilongwa kunye nokunyangwa.
Itheknoloji yezobugcisa zanamhlanje ivumela ukuba i-genome yomntu ihlolwe ukuze ifumene iimpawu ezithile okanye ukungaqhelekanga.
Ukuchazwa koluntu luka-Angelina Jolie malunga nokuguqula i-BRCA1 ye-gene mutation, ebeka emngciphekweni omkhulu wesifo somhlaza kunye nomhlaza womhlaza we-ovari, kwazisa ezinye zezi ngqalelo kuluntu. Ukwenza ukhetho olusekelwe kuhlobo lwemizimba lungasayi kuba yinto eqhelekileyo kwindlela yokunakekelwa kwempilo yansuku zonke, kodwa iya kuba yanda kakhulu.
I-Oncology yindawo yonyango apho i-DNA elandelela ubuchwepheshe bubuchule obukhulu. Ngokomzekelo, umhlaza wemiphunga, kukho iindlela ezininzi zokonyango ezikhethwe ngabanye ngoku zifumaneka kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaza wamaphaphu. Ukuba kukho impawu zonyango, iimvavanyo zemizimba zihlala zifunyenwe yi-inshurensi, ingakumbi ukuba kukho isidakamizwa esivunyiweyo se-FDA okanye unyango oluhambelana nokuguquka kwemfuyo.
Kungekudala, abaphandi baye basebenzisa i-DNA yokulandelelanisa ukuqhagamshelana phakathi kwe-virus ye-levemia virus (BLV) kunye nomhlaza wesifuba. Kwakukholelwa ngaphambili ukuba le ntsho longwane ayikwazi ukusulela abantu. Nangona kunjalo, uphando oluqhutywe yiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eBerkeley, naseYunivesithi yaseNew South Wales, eSydney, lubonise ukuba i-BLV ikhona kwiimpawu zomntu iminyaka emithathu ukuya kwe-10 ngaphambi kokuba ufumane umhlaza, kubonisa ukulungiswa okunamandla.
Ukunyamekelwa ngonyango lwe-Genome kuqhubela phambili ngokusetyenziswa ngenxa yokuphuhliswa kobuchwephesha bokulandelana kwesizukulwana (NGS).
Ngokutsho kweNational Human Genome Research Institute, ukulandelelana kwe-genome yonke ngoku kungenziwa kwiiyure ezingaphantsi kwama-24 ukuya ngaphantsi kwama-$ 1,000. Iinkonzo zofuzo zichaneke ngakumbi kwaye zifikelelekayo kwaye zisetyenziswa kumaziko karhulumente kunye namaziko abucala. Nangona kunjalo, imingeni eninzi isadingeka ukuba ihlangane. Ngokomzekelo, oogqirha abaninzi abanakho ukufumana amathuba okuqeqesha kwaye abangaqhelekanga kwezobuchwepheshe. Ezinye iingcali nazo zilumkisa ukuba kukho imfuneko yokulinganisela phakathi kwethemba kunye ne-hype kunye nemiba yokuziphatha kufuneka ihlolwe ngokungqongqo.
Intsha entsha evela kwiiNdawo zakho
Mhlawumbi enye yezinto ezivelele kakhulu kwiindawo zonyango ezenziwe ngabanye zinyathelisa iziganeko ezi-3-D ezivela kwiiseli zakho. Kuqikelelwe ukuba malunga neminyaka eyi-10 ukuya kwe-15, izitho ziya kuveliswa rhoqo kwiiseli ezivuna kwizigulane ngokwazo usebenzisa i-3-D ye-teknoloji ye-bioprinting. Kwixesha elizayo, ukuguqulwa kwamalungu ekugqibeleni kunokugqithiselwa ukuba kuthatyathelwe indawo ekhulayo.
U-Anthony Atala, MD, uMlawuli we-Wake Forest Institute ye-Medicener Regenerative (WFIRM), sele ebonise ukuba iinjongo ezinokutshaliswa zingaveliswa ngokusebenzisa indlela enjalo, ekuncedeni ukunqanda intlekele ebangelwa kukunqongophala komzimba. Okwangoku, izazinzulu kwi-WFIRM zinobunjineli ngaphezu kwama-tissue kunye namaziko ahlukeneyo angasetyenziswa njengezitho zengxube. I-Organovo, inkampani esebenza kwiimpawu zenyama zabantu ezizimeleyo, sele ivelise imodeli ye-foil ye-3-D eqhubekayo isebenza kwaye izinzile ukuya kwiintsuku ezingama-60, oko kukuphucula kwimihla engama-28. Iifompi zesibindi eziprintiweyo zingasetyenziselwa ukuvavanya iziyobisi, zinikeza ezinye iindlela zokuhlolwa kwezilwanyana kunye ne-in vitro. Kwakhona kunika ithemba elitsha kubantu abaneempawu ezahlukahlukeneyo zemizimba eziza kuzuza kwi-transplant. Ngo-2016, izazinzulu zaseTshayina zanyathelisa ngokuphumelelayo inxalenye ye-atrium yentliziyo yekhohlo. Ukugqithiswa kwale nxalenye kunokudlala indima ekuthintela ukubetha kwezigulane ezinefayibrillation. Kubonakala ukuba ubuchwepheshe be-3-D bunokunikela ngenjongo yokuphucula i-appartment ye-orri ekhohlo ngokushiyana neendlela eziqhelekileyo zokucinga. Oku kubalulekile kubagqirha njengoko befuna ukubhekiselelana ngokuchanekileyo ngaphambi kokuba baqale ngenkqubo yokumnyama.
IThekhnoloji yeTeknoloji kunye neMicrosoft
U-Eric Topol, uMlawuli kunye noNjingalwazi we-Genomics kwi-Scripps i-Translational Science Institute, uchaza ii-smartphones ezikhoyo ngoku ngokubanzi njengeziko leyeza elizayo. Iifowuni zefowuni kunye neendlela zokuhamba eziphathekayo zingasetyenziswa njenge-biosensors-ukulinganisa uxinzelelo lwegazi, isigqi senhliziyo, amanqanaba eshukela egazi kunye namaza engqondo-kunye nokusebenza njengendlela yokuphenya njengomntu otoscope okanye i-ultrasound. Abantu ngoku banokwenza amanqanaba amaninzi ngokwabo, xa befuna kwaye apho kulungele khona kubo. Bayakwazi ukuyijonga nokutolika idatha yabo ngaphandle kokutyelela ugqirha, ukwenza ukunakekelwa kwezempilo kube ngokwengeziwe kumntu ngamnye kwaye kusekelwe kumntu ngamnye.
Imiba Yokuziphatha Ejongene Nokuphuhliswa Kwemithi Eyodwa
Ukususela ekuhlaleni kweyeza elenziwe ngokuzikhethela, kuye kwaxoxwa ngayo imida emininzi yale ndlela. Ezinye iingcali zithi zithatha umngcipheko wokunciphisa iyeza kwiprofayili ye-molecular. Isenzo sempilo yesintu esilungileyo esifanelekileyo sifanele sibandakanye iqondo lokumisela ngokujonga iziganeko zakho ezizodwa, imbali yezonyango kunye neemeko zentlalo. Uninzi lwezentlalo zenzululwazi kunye ne-bioethicists zikholelwa ukuba iileyibhile "unyango oluthile" lungaquka ukutshintshela ngokubanzi umthwalo kumntu, mhlawumbi ukugxotha ezinye iinkalo zentlalo-mfuneko ebalulekileyo ekuhloliseni. Inkqubo inokuthi kwezinye iimeko zenze igalelo kwinkcubeko "yokugxeka ixhoba," ukudala inkcazo yamacandelo athile abantu kunye nokuthatha izibonelelo zempilo zikarhulumente ngaphandle kwamanyathelo azama ukulungisa ukungalingani kwezentlalo nokungalingani okuchaphazela impilo.
Inqaku elipapashwe yiziko le-Hastings-iseshishini lophando elijongene nemiba yokuziphatha kunye nenhlalakahle kwimpilo, inzululwazi kunye ne-teknoloji-igxininise ukuba kukho iimeko ezingalunganga ezithandwayo ngamayeza athile. Akunakwenzeka ukuba kwixesha elizayo, uya kukwazi ukufumana isigunyaziso esisodwa okanye unyango olulodwa kuwe. Iyeza lonyango lithe xaxa malunga nokuhlukanisa abantu ngamaqela ngokubhekiselele kwingcaciso ye-genomic kwaye ujonge iingozi zakho zempilo kunye nezimpendulo zonyango kwiimeko zaloo mfuzo.
Abantu abaninzi banenkxalabo yokuba ukwahlukaniswa njengelungu leqela elithile, ngokomzekelo, ukwandisa ireyiti yakho yomshuwalense okanye wenze ukuba ube ngumfundi onqwenelekayo komsebenzi. Ezi ngcamango aziyiyo. Iyeza elenziwe ngamanye umntu lihamba ngokubambisana nokuqokelela kwedatha eyongeziweyo, kwaye ukhuseleko lomnatha luhlala lucelomngeni. Ukongezelela, ukuba kwicandelo elithile lingawenza ukuba uthathe inxaxheba kwiiprogram zokujonga iinkqubo njengento enoxanduva loluntu ngokunciphisa inkululeko yokuzikhethela.
Kukho neendlela ezinokuthi zithinteke kwiimpawu zokuziphatha zoogqirha ezisingatha ulwazi lwe-genomic. Ngokomzekelo, oogqirha bangadinga ukucinga ukuhoxisa ezinye iinkcukacha ezingenazo zonyango. Inkqubo yokubhengeza iya kufuna ukulungiswa ngokucophelela ukukhupha ukudideka okanye ukuphazamisa isiguli. Nangona kunjalo, oku kungabonakalisa ukubuyela kumachiza angamaxesha apho ugqirha enquma khona into efanelekileyo kuwe nento okumele uxelelwe ngayo. Kukho ngokucacileyo isidingo senkqubo esomeleleyo yokuziphatha kule ntsimi, kunye nesidingo sokongamela ngokucophelela ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuxhalabisa kulungelelaniso kunye nezibonelelo.
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