Ngaba ukholelwa ukuba uphando lugcinwe kwizenzululwazi? Ngokuqhelekileyo kucinga ukuba kufuneka ube ne Ph.D. kwaye idibaniswe neziko lophando ukwenzela ukuba libandakanye kumsebenzi wesayensi owaziwayo. Ngaba-ngokwakho i-Biology (i-DIY Biology okanye i-DIY Bio), eyaziwa ngokuba yi-biohacking, inzima kule ngcamango.
Le ntshukumo yomhlaba wonke isasaza iindlela ezichanekileyo zenzululwazi phakathi koluntu.
I-Biohackers icebisa ukuba nabani na onokukwenza inxaxheba ebalulekileyo kwintsimi ye-biology. I-Biohacking ibonisa i-gap phakathi kwezesayensi ze-amateur kunye neengcali zezinto eziphilayo.
Kukho iimeko apho la maqela amabini adibana kwiilabhu zanamhlanje ezivulelekileyo kuluntu. Umsebenzi we-biohacking unokuba ngumdla wokuphila, ukuzilibazisa okanye ngamanye amaxesha ingcamango ebalulekileyo yoshishino. Nangona kunjalo, umvuzo wemali awunqabile ngaphambili; i-biohackers ngokuqhelekileyo malunga nokutsha kunye nokudala inxaxheba yoluntu nge-biotechnology.
Ukususela ngo-1988, i-DIY Bio isusela ekubeni yinto epheleleyo. Ngo-2016, ingqungquthela yokuqala ejoliswe kwi-biohacking yenzeke e-Oakland-i-BioHACK IPANETANETHI (i-BioHTP). I-BioHTP ibonise ukuba uluntu lukhula, zombini nakwihlabathi. Inani lezithethi ezinomdla ohlukeneyo kunye neendawo zobuchule ezivezwe kwinkomfa. Babandakanya izazinzulu, abaculi kunye nabasunguli beebsb.
Esinye sezivakalisi ezivelele kwakuyi-Stanford ka-Andrew Drew Endy, u-Ph.D., uprofesa oncedisayo wezinto eziphilayo, oye wabizwa ngokuba ngu-75 wabantu abanempembelelo kakhulu kwi-21 yenkulungwane ye-Esquire. Usebenzisana ngokubanzi kunye noluntu lwe-biohacking kwaye uyaziwa ngokuxhasa umgaqo wezesayensi evulekile kunye nokuqulunqwa kwezinto ezintsha.
I-Biohackers ye-New in Medicine
Ngaba abanye abantu babandezeleka kwaye bafa ngokungenasiphelo ngenxa yobungcali bobukhosi kunye neenjongo zemali zeenkampani ezithile kunye nabantu ngabanye? Lo mbuzo uvame ukuphakanyiswa yi-biohackers. Uphando olunxulumene nemilinga, ngoko ke luba luleke ngakumbi kwi-DIY Bio yoluntu. Ingcamango yokwenza unyango lwempilo kunye namayeza kulula ukuyifumana iyanyanzelisa, kwaye i-biohackers inethemba lokwenza izidakamizwa zokugcina ubomi zifumaneke kuwo wonke umntu.
Vula i-insulini, umzekelo, yiprojekthi eqhutywa yiqela labadlali be-biohackers abafuna ukuphucula i-version entsha ye-insulin eya kuba yonyusa kakhulu kwaye ifumaneke ngokubanzi. Le projekthi ikhula, kwaye uluntu olubanzi luyaqonda iinjongo zabo ezingenanto.
Okwangoku, akukho i-insulin yama-generic etholakalayo, kwaye izigulane ezininzi, ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezingaphantsi kwehlabathi, zihamba ngaphandle. Oku kubeka ingozi yokuvelisa iingxaki ezinxulumene nesifo sikashukela, ezifana nobuphofu, umonakalo weentliziyo kunye neentso, iingxaki ze-cardiovascular, kunye nokufa. Iiprotokholi zezoshishino zokuvelisa i-insulin ziyinkimbinkimbi kwaye zihlala ziphelelwe ixesha, ngoko iqela elivulekileyo le-Insulin lijolise ekuphuhliseni inguqu elula eyofumaneka ngokukhululekile kunoma ubani.
Le nkqubo yenkqubo yamanyathelo. Isigaba soku-1 siya kubandakanya ukufakwa kwe-DNA ngokulandelelana kwi- E.coli ibhaktheriya ukwenzela ukuba ibhaktheriya ivelise i-insulin precursors. Oku kuya kulandelwa ngokuqinisekisa ukuba iproinsulini yabantu ikhutshwe. Kwimigangatho ezayo, ifom ye-insulin esebenzayo iya kuphuhliswa. Inxaxheba yeprojekthi yiyo onke amavolontiya, kwaye zonke iimali eziphakanyisiwe kwi-Open insulin zixelwa ngokuchanekileyo kwimisebenzi yabo yophando.
I-Insulin evulekileyo iye yavunyelwa nguJosiya Zayner, Ph.D., i-CEO kunye nomsunguli we-Odin, onobungqina obukhulu be-democratization kwisayensi kunye neyeza.
Inkampani ye-biohacking ye-Zayner ikhiqiza i-CRISPR eendleko eziphantsi (ihlanganiswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo kweepalindromic), eziqulethe inkqubo yokuguqula imfuza kwaye iyakwazi ukuguqula i-DNA yezinto eziphilayo. Uvavanyo olwenzayo lunokusetyenziswa kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwimpilo yonyango ukuphucula inkqubo yobisi yobhiya. Ukuze uqalise, iikriti ze-CRISPR zize zizaliswe kunye nomzekelo ozama ukufundisa umsebenzisi malunga neendlela ezithile ze-biology kunye neendlela zobunjineli zobunjineli. Ngaphandle koko, unokukhetha ukuthenga i-kit ye-Odin evumela ukuba unyenye inambuzane yakho yemvubelo.
UZayner wasebenzisa izinto zakhe ezintsha ekuncedeni ukulawula iingxaki zakhe zesifo esisisigxina. Yena ngokwakhe wenza uphilo lwe-microbiome ngokugcwele. I-Microbiome iqukethe ii-trillions ze-microorganism kwaye ibandakanya ibhaktheriya eninzi efumaneka kuwo wonke umzimba wethu: elukhumbeni, emanzini, ekhaleni, emlonyeni, njl.
UZayner utshintshile i-microbiome yakhe engenakulungileyo kunye neempilweni eziphilileyo kumniki-mali. Oku kwakuquka ukufakelwa iisampuli zefecal, ezibekwa ngaphakathi kwipsule ye-capsule. Inkqubo ingafaniswa nokufakelwa kwefecal , nangona inguqu engaphelelwanga. Imizamo kaZayner iye yabonakala inenzuzo kuye. Nangona kunjalo, amasu akhe angenako ukuba avunyelwe kwisimo sempilo yesintu ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo.
Ukususela kwiiNkonzo zoPhando zoBugcisa kweeNdawo kwiiLebhu zeeGaraji
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-biohackers isebenza ekhaya, ukusuka kumagumbi abo okuhlala okanye amagaraji. Esikhundleni sokuba balandele izikhokelo kunye nemimiselo yeziko, banenkululeko yokuphanda kwindlela abayikhetha ngayo. Basebenza bodwa okanye ngamaqela amancinci, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha baquka isazi senzululwazi onokunika isikhokelo.
Kukho ezinye iingxaki ezingenakwenzeka kwi-biohacking, nangona kunjalo. Izinto ze-Wetware, umzekelo, kunokuba nzima ukufumana ukuba awukwazi ukufikelela kwiziko. I-Taq polymerase yinto enye enjalo - le yi-DNA polymerase ekhuselekileyo efunekayo kwi-polymerase chain reaction (i-PCR) echaphazelekayo kwi-DNA amplification.
Inxalenye enkulu yemisebenzi yoluntu ye-biohacking yimfundo. Iikhosi kwiikhosi zinceda amalungu oluntu ukuba afunde kwiingcali, ngokunjalo nabo, banokubambelela kwisayensi. Ngo-2010, i-laboratory ye-biotechnology yokuqala, ebizwa ngokuthi iGenspace, yavulwa eBrooklyn, eNew York. Njengamanye amanyathelo e-DIY Bio, yaqaliswa liqela lezenzululwazi ezinomdla. Le ntshukumo ephakamileyo ikhuthaza inzululwazi yoluntu kwaye ikhuthaza amalungu ayo ukuba asebenze kwiiprojekthi zawo aze ahlole iingcamango zabo. Izifundo ze-Genspace zifundiswa yiingcali ezinezigulana zobugqirha, kwaye ubulungu bungama-$ 100 ngenyanga, equka ukufikelela kwi-24/7 kwiindawo, izixhobo kunye nabasebenzi bokuzithandela.
IziLabhu zeeNkcazo zeNkcazo ziyi-Oakland eyakhe i-biohacking kunye noluntu lwesayensi luluntu. Bona, nabo, banikela amalungu abo i-laboratory ye-biology ye-molecular biology. Baceba ukubandakanya i-lab ye-BioSafety level 2 kwibhabrikhi ezayo, eya kubabangela ukuba basebenze kwiiseli zabantu baze bahlukanise izilwanyana ezintsha.
Ukuba ufuna ukuthola i-lab yakho ye-biohacking yebhu, kukho ezininzi ezibhalwe kuMntla Melika, kwakunye nezinye iindawo emhlabeni jikelele. Imisebenzi ye-DIY Bio ingaba kufuphi kunokuba ucinga.
Ingcamango ye-biohacking ngoku iyakwazi ukugqithisa imida yemibandela yamasiko. I-Portable, i-box box-size, ii-laboratories zinokufumaneka. I-Bento Lab yile mzekelo mnye. Le yilebhu ebalulekileyo yokuhlalutya i-DNA equka zonke izixhobo ezibalulekileyo ze-biology ye-molecule. Ikuvumela ukuba uthathe iisampula ze-biological, ukhuphe i-DNA kwaye wenze uhlalutyo lwe-DNA oluyisiseko. Iquka i-thermocycler, i-centrifuge, nebhokisi le-DNA electrophoresis, eyenza ikiti yokusebenzela yokulungela ukuhamba, epakishwe kwibhokisi efanelekileyo efana ne-laptop.
Ababambisene nabo be-Bento Lab uFili Boeing noBethan Wolfenden bakhulisa imali kwibhuleji ngekampu yeKickstarter. Xa i-Bento Lab iyakwazi ukuthumela umkhiqizo wayo, intsha ingasetyenziswa ngokukhethekileyo kumalabhu asekelwe ezikolweni kunye nabathandi be-biohacking.
Ngaba i-Biohacking Safe?
Abanye abagxekayo bakhathazekile malunga nokukhuselwa kweelabhu zamagaraji kunye nokuphikisa ukuba i-biohacking ingaba yingozi, ngakumbi xa isebenzisana nezinto eziphilayo. Olu hlobo lomsebenzi alulawulwa, olubili luhle kwaye luyingozi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-biohackers engahambisani nemimiselo karhulumente inokunyusa imida yesayensi ngakumbi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye banokwesaba ukuba ezinokubakho ezinobungozi zingabonakaliswa kwiilabhu zabo. Nangona kunjalo, i-biohacking ayibonakali iguquke kwilizwe apho kuyingozi kodwa, kwaye akunakwenzeka ukuba uyenze-ngaba-biologists banokuzibandakanya kwiiprojekthi zokuguqula i-genetics. I-Biohackers ngokwabo ikhuthaza uhlobo lokulawula ngokubonakalisa ukukhanya kunye nokuhlaziywa kontanga.
Oku kungenjalo utshintsho ukuba izazinzulu ziqala ukuhlela izakhi zezilwanyana kunye nokuguqula izidalwa zabantu. Iingeniso kunye nobungozi bale nkqubo (umzekelo, ukutshintsha i-embrym yoluntu) kunzima kakhulu kwaye kufuna ukuhlola okusemgangathweni. Oku kusebenza kuzo zonke izicwangciso ezinokuzenza iimvavanyo ezinjalo, kubandakanywa iilabhu ezilawulwayo. Iingcali ezininzi zichasa wonke umsebenzi onokubangela abantu abaguqulwe ngokomzimba. Ngomhla kaSeptemba, iBhunga leNafileld kwi-Bioethics - inhlangano eyimimandla eyimfuneko eyacebisa abenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo-yashicilela ukuhlaziywa komthetho kwi-genome editing. Kwiingxelo zabo, bayalumkisa malunga nendlela i-genome-editing organisms inokulawulwa ngayo ngaphandle kweendawo ezilawulwayo kwaye ngokubhekiselele kwiingcali zenzululwazi ezikwazi ukufikelela kwiikiti ezinokungena kwi-intanethi.
Uninzi lwamabhanki e-biohacking asebenza kuphela neebhaktheriya ezibonakala zikhuselekile. Ngokomzekelo, i-Genspace isebenzisa kuphela izilwanyana ezingekhoyo-pathogenic kwaye ayisebenzi kunye neeseli zabantu. Baphinde babambisane nebhodi yeengcebiso zokhuseleko zangaphandle. Ngokuhambelana nale nto, ezinye iingcali zibonisa ukuba uluntu kufuneka luvumele iteknoloji ye-biohacking ukuba iqhubele phambili ngelixa iliso lwalo lwenzeka, ngoko le mizamo inethuba elingcono lokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezilungileyo njengoko ziqhubekayo.
> Imithombo:
> Kaebnick G, Gusmano M, Murray T. I-Ethics of Biology Synthetic: Iiminyathelo ezilandelayo kunye nemibuzo engaphambili. Ingxelo yeziko leHastings . 2014; 44: S4 -S26.
> Iinkqubo ze-Kera D. IiNnovation ezisusela ekusebenzisaneni nokubambisana kwehlabathi: I-biology ye-synthetic kunye ne-nanotechnology kwiindawo ezihlaselayo. Technol Soc . 2014; 37 (iNanotech ehamba phesheya kwelinye ilizwe: Inqobo yelizwe jikelele ye-nanotechnology njengenguqu eguqukayo): 28-37.
> Meyer M. Inzululwazi yasekhaya kunye ne-democratizing: I-geography ye-bi-yourself biology. J Mater Cult . Juni 2013; 18 (2): 117-134.
> Isizathu seSiseko se-O. Ngaba asilawulwa ngokungathintwa kweNkqubo yeBohacking of Future Science ?: New in Reason. [i-serial online]. 2016