Iimpawu ezinobomi ezihlala kuthi kwaye kuthi ngaphezu kwethu kweeseli zethu. I-Microbiota emanzini omntu ngenye yezinto ezinobuninzi bezilwanyana ezinobuninzi bezinto eziphilayo ezaziwayo kwindalo. Ilawula umsebenzi wokuxilonga kunye nezimpendulo ze-immune kwaye inomthelela ekuziphatheni komzimba kunye nokuziphatha. Ukungalingani kuye kwadibana nezifo ezahlukahlukeneyo kubandakanya izifo zesibindi esisifo (IBD) kunye neengxaki zokuxilonga.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- microbiome enempilo, ingaba nomsebenzi wokukhusela njengoko kubonisiwe kwimeko yeHelicobacter pylori, eyayisakuba yayaziwa kuphela ngemiphumo eyingozi.
Izazinzulu ngoku ziyabona ukuba i- H.pylori -yinto eyenzekayo, yafunyanwa kwisisu se-5,300 ubudala u-Iceman Oetzi-inokukhusela ngokumelene ne-acid reflux kunye ne-asthma.
Microbiome okanye Microbiota?
I-microbiome kunye ne-microbiota baye bafumana inkcazelo eninzi ngokutsha ngenxa yefuthe lezenzululwazi ezinxulumene nokunyanga kwezifo zesisu kunye ne-immune ezibandakanya uluntu oluthile. Kukho ukungaqondakali ngendlela yokusetyenziswa kwamagama amabini. UDkt. Jonathan Eisen waseYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, uDavis wathi i-microbiome ngoku isetyenziswa ngokubhekiselele ekuqokelelelweni kwee-microorganisms ezihlala kwindawo ethile emzimbeni, umzekelo, isifo somntu. Eli gama laqala ukusetyenziswa kwii-1800 kwaye livela kwiincwadi zakudala zaseTaliyane malunga nezigulane kunye nomzimba.
Ezinye iimithombo ezithembekileyo, ezinjengeenkcukacha zenzululwazi yeNdalo , zichaza kwakhona i-microbiome njengezinto eziphathekayo kwi-microbiota. Ngokombono wabo, i-microbiota ibhekisela kuyo yonke iqoqo yezinto eziphilayo.
Nangona kubonakala ngathi ukungahambisani nokusetyenziswa kwesigama-magama, isayensi yoluntu iyavuma ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba inxaxheba kwimibandela yempilo kwimpilo yabantu ibalulekile.
Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha kunokuba nzima ukuba ufunde ifuthe labo ngqo kunye nobudlelwane obuhle kwizifo ezahlukileyo.
Ukutshintshela i-Microbiome phakathi kwabantu
Ngo-2016, isifundo sashicilelwa kwiMpilo yeMvelo esichaze inkqubo yokudlulisa i-microbiome yomama kumntwana wakhe osanda kuzalwa.
Kuye kwasungulwa ngaphambili ukuba iintsana ezizalwe ngecandelo lamanzi ziyakwazi ukuvelisa izifo ezizimeleyo. Njengoko indlela yabo yokuhambisa ayibonakali kwi-microbiome yesisu, emva nje kokuzalwa, i-microbiome yabo yesisu ifana neyesikhumba semama yabo. Ngokwahlukileyo, iintsana ezizalwe ngokwasemzimbeni zinama-microbiome emzimbeni afana ne-mother's vaginal microbiome, ebonakala ibakhusela kwiimeko ezithile eziyingozi. Uvavanyo olwenziwe nguNjingalwazi oManyeneyo uMary Dominguez-Bello waseYunivesithi yaseNew York wabheka ukutshintshela i-microbiome yenyama kumama azalelwa kwicandelo le-C. Oomama babethinjwa kwaye iintsana zahlonywa emva kokuzalwa. Xa ivavanywa emva kwenyanga, iintsana ezizalwe nge-microbiome zangasese zihlala zine-microbiome efana nomfazi. Ezi zitshintshi zezilwanyana zangasemva kwecandelo le-C, eyaziwa nangokuthi "ukuhluma kwesisu," ingaba yinkqubo ebalulekileyo kwixesha elizayo kwaye inokukunceda ukukhusela izimo ezithile.
Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iingcali zi lumkisa ukuba nangona isenzo sithandwa kakhulu, izibonelelo zayo azibonakali. UDkt. Aubrey Cunnington, we-Imperial College yaseLondon, uthi i-vaginal fluid inokuthi ithwale amabhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane ezinokuba yingozi kumntwana. Okwangoku, oogqirha bezempilo baye bacebiswa ukuba bangabonakali ukuzala.
I-Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) okanye i-bacteriotherapy iphinde ihlolwe. Ngokomzekelo, isetyenziswe kwizigulane ezinokungalingani kwebhaktheriya emathunjini abo ngenxa yonyango olwadlulayo lwangaphambili olutshabalalisa iintsholongwane ezinobomi.
Abantu abaye bafumanisa ukuba bane- colstridium difficile colitis (engenzekayo kubantu abathatha amayeza-antibiotic) ngoku bangaphathwa ngokudluliselwa kwesigxina kumxhasi ophilileyo . Izifo ezithintekayo zeC C. zibhekwa njengezona zifo eziqhelekileyo ezifumaneka kwizibhedlele. Usulelo luvame ukuphumela kwi-diarrhea ephindaphindiweyo. Oogqirha ababini baseDanish, uDkt. Michael Tvede kunye noDkt. Christian Rask-Madsen, bavelise uhlobo oluthile lwe-bacteriotherapy olubonisa ubuninzi obukhulu ekunakekeleni uhudo oluhambisana neCidirect bacterium. Njengo-FMT indlela yabo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-bacterotherapy rectal (RBT), ijolise ukubuyisela kwakhona i-microstlora yangaphakathi yamathumbu. Uhlolisiso lwezigulane ezingama-55 ezifumene i-RBT zibonise ukuba unyango luphumelele kwiipesenti ezingama-80 zezigulane zabo (kunye nesiphumo esingcono kulabo abangenaso isifo soxhumano). I-Tvede kunye neRask-Madsen bayavuma ukuba kukho imingcipheko ebandakanyekayo xa kukho ukungcola isigulane ngamabhaktheriya aphilayo, umzekelo, ukusuleleka kwegazi kunokukhula. Iintsuku ezilishumi emva kweRBT, esinye sezigulane zabo saye saziswa esibhedlele ngesimo esibi, mhlawumbi sidibene neRBT.
I-Technology-Gut-on-Chip-Technology
Iqela elivela kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard lenze inkqubela phambili ekufundeni kumagciwane kunye nokuvuvukala ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-gut-on-chip-to-engine engumzekelo olawulwayo wamathumbu omntu. Lo mzekelo-ubungakanani bememori yekhomputha-luyifanisa imeko yendalo emathunzini omntu, okwenza abaphandi bafunde ukugqithisa kwamagciwane kunye nokuvutha kwamathumbu. Ngokokuqala ngqa, izazinzulu ziyakwazi ukuhlaziya iimpendulo ezahlukeneyo ze-pathophysiological kunye negalelo lamagciwane kunye neeseli kwi-vitro.
Iinkonzo ezinjengeBiome nazo zikhulayo, ziguqula ukuvavanywa kweebhaktheriya zabantu kwisayensi yoluntu. Nangona kunjalo, amaziko adumile anokuba nemida emininzi. Inzululwazi isasemncinci, kwaye ukujonga kuphela kwiibhakteria emathunjini ethu akusiboneli ngokucacileyo umfanekiso obanzi wezilwanyana kunye nempilo yonke yamathumbu.
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> I-Cunnington A, uSim K, uDeierl A, uKroll J, u-Brannigan E, uDarby J. "Ugcino lwamaVaginal" lweintsana ezizalwe yiCesarean Section. BMJ .2016; 352: 1-2.
> Dominguez-Bello M, De Yesu-Laboy K, uClemente J, et al. Ukubuyiselwa okhethekileyo kwe-Microbiota yamaNtwazana azalwe ngama-Caesare ngokusebenzisa i-Vaginal Microbial Transfer. Nature Medicine . 2016; (3): 250-254
> Kim H, Li H, Collins J, Ingber D. Iminikelo ye-M icrobiom kunye ne-Mechanical Deformation kwi-Abestinal Overgrowth and Inflammation kwi-Human Gut-on-Chip. Iinkqubo ze-National Academy of Science ze-United States of America . 2016; 113 (1): E7-E15
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> Tvede M, Tinggaard M, Uncedisa M. Inqaku lokuqala: I-Rectal Bacteriotherapy ye-Clostridium eguquguqukayo-I-Diarrhea ehlangeneyo: Iziphumo ezivela kwi-Case Series ye-55 Izigulane e-Denmark 2000-2012. Clinical Microbiology And Infection . 2015; 21: 48-53