Isizathu esona siphumo somhlaza wesisu asikwaziwa, kodwa i-genetics ibonakala ithatha indima. Iziganeko ezinobungozi zesifo sele zichongiwe. Ezi zihluka ngohlobo lomhlaza, kunye ne-acid reflux (GERD), isifo se-Barrett, kunye nokukhuluphala okunxulumene ne-adenocarcinoma, kunye nokudibanisa ukutshaya nokugqithisa utywala obudityaniswe neninzi ye-squamous cell carcinomas.
Kukho ukuhlukahluka kweendawo zendawo kwiimeko zezi khansa, kwaye izinto ezinobungozi ezahlukeneyo zibonakala zibaluleke kakhulu kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yehlabathi.
Ekubeni isifo sivame ukufunyaniswa kwisithuba esilandelayo, izigaba ezingapheliyo, ukuqonda malunga nemingcipheko, kunye nokuziqhelanisa neempawu zesifo somhlaza , kubalulekile ukufumana isifo ngokukhawuleza. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwa, iziganeko ze-adenocarcinoma yesigxina ngoku kutshatyalaliswa kwenyuka kakhulu kumazwe athuthukile.
Genetics
Njengamaninzi emdlavuza, i-genetics inokubangela ukuba kuphuhliswe umhlaza wesisu, kunye namaqela omhlaza kwimindeni sele ephawulwe kwezinye iindawo zomhlaba. I-Genetics mhlawumbi idlala indima enkulu kwi-squamous cell carcinoma kune-adenocarcinoma, ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele kwimizimba ethile engafanelekanga ehlangene nesi sifo. Enye ye-genetic syndrome, i-tylosis, inxulumene nomngcipheko omkhulu kakhulu we-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.
I-syndrome ibonakaliswa ngophula kwesikhumba kwiintendelezo kunye neengcambu ngenxa yecala le-vitamin A.
I-Genetics yedwa ayinaso uxanduva lomhlaza wesifo somhlaza, kodwa ingafaka ingozi kwimimandla engozi yeso sifo.
Ukuqonda ingozi
Ingozi yeso sifo ibhekisela kwinto ehambelana nethuba lokunyuka kwesifo kodwa ayithethi ukuba ibangela ukuba eso sifo.
Umdlavuza we-Esophageal uqala xa umonakalo we-DNA (ukuguqulwa kwemfuza) kuvela kwiiseli eziqhelekileyo zokuxilisa ukuze iiseli zikhule ngaphandle kwendlela yokulawula. Ukuba nenomngcipheko akuthethi ukuba uya kuhlakulela umhlaza wesifo somhlaza, kwaye abantu abangenazo izinto ezinobungozi bangakwazi ukuphucula eso sifo ngamanye amaxesha.
Ezinye zeengxaki zobungozi be-esophageal zizinto ezibangela ukucasula kunye nokulimala kwimbombo yesigxina, kwaye sifunda ukuba ukuvutha okungapheliyo kunokukhokelela ekutshintsheni kwezicubu ekugqibeleni zikhokelela kumhlaza. Ezinye izinto ezinobungozi, ezifana necuba, ziquka i- carcinogens (izinto ezibangelwa ngumhlaza) ezingonakalisa ngqo iDNA.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Amagciwane e-Squamous cells aqala kumaseli angaphezulu (amangqamuzana angama-squamous) abeka umgca. Ezi khansela ziqhelekileyo kwiindawo eziphezulu ze-esopha kwaye zihlobo oluqhelekileyo emhlabeni jikelele.
Imiba engozi yolu hlobo lomhlaza wesifo sokuxhatshaza iquka:
Ubudala
Ininzi i-squamous cell carcinomas ivela kubantu abaphakathi kweminyaka engama-45 no-70, kwaye ezi ngqayi ziqhelekanga kubantu abaselula.
Ngesondo
Ngoxa umhlaza wesifo uqheleke kakhulu kumadoda kunabesifazana ngokubanzi, i-reverse iyinyaniso ye-squamous cell carcinoma e-United States.
Uhlanga
EUnited States, i-squamous cell carcinomas ixhaphake kakhulu kubantu abamnyama kunabamhlophe, ngelixa ichanekile inyaniso kwi-adenocarcinomas.
Geography
Isiganeko sezo zombini iintlobo zesifo somhlaza wesisu se-esophageal sitshintsha kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele. Isiganeko esiphezulu se-squamous cell carcinoma yesigxu yinto eyenziwe "i-Asian Esophageal Cancer Belt." Lo mmandla uquka indawo ezifana neTurkey, i-Iran, iKazakhstan, kunye ne-central nenyalanga yeChina. Iziganeko ziphezulu kakhulu nakumazantsi-mpuma Afrika.
Ukutshaya
I-squamous cell carcinomas yeesophagus iphindwe ngokuphindwe ezintlanu eziqhelekileyo kubantu ababhema. Ukubhema akukona kunjalo, umngcipheko wesifo somhlaza kwiindawo zonke zehlabathi. Ngokomzekelo, e-China, kubonakala ukuba ukutshaya kudlala indima encinci; Izinto zokutya zibonakala zibaluleke ngakumbi.
Utywala obunzima
Njengokutshaya, ukuxiliswa kotywala ngumngcipheko omkhulu kwi-squamous cell carcinoma ye-esophagus kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi kodwa kungekhona abanye. Ukuxiliswa kotywala okuninzi kunxulumene nokunyuka kwenyango kwi-1.8 ukuya kwi-7.4. Ukunciphisa ukuya ekumodareyithweni kwiselo yotywala, ngokwezifundo zango-2018, ngokwenene kudibene nomngcipheko omncinci wokuphuhlisa eso sifo kunokuba abo bayeke.
Ukubhema ngakumbi Ukusetyenziswa kotywala kakhulu
Ukudibanisa ukutshaya nokusela kuyona nto ibalulekileyo yengozi ye-squamous cell carcinoma kwaye kucingelwa ukuphendula malunga neepesenti ezingama-90 kwiimeko emhlabeni jikelele. Umngcipheko uphezulu kunokuba ungalindela ukuba ungeze umngcipheko wokubhema kunye nokusela kakhulu (kunokuba ungezelele, umngcipheko wanda).
UkusiNgqongileyo
Ukubonakaliswa kwamanye amakhemikhali-i-tetrachlorethylene esetyenziselwa ukucoca ngokucokisekileyo, umzekelo-kunokunyusa umngcipheko wesifo somhlaza.
Ukusela iLye (i-Drain Cleaner)
I-Lye ifunyenwe kwi-drain cleaners and home agent. Unyaka ngamnye uninzi lwabantwana banengxaki yokutya ezi mveliso. Umdlavuza we-Esophageal unokwenzeka emva kweminyaka emininzi emva kokungena ngengozi.
Achalasia
I-Achalasia yimeko apho i-muscular band ejikeleze inxalenye engezantsi ye-esophagus (i-sphincter engaphantsi kwe-esophageal) ayiphumeli kakuhle ukuvumela ukutya ukuba ushiye i-esophagus kwaye ungene kwisisu. Oku kubangela ukutya okuseleyo kunye nokwelula isiseko esingaphantsi. I-Achalasia inxulumene nomngcipheko ophezulu wesifo somhlaza wesifo sokutshatyalaliswa komhlaza, kunye nomhlaza kaninzi kuvela kwiminyaka eyi-15 ukuya kwe-20 emva kokuxilongwa.
Ukunyanga kwamayeza kwiChest and upper Udom
Ukunyanga kwamayeza emfubeni ngenxa yeemeko ezifana nomhlaza wesifuba okanye isifo sikaHodgkin sinokunyusa ingozi. Nangona abafazi abaye bafumana i-radiation emva kwesifo se-mastectomy banomngcipheko ophezulu, oku akubonakali kwimeko yowesifazana abaneemitha-mlilo ukuya kwiisisu zomzimba emva kwe-lumpectomy.
Imbali yeNtloko kunye neNeck okanye iLung Cancer
Imbali yomdlavuza inxulumene nomngcipheko ophezulu wesifo somhlaza, ngokukodwa i-squamous cell carcinomas yentloko, intamo kunye nemiphunga.
Ukusela okuNxila
Ukusela iziyobisi ezishushu kakhulu Ucwaningo lwe-2018 lwaluxhasa le nkolelo, nangona ukusela itiye kumaqondo aphezulu asemngciphekweni kuphela xa kuhlanganiswe nokusela ngokweqile okanye ukutshaya.
Ukuthetha iziyobisi, usenokuva ukuba i-soda ingabangela umdlavuza we-esophageal ngendlela yokuguquka kwenhliziyo. Ukuqhagamshelana okunokwenzeka kwanyulwa ngophando oluvela kwiSizwe seCarcer Cancer kunye nezifundo ezilandelayo ezingafumananga nje kuphela ingozi enkulu ye-squamous cell carcinoma okanye i-adenocarcinoma kodwa inokuba yinto echasene nayo.
Ukutya
Ukutya-ngokukodwa ukutya okuphantsi kweziqhamo kunye nemifuno, kunye nokutya okubomvu kunye / okanye okucutshungulwayo-kuhambelana nomngcipheko ophezulu weentlobo zombini wesifo somhlaza, kodwa unxibelelwano luqina ngakumbi nge-squamous cell carcinoma. Ngokutya, indlela yokupheka ibonakala ibalulekile, kwaye ukupheka okanye ukugcoba kumaqondo aphezulu ahambelana nomngcipheko omkhulu. I-betel kunye neenca ze-areca ziye zadibaniswa nokuphuhliswa komhlaza wesisu.
E-China, ukutya okuphezulu kwi-nitrate kunokuphinda kabini umngcipheko. Umngcipheko uphakamileyo kulabo abane-vitamin and mineral deficiencies (ngakumbi i-folate, i-vitamin C kunye ne-molybdenum) kumazwe asakhulayo.
I-Papillomavirus Human Infection (HPV)
I-papillomavirus yabantu (i-HPV), intsholongwane ebangela ukuba isifo somlomo kunye nezinye i-cancer, inokuthi ihambelane nophuhliso lwe-squamous cell carcinoma. Nangona abaphandi bengenakuqiniseka ukuba intsholongwane ibangela ukuba i-causative, ifumaneke kwi-third to-canalers e-Asia nakwiindawo ze-Afrika. Kule ndlela, i-HPV ayibonakali idibene nomdlavuza wokuqhayisa e-United States.
Adenocarcinoma
I-Adenocarcinomas ivela rhoqo kwisigaba esithandathu se-esophagus kwaye iqala kwiiseli ezigwenxa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inxalenye yesithathu ye-esophagus ihlanganiswe ngamaseli e-squamous, kodwa umonakalo ongapheliyo (njenge-chronic acid reflux) kubangela ukuguqulwa kwala maseli ukuze kubonakale kufana neeseli ezihamba ngesisu nasemathumbu. Ngexesha elide, la maseli angaba yintsholongwane enqamlekileyo kunye neeseli zomhlaza. I-Adenocarcinomas sele idlula i-squamous cell carcinomas e-United States, e-United Kingdom, e-Australia naseNtshona-Yurophu.
Imiba engozi yolu hlobo lomhlaza wesifo sokuxhatshaza iquka:
Ubudala
Njengama-cancer e-squamous cell, i-adenocarcinomas ixhaphakile kubantu abaphakathi kweminyaka engama-50 no-70.
Ngesondo
EUnited States, i-adenocarcinomas zihlandlo ezisibhozo zixhaphakileyo kumadoda kunabasetyhini.
Uhlanga
Ngokungafani namanqamzana eselfamous cell, i-adenocarcinomas ye-esopha ixhaphake kakhulu (ngohlobo lwe-5) kumhlophe kunabamnyama.
Geography
Isiganeko se-adenocarcinoma ye-esopha siphezulu kwiNtshona Yurophu, eMntla Melika (ngokukodwa i-United States), nase-Australia.
Izifo ze-Reflux ze-Gastroesophageal (GERD)
I-refidx ye-Acid, okanye isifo se-reflux yesifo se-gastroesophageal ( GERD ), yinto ebalulekileyo yengozi ye-adenocarcinoma esophageal, malunga nama-30 ekhulwini lala makhansela acinga ukuba axhunyiwe kwimeko. Kucingelwa ukuba phakathi kwe-0.5 ekhulwini kunye neepesenti ezi-1 zabantu abane-GERD baya kuba nomdlavuza osisindayo.
I-Barrett's Esophagus
Isisindo seBarrett yimeko apho iiseli eziqhelekileyo ze-esophagus (amangqamuzana angama-squamous) athatyathwa ngamaseli ezinyameko afana nalawo asele esiswini nasemathumbu. Ngokuqhelekileyo kufumaneka kubantu abanobudala obungapheliyo be-aclux reflux kwaye kubakho kwipesenti ezi-6 ukuya kuma-14 ekhulwini labantu abane-GERD engapheliyo. Nangona uqikelelo luhluka, phantse 1 kwi-100 ukuya kwi-1 kubantu abayi-200 kunye ne-Barrett's esophagus iya kuba nomdlavuza wokuphelelwa ngumzimba ngonyaka. Njenge-adenocarcinoma, isifo sikaBarrett sanda eMelika.
Ezinye izifundo (kodwa kungengabo bonke) zibonise ukunciphisa umngcipheko we-adenocarcinoma kubantu abanesifo se-Barrett esithathile izidakamizwa ezingabhubhisiyo (ezifana ne-Advil, ibuprofen, proton pump inhibitors (njenge-Prilosec, omeprazole) , okanye izidakamizwa ze-statin (ezifana ne-Lipitor, atorvastatin).
Hiatal Hernia
I- hernia ye- hiara ibuthathaka kwesithintelo esivumela ukuba isisu siphumelele esifubeni esivela esiswini kwaye kaninzi kubangele iimpawu zentlungu. Ukuba nomnxeba wokubeletha unokwandisa umngcipheko ngumlinganiselo we-2 ukuya ku-6.
Ukukhululeka / ubunzima
Ukugqithisa okanye ukugqithisa kwandisa umngcipheko we-adenocarcinoma yesifo. Ngokwe-2015 ukuhlaziywa komntu, abantu abagqithiseleyo (isalathisi somzimba we-25 ukuya ku-29) bangama-50 ekhulwini amathuba okuba nomdlavuza, ngelixa abo baninzi (ubunzima bemizimba engama-30 okanye ngaphezulu) banokuphindwa kabili ukuba bakhule umhlaza wesisu. Ukuba uhlobo lwesifo sikashukela sinokunyusa umngcipheko, kodwa akuqinisekanga ukuba le nto inxulumene nesifo sikashukela ngokwaso okanye i-co-occur occuring fetes.
Ukutshaya
Ukubhema kudibene nokuphuhliswa kwe-adenocarcinoma yesifo, kodwa kuncinci kunokuba i-squamous cell cancers. Ukubhema kuphakamisa umngcipheko we-adenocarcinoma nge-2.7.
Mayeza
Amanye amayeza anxulumene nengozi okanye ukwehla komngcipheko we-adenocarcinoma yesifo. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-bisphosphonates (esetyenziselwa i-osteoporosis) kunokunyusa umngcipheko, njengokuba kunokusetyenziswa kwe-hormone yonyango yokutshintshwa kuphela. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukusetyenziswa kwe-aspirin kudibene nomngcipheko owehla.
> Imithombo:
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> Bast, uRobert C., et al. I-Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine. Wiley Blackwell, ngo-2017.
> Castro, C., Peleteiro, B., kunye ne-N. Lunet. Izinto eziguqulwayo kunye neCosophageal Cancer: Uhlolo lokuHlola lweMeta-Analysis. Journal of Gastroenterology . 2018; 53 (1): 37-51.
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> Sardana, R., Chhikara, N., Tanwar, B, .and A. Panghal. Impembelelo yeZidlo kwi-Canophageal Cancer kubantu: Ukuhlaziywa. Ukutya kunye neMisebenzi . 2018 ngoMatshi 4. (Epub phambi kokuprinta).
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