Ukuba uke wambona i-movie ye-2011 ethi "I-Contagion," uyazi ukuba yinto engumlenze we-nail-biter. Kulo, ulandela ingqungquthela ebhubhisayo eyenza indlela emhlabeni wonke njengamagosa ezempilo karhulumente ukukhawulela. I-movie yambi, ngamanye amaxesha, iyantyisa. Kwakhona kunakho konke.
Iingcali zempilo zikawonkewonke zilandelela izifo zengxaki imihla ngemihla, kanti ngelixa umsebenzi ungasoloko unomdla njengoko iHollywood iya kubonisa, yinkonzo yempilo ebalulekileyo-enye yeenkonzo ezi-10 ezibalulekileyo, ngenene.
Imbali
Amachiza kunye nempilo yoluntu badla ngokukhawulelana, kodwa baya kwizempilo kwimibono emibini eyahlukileyo. Nangona oogqirha bevame ukugxila ekuxilongweni, ekuphatheni nasekunyamekeleni isigulane ngasinye phambi kwabo, impilo yoluntu ithatha umbono obanzi - lowo wonke uluntu. Xa kwenziwe kakuhle, impilo yoluntu inokuphumeza into ephawulekayo: akukho nto. Akukho kuqubuka. Akukho nkxalabo yezempilo. Akukho baphila abalahlekelwe ngaphambili. Iinjongo eziphezulu-kwaye mhlawumbi ezingenakwenzeka, kodwa zibandakanya umbandela obaluleke kakhulu kwimpilo kawonkewonke. Oko kukuthi, ukuthintela.
Iinkonzo ezi-10 ezibalulekileyo zavela kwii-90 zokuqala kunye neengxoxo malunga nokulungiswa kwempilo. Ngelo xesha kuphela "imisebenzi emininzi" yempilo kawonkewonke yabonwa ngokubanzi: uvavanyo, uphuhliso lomgaqo-nkqubo kunye nokuqinisekisa. Nangona iinqununu ezikhokelela kakhulu, zazininzi kakhulu ukuba zisebenzise ngokufanelekileyo. Iinqununu zezempilo zikawonkewonke zafuna ukubonelela ngokuthe ngqo izikhokelo zempilo kunye nabenzi bomgaqo-nkqubo abasebenza ngokukhusela impilo yoluntu lwabo. Isiphumo sivumelwaniso sokuba iinkonzo eziphambili ezichazwe ngabani na bonke abasebenza kwimpilo yoluntu kufuneka bazame.
Nantsi into ayenayo.
Ukujonga imeko yezeMpilo ukuqaphela nokuSombulula iingxaki zezeMpilo
Icandelo elibalulekileyo eliyimfuneko kuzo zonke iinkonzo zezempilo zoluntu zidatha. Ngaphandle kwayo, uluntu alukwazi into efunekayo, apho okufuneka kuqala, okanye indlela yokwabiwa kwezibonelelo ngokufanelekileyo. Kwi-"I-contagion," i-arhente yezempilo kawonkewonke njengamaziko okuLawula nokuLawulwa kwezifo kunye ne-World Health Organisation sele ishushu kwiindlela zokuqhambuka ngaphambi kokuba abantu abaninzi bazi ukuba kwenzeke ngenxa yeenkqubo zokujonga.
Kukho iinkqubo kwihlabathi lonke ukunceda iAlarms ezivakalayo ukuba izinto ziyingozi. Ngethuba ngokuqhelekileyo baye bathembela kakhulu kwizinto ezifana nokubika ngabasebenzi bezonyango, ukuqhuba uphando, okanye i-sampuli zebhanyi zokuvavanya, i-intanethi inikezele iindlela ezintsha zokulandelela izifo zesifo kwiimigangatho zokuqala, okanye nangaphambi kokuba ziqale. Intsimi entsha ebizwa ngokuba yi-digital diagnosis diagnosis kuye kwavela ukuba kuncede ootitshala bezempilo bezempilo kunye nabaphandi bafumene ukuphazamiseka ngokukhawuleza ngokulandelela amagama abalulekileyo kwiimidiya zentlalo okanye ukudibanisa iingxelo zeendaba ze-intanethi. Ezi nkqubo azijonga nje izifo ezithathelwanayo. Ukubeka esweni isimo sengingqi yoluntu kuthetha ukujonga izinto ezifana nokulimala, izifo ezingapheliyo, kunye neziphumo zokuzalwa ukuze ubone ukuba ziphi na iindlela-ukuba zikho.
Le nkonzo ibaluleke kakhulu. Emva koko, phambi kwamagosa ezempilo karhulumente angenza nantoni na ukuphucula impilo yoluntu, kufuneka abhale kuqala oko kufuneka kwenziwe.
Ukuxilonga noPhando lweengxaki zempilo kunye neengozi zezeMpilo kuluntu
Xa ama-alamu ekhulile, amagosa ezempilo karhulumente asebenza ukuze afune ukuba ngubani ochaphazelekayo kwaye kutheni. Inkalo yesayensi yonk 'inyaniso inikezelwe ukuphanda le miba yezempilo. Kubizwa ngokuba yi-epidemiology.
Abadlali be-epidemiologists baqokelela kwaye bahlalutye idatha ukuze bafumene ukuba izifo okanye imeko zezempilo zisasazwa njani kubantu abanikezelweyo, ziziphi izinto eziphambili ezinjalo ezifanayo, kwaye-kubaluleke kangakanani-ukuba loo ngcaciso ingafakwa njani ukukhusela amatyala esizayo. Xa kukho ukugqabhuka kwe- salmonella , izifo ze-epidemiologists zizithetha nabantu abagulayo, baqokelela ulwazi kwizinto abazidlayo, kwaye batyhila okokutya okubangela ukuba kukhishwe kwi-shelf.
Yazisa, Ufundisa, kwaye Uxhobisa Abantu Ngeengxaki Zempilo
Xa abasebenzi bezempilo bezempilo beyazi ukuba kwenzekani, ngubani ochaphazelayo, kwaye-xa kunokwenzeka-njani ukukhusela, basasaza ilizwi kubemi ngokubanzi.
Enye yemibono ephumelele kakhulu kule nkonzo ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwakuyikhankaso yokubuyela kwi-Sleep. Xa i-epidemiologists ehlabathini lonke iqalile ukufumanisa indawo yokulala njengengozi yobomi be-infant disease, i-American Academy ye-Pediatrics kunye namanye amagosa ase-United States aqalise umkhankaso wezemfundo unxusa abazali ukuba babeke abantwana babo ukuba balale ebusweni babo, kunokuba isisu okanye amahlangothi. Oogqirha bezilwanyana bakhulume ngazo ngeentsapho zabo izigulane, iiphamfule zagqitywa, kwaye iingcali zathi zithengiswa kumabonakude.
Kwaye kubonakala ngathi kusebenza. Izinga le-SIDS liye lahla ngamaphesenti angama-50 kwiminyaka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuqaliswa kwephulo.
Ukuququzelela intsebenziswano kunye noLuntu lweNzululwazi ukuSichaza nokuSombulula iingxaki zezempilo
Ngokuqhelekileyo ukukhuselwa kwezifo kunye nokukhuthazwa kwempilo okwenziwe ngumbutho omnye kwi-vacuum. Impilo yoluntu ithembele ekusebenzisaneni nasekuxhaseni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zabachaphazelekayo ukuphanda, ukulungisa, nokuthintela imiba yempilo. Oku kuquka abantu kunye nemibutho abangenakubandakanyeka kwimpilo ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa inkxaso yabo ibaluleke kakhulu ukuqokelela ulwazi oluchanileyo nokuxhobisa abantu ukuba bathathe utshintsho oluthile lokuziphatha.
Ngokomzekelo, amaninzi amanqanaba empilo karhulumente sele aphendukela kumaqela asekuhlaleni kunye nabantu ngabanye ukukunceda ukulwa ne-HIV kwiindawo ezahlukileyo. Esikhundleni sokusebenzisa izikhundla zamagunya ukusabalalisa ulwazi oluphambili, iinkqubo zisebenza kwiinkonzo zontanga ukufikelela kwabo basengozini yokusuleleka. Emva koko, ngubani olungcono ekuncedeni utshintsho oluhle kuluntu kunabantu abasele bayingxenye yalo?
Ukuphuhlisa iipolisi kunye neziCwangciso eziNkxaso ngabanye kunye neMigudu yezoLuntu
Ezinye zeempembelelo zempilo zikarhulumente ezidlulileyo kwixesha elidlulileyo azikho ngenxa yemfundo yodwa okanye yodwa, imizamo yendawo. Zaba ngumphumo wokutshintshwa komgaqo-nkqubo. Izikhokelo zokukhusela kwendawo yokusebenza, imithetho yebhanti yokuhlala, kunye nemilinganiselo emgangathweni yemigangatho yamanzi okusela, umzekelo, zonke zikhokelela ekuphuculeni okukhulu kwimpilo nokhuseleko.
Izidingo zokugonywa kweSikolo, umzekelo, zenze iimfuno ezinkulu ekunyuseni izinga lokugonya kwaye, ngokukhawuleza, ukulwa nezifo ezikhuseleke ukugonya ezifana nesifo semasisi kunye nenkukhu. Akukho kuphela iimfuno ezisebenzayo ukukhusela abantwana ngabanye, kodwa iziphumo eziphezulu zokugoma zenza kube nzima kwizifo ukuba zijikeleze-inkqubo eyaziwa njenge- immune immunity -thus ekuncedeni ukukhusela inani elona likhulu labantu kuluntu.
Ukunyanzelisa iMithetho kunye neMimiselo ekhusela iMpilo nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko
Iikhowudi zezeMpilo zikunceda ukukhusela ukugula ngenxa yokutya ngokufuna ukuba iindawo zokudlela zihambelane nemigangatho ethile, kodwa ngaba ziya kusebenza xa izikhulu zezempilo zingakhange ziphume ukuhlola iikhizi? Kuyafana okufanayo kumachiza. Ukuhlolwa kwamagumbi okuvelisa ngoLawulo loKutya kunye noLawulo lweDrug kunceda ukunciphisa ingozi yokuba iimveliso zonyango zihlambulukile. Iipolisi zikhokelela ekuphuculweni kwezempilo kwinqanaba labantu, kodwa kuphela xa ziphoqelelwa.
Xhumanisa Abantu kwiiNkonzo zeMpilo zeMpilo
Unonophelo lwempilo e-United States yinkqubo ehlukileyo kwaye enzima kakhulu. Ingaba okanye awukwazi ukubona ugqirha xa ufuna ukuhluka ngokusekelwe kwiimeko ezininzi, kubandakanywa ubudala, indawo, imeko yezemali, imeko yempilo, kunye nesimo sengqesho. Ii-arhente zempilo zikarhulumente zinceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba abanye abantu abasengozini kakhulu kuluntu banako ukufikelela kwiinkonzo zempilo-kwaye ukufikelela akuthethi nje ukungena ukuza kugqirha. Kungathi nokuba nokuthutha ukuya kwiinkonzo zonyango, ukukwazi ukuzinyamekela kwenkathalo enikezelweyo kunye nokuguqulelwa ngokufanelekileyo kwempahla.
Enye yeendlela ezinkulu zempilo karhulumente inceda ukunxibelelana nabantu kwiinkonzo ngamaziko empilo karhulumente. Nangona ngamaxesha amaninzi amaziko anikezela ngononophelo lwangonyango lwangeniso labantu abangenasiphelo nabangenasiphelo, bahlala bebonelela izinto ezifana nemfundo yempilo, ukucebisa kunye neenkonzo zokuthumela. Umzekelo, iNkqubo eYodwa yoNondlo yoLondlo lwaBasetyhini, iintsana kunye nabantwana-ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa yi-WIC-ihlala iqhutywa ngamasebe empilo asekuhlaleni ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba zonke iintsapho kungakhathaliseki ukuba inzuzo ingenako ukufumana ukutya okunempilo kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala yobomi .
Qinisekisa abasebenzi abaneMpilo kunye nabasebenzi beMpilo
Amachiza asoloko eshintsha ukulungelelanisa uphando olutsha kunye nobuchwepheshe obukhoyo. Yingakho ootitshala bezobugqirha eUnited States bafunwa ukuba bathathe iiklasi ukuba bahlale behleli. Ii-arhente zempilo zikawonkewonke njengeziko lokuLawula nokuLawulwa kwezifo, kunye namasebe empilo asekuhlaleni, ukusebenzisana nemibutho yezokwelapha ukunikezela ngeeklasi eziqhubekayo kwizihloko ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nezinto ezifana ne-bioterrorism kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwimeko engxamisekileyo-ewe, kwanokuphendula kwendalo iintlekele ziwela phantsi kwempilo yoluntu, nayo.
Ukuphonononga Ukusebenza, Ukufikeleleka, kunye neMigangatho yeeNkonzo zezeMpilo
Njengoko kusebenza njengemigudu yempilo yoluntu kuye kwaba ukugcina ubomi kunye nokuphucula impilo yoluntu, kukho konke kunokukwenza. Amanyathelo ezempilo aphantsi kokujonga rhoqo kunye nokuvavanya ukuqinisekisa ukuba basebenze ngokwenene, kwaye iinkqubo ezifuna inkxaso-mali ziyahlolwa kwakhona ukuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo zisetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo.
Ukwenza oku, ii-arhente zikhangelelanisa uluhlu lwezinto ezininzi kwaye zibandakanya iimfuno ezahlukahlukeneyo. Izezi-zonyango zezeMpilo, umzekelo, unokunceda ukuqikelela iindleko zokusebenza kwenguqu yenkqubo. Abaphethwe yi-epidemiologists bajonga izifo zesimo phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba besicwangciso esithile sezempilo ukuze babone ukuba baphumelele. I-Biostatisticians ihlalutya idatha esuka kuphando kunye neirekhodi zezokwelapha ukuchonga ukuba ngaba ezinye izikhombisi zezempilo ezinikezelweyo ziguqukile. Akunjalo nje kuphela iziphumo ezivela kule mivavanyo kunceda ekuphuculeni iiprogram, kodwa ukuqokelela ingqiqo kungasetyenziselwa ukulungiselela uluhlu lokuqala lwenkonzo oluyimfuneko apha ngasentla.
Uphando lweNgcaciso emitsha kunye neZisombululo eziNgcono kwiingxaki zezeMpilo
Enye yeendlela ezibaluleke kakhulu ezempilo zentlalo isebenza ukukhusela impilo kunye nokhuseleko loluntu kukubuza imibuzo, ukuqokelela idatha, nokufumana iindlela ezintsha kunye nezindlela ezingcono zokusombulula iingxaki. Uphando lwezempilo loluntu olwenziwe kwiingozi zeemoto lisilethe imoto ekhuselekileyo kunye neebhanti zokuhlala. Uphando oluqhubekayo lwe-anomaly yamazinyo lukhokelela ekufakeni i- fluoride emanzini okusela. Ukuqonda okungcono umzimba wethu wokhuseleko kubangele ekuphuhliseni iigonti ezilondoloze izigidi zabantu kunye nezigidi zeedola.
Ngoko hayi, impilo yoluntu ayiyona nto imnandi. Kodwa kuyamangalisa gqitha.
> Imithombo:
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Inkqubo yeMpilo Yoluntu kunye neeNkonzo eziPhambili zezeMpilo zikaRhulumente ezi-10.
> Ibhokisi leeNdawo zoLuntu. Isahluko 2: Icandelo 7. IiNkonzo zeMpilo zikaRhulumente eziPhumi. Isiko soLuntu lwezeMpilo noPhuhliso kwiYunivesithi yaseKansas.