Ngo-2010, urhulumente waseUnited States wathintela inkcazo yobulungisa bezempilo ngokuthi "ukufikelela kwezinga eliphezulu lempilo kubo bonke abantu." Oko kuthetha ukuba wonke umntu, kungakhathaliseki uhlanga, imeko yezoqoqosho nezentlalo, okanye iimeko, unesicatshulwa esifanayo ephila ubomi obuphilileyo. Yinjongo ephakamileyo, kwaye ukufezekisa kwayo kuya kufuna ukuba utshintsho oluhle kakhulu kuwo onke amanqanaba-ukusuka kubantu ngabanye kuluntu lonke.
Yintoni
Ibinzana elithi "ukulingana kwempilo" lisoloko liphonswa kwiimeko zokunciphisa ukungalingani kwempilo- oko kukuthi, izikhalazo ezithile kwimpilo phakathi kwabantu abaxhomekeke ngokukodwa kwiimeko zokungcola kwezoqoqosho kunye nokusingqongileyo.
Ngokomzekelo, abantu abamnyama baseUnited States baninzi bafa ngenxa yomhlaza kunoma yimuphi uhlanga okanye isizwe. Abantu abanomvuzo ophantsi kunye nabangaphantsi kobuhlanga abanakho amathuba okuba babe ne-inshorensi yempilo. Kwaye xa befumana unyango lwezonyango, kwiimeko ezininzi bafumana unyango oluphantsi kokuthelekiswa namanye amhlophe. Ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwempilo kuyimfuneko ebalulekileyo ekufezekiseni ukulingana kwempilo.
Iinzame zokunciphisa okanye zokuphelisa ukungafani kwazo ziye zagxininisa kakhulu kwizifo zokukhusela okanye unyango. Kodwa oogqirha abaninzi kunye nabaqeqeshi bempilo yoluntu bayakhawuleza ukubonisa, ukungaguli akufani nokuphila. Imiba eyahlukahlukeneyo edlalwayo xa sithetha ngokutya-impilo, izinga lomsebenzi, uxinzelelo lwegazi , njl.
Ingaba usuleleko okanye imeko ethile yezokwelapha yincinci kuphela.
Ukufumana ukulingana kwempilo, ngoko, akugcini nje ukulawula okanye ukuphelisa izifo. Kuthe malunga nokujonga oko kubambelela abantu abathile ukuba baphumelele kwimpumelelo yezempilo jikelele.
Ukulingana kwezeMpilo akafani nokokulingana kwezempilo.
Akwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umntu unamathuba afanayo afanayo; kufuneka babe namathuba afanelekileyo kwimeko yabo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba wanikela wonke umntu eklasini izicathulo eziqhelekileyo ezi-10, eziya kuba zilingana njengoko bonke abantu beza kufumana into efanayo-kungekho, akukho ngaphantsi-kodwa akuyi kubulungisa kuba kungekhona wonke umntu ogqoba ubukhulu be-10 Abanye abantu ngoku baya kuba nzuzo kuba izicathulo zilungelelwano olungcono, kanti ezinye azikho ngcono kunokuba zazikho ngaphambili. Kuya kuba nokulingana okulinganayo ukuba wonke umntu athathe iimbatho zeeswele ngobukhulu obufanelekileyo.
Kutheni Kubalulekile
Ukuphila okunempilo kuncike kakhulu kwizinto ezininzi zokuziphatha ezifana nokutya kwakho nokuzilolonga, nokuba utshaya okanye usebenzise iziyobisi, okanye unokukhawuleza njani ukujongana nemiba yezokwelapha ngaphambi kokuba ibe lukhulu. Ukuthatha uxanduva lomntu wokugcina nokuphucula impilo yakho kubalulekile, kodwa oko sikhetha ukukwenza kwimpilo yethu kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezikhethwa kuthi.
Ukuba uhlala kwindawo yokuhlala kunye neendlela eziphukileyo, akukho ipaki, kunye neendlela ezihamba phambili, ukuphuma ngaphandle ukuze usebenzise umthambo ungayi kuba yinto efanelekileyo. Ngokufanayo, ukuba ziindawo ezikuphela zokuthenga ukutya kwindawo yakho zinikela ngokutya okusemgangathweni, ukutya okukhethiweyo kunye nezindleko ezikhethiweyo, kodwa kuya kuba nzima ukutya ukutya okunempilo.
I-adage endala phakathi kweengcali zempilo yoluntu yile: Ukuba ufuna abantu benze izigqibo ezinempilo, kufuneka "wenze ukhetho olukhethiweyo lula." Kodwa kwabanye abantu baseUnited States, ukhetho olufanelekileyo alufumanekanga, yedwa lula. Ukulingana kwezeMpilo kuthetha ukuthintela okanye ukunciphisa amandla-kodwa ukukhuselwa kunye nokungabalulekiyo-izithintelo okanye ukuphazamisa abantu ukubuyela kumathuba okuphucula impilo yabo kunye neentsapho zabo.
Akuyona nje umcimbi wobulungisa bezentlalo. Ukungalingani kwimpilo kunye nokunakekelwa kwempilo kuyabiza. Ngokomlinganiselo othile , malunga neyesithathu yeendleko zonyango ngokuthe ngqo kwabamnyama, ama-Hispanics kunye nama-Asiya aseMelika bebangelwa ukungalingani kwempilo, kunye neendleko ezidibeneyo ezihambelana nale ntlukwano (kubandakanywa nokufa kwangaphambili) kwaqikelelwa ukuba yi-$ 1.24 yezigidigidi phakathi kuka-2003 no-2006.
Oku kubaluleke kakhulu xa kuziwa kwimpompo yezempilo kubantwana. Ukuba bonke abantwana banamathuba afanayo kwiziphumo zempilo njengabantwana abacebileyo, ukuxhaphaka kweemeko ezithile ezifana nokuzala okuphantsi okanye ukulimala okungenakuzenzela kwakuza kuhlaselwa ngama-60 kuya kuma-70 ekhulwini. Abantwana abangenabungozi bahlala bekhula beba ngabantu abadala, okubangelwa ngumjikelezo onobungozi ongeyena nje impilo yempilo, kodwa nempilo yabo yengqondo kunye nemali.
Ukufezekisa ukulingana kwempilo kwasebuntwaneni buntwaneni kunokuba nefuthe elibi kuluntu, kubandakanya ukukwazi ukunciphisa imali esetyenziswe kwonyango eMelika kunye nokuphuhlisa uqoqosho ngokubanzi.
Ukufezekiswa kwezeMpilo
Ukuze ufumane ukulingana kwempilo, iUnited States kufuneka kuqala ixabise ukulingana komntu wonke ngokulinganayo. Oku kuya kuthatha iinjongo ezigxilile kakhulu, eziqhubekayo, eziqhubekayo zokunqanda ukungalingani okukhuselekileyo kwiziphumo zempilo kunye nokufikeleleka kwezempilo, ukuchaneka ngokuchanekileyo, kunye nokuvalwa kwezikhalazo kwimpilo yokungalingani. Ingumsebenzi omkhulu kunye nomnye ofuna iimzame kumgangatho ngamnye, uluntu kunye nelizwe.
Imibutho emininzi, imibutho yobuchwepheshe, kunye nabantu ngabanye baye bahlela izicwangciso zokufika apho, kubandakanywa abantu abanezeMpilo 2020, i-American Academy of Pediatrics kunye neMbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. Ngelixa ezi zicwangciso ziyahluka kancinci ngokokufuneka kwenziwe kwaye ngubani, kukho iindima eziqhelekileyo kuwo wonke.
Ukuchonga iintlobo ezingundoqo zempilo kunye nezizathu ezingundoqo.
Njengoko nayiphi nayiphi indlela yempilo yoluntu kwingxaki, isinyathelo sokuqala kukufunda ukuba kwenzekani kwaye kutheni. Isicwangciso esifanayo ukubuza umbuzo othi "kutheni" amahlanu.
Yithi, umzekelo, walukhumbule idolo lakho.
- Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba wahlutha endleleni.
- Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba unyawo lwakho lubanjwe kwindawo engalinganiyo.
- Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba umzila wendlela unesidingo sokulungiswa.
- Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba urhulumente wengingqi akayilungisanga umzila wendlela ohlala kuloo mmandla ixesha elide.
- Ngoba? Ngenxa yokuba ayinayo imali eyaneleyo yokulungisa ii-walkways ezilimele kuzo zonke iindawo apho zifuneka khona.
Unokwenza nje ukufaka ibhinqa emadolweni uze uqhubeke nobomi-kodwa loo nto ayiyi kuvimba abanye ukuba banqabile ngamadolo. Isisombululo esipheleleyo nesisisigxina siya kukukhuthaza urhulumente wengingqi ukuba aphakamise okanye acele inkxaso engaphezulu yokuxhasa iiprojekthi eziphuculweyo zophuhliso lweziseko.
Oku kunjalo, ukugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo, kodwa kubonisa isidingo sokutsala ngokwenene ukuba ungabonakali nje ingxaki kodwa izixazululo zexesha elide zokuzilungisa. Imiba yempilo yoluntu inokubangela ubunobangela obunzima.
Ukujongana nezinye izinto ezintle ezingenakuthathaka.
I-United States inomlando omude kunye nobunzima wokunceda amanye amaqela ezoqoqosho, ngokobuzwe, nakwezinye izizwe-ngaba ngaba ngemithetho nemigaqo okanye iinkcubeko. Akuyena wonke umntu ophathwa ngokulinganayo. Akubona wonke umntu unamathuba afanayo. Akunjalo wonke umntu ubhekene nemingeni efanayo. Ukunyanzela izinto ngokuqhubekayo, ezininzi izinto ezixhaphakileyo ziyakwazi, kwaye ukucwaswa kuqhutyelwa ngabantu ngabanye abahlala bengenazixhobo abazenzayo.
Ngelishwa, oku kuyenzeka yonke ixesha kwizondlo zonyango, apho uphando luboniswe ngababoneleli ngenkonzo yokubonelela ngononophelo olungaphantsi kunye nokunxibelelana kakubi kwizigulana ezincinci xa kuthelekiswa nezigulane zabo ezimhlophe.
Isinyathelo esibalulekileyo ekuphulukeleni oku kwahlula kukuba nencoko evulekileyo nenyanisekileyo malunga nokuba thina njengesizwe singenza ngcono ukwenza izinto zibe zilinganayo kwaye ziziphi iinguqu ezifunekayo ukuze zifike khona. Oku kuthetha ukuvuma nokuqonda imbali yoluntu olunikeziweyo, ukuphulaphula ngengqondo evulekile kubantu abafumana ukungalingani, nokuqonda ukuba nini kwaye kuphi apho singakwazi ukunika abantu ithuba lokulingana.
Sitshintshe okanye wenze imithetho, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo kuwo onke amanqanaba omphakathi ukunika wonke umntu uphendu olufanayo ukuba abe nempilo.
UMthetho woNonophelo ongenakunceda wenziwa ngo-2010 kwaye uphunyezwe ngokugcwele ngo-2014 nethemba lokuvumela abantu abaninzi ukuba bafumane i-inshorensi yempilo e-United States, ngaloo ndlela banciphise ukungalingani okuhambelana nokufikelela kwiinkonzo zempilo. Nangona kunesimo esithile se-politiki ebuthakathaka, umthetho wenza inkqubela phambili ekuvaleni ikhefu. Ngo-2016, inani labantu abangaqinisekisiwe eUnited States behlile malunga nesiqingatha, bechukumisa kakhulu amaqela athathaka ngaphambili njengabantu abamnyama, ama-Hispanics kunye nabo bahlala beswele.
Ngokufanayo, iinkqubo ezinjengeMedicaid (abo bahlala kwintlupheko kunye / okanye abakhubazekileyo) kunye ne-Medicare (kubantu abadala) banceda ukubonelela nge-inshorensi yempilo kwabo bangenako ukufikelela kuyo ngaphandle koko. Nangona i-inshorensi yempilo ibe yinto enye yepuzzles ye-equity puzzle, umthetho ofana nalawa uyinyathelo ebalulekileyo ekuncedeni ikhefu elikufutshane ekufikeleleni.
Indawo engakujongelwayo eyenza ukungalingani kwempilo kuyisiseko. Ukuba ummandla othile uphukile ezindleleni, akukho amapaki, ulwaphulo-mthetho oluphezulu, kunye neentengiso ezimbalwa kunye nemveliso emitsha, kunokuba nzima ukuba iintsapho zile ndawo zilandelelanise imihla ngemihla kunye nezondlo zokutya ukuze kugcinwe indlela yokuphila enempilo.
Ngokomzekelo, iindawo zokutya zokutya (apho izitolo zokutya ezithengileyo ngokupheleleyo zithengisa iimveliso ezitsha kunye nokutya okunempilo kunqabile okanye zikhoyo) kunye neendawo zokutya (apho izikhetho ezingenampilo ezifana nokutya okukhawulezileyo zixakeke kwindawo enikwe) mhlawumbi zinokunciphisa kumgangatho wendawo ukungenelela njengemingcipheko yokucwangcisa okanye ukhuthazo karhulumente okanye iinkqubo zemfundo zempilo eziphunyezwe ngamasebe empilo asekuhlaleni, izikolo okanye enye imibutho.
Ukwakha intsebenziswano phakathi koluntu.
Isinyathelo esibalulekileyo naliphi na ukungenelela kwendawo, yoluntu, okanye yelizwe kukuqala ukuqinisekisa ukuba wonk 'umuntu uthintele kufakwe kwingxoxo. Abantu kunye nemibutho enomdla owenziwe ngenguqu-eyaziwa ngokuthi "abathathi-nxaxheba" -kufuneka iqhutywe kwinkqubo ukuba nayiphi na ingenelelo inokuphumelela, ingakumbi ukuba kuxhomekeke ekutshintsheni kokuziphatha kwiqela elinikeziweyo.
Kukho umzekeliso wezempilo owenziwa njengolu hlobo: Intlangano ifuna ukumba umthombo kwidolophana ekude apho iintsapho zafuneka zihambe ngamamayela imihla ngemihla ukufumana amanzi. Kwangena kwaye waguqula umthombo waza washiya, bakholelwa ukuba basombulule ingxaki ebalulekileyo. Kodwa xa bebuya ukuza kubona indlela le dolophu eye yachaphazela ngayo, loo mthombo washiywa ungasetyenziswanga kwaye udidekile. Xa bebuza ukuba kutheni abahlali besixeko bengayisebenzisi kakuhle, bafumanisa ukuba abafazi kwidolophana babethanda ukuhamba ukuya emlanjeni kuba belixesha labo lokuhlalisana.
Nangona umbutho ubuye wacela abadala beedolophu ukuba bavumele imvume yokwakha lo mthombo, akukho mntu wacinga ukubuza abafazi ukuba kuya kuzuza. Ukuziphatha kwebali kulula: Ukuba ufuna ukukunceda abantu, kufuneka ubenxulumene nabo kwinkqubo. Ukwakha ithemba nokufumana ukuthengwa kwalabo bachaphazelekayo kubalulekile ekuphumeleleni kwanoma yintoni imizamo yezempilo kawonkewonke.