I-United States ibona ubudlova obuninzi bompu ngaphezu kwanoma yimuphi uhlanga oluphuhlisiwe. Abantu abangaphezu kwama-33,000 bafa minyaka yonke ngenxa yezibhamu-ngokufana nokutshatyalaliswa kweemoto-kodwa izikhulu zaseUnited States azihambeli udlame lwempu ngendlela efanayo nangeminye imiba yezempilo kunye nezokhuseleko, njengezifo ezithathelwanayo okanye izilwanyana. Ngoba kutheni? Kuthiwani ukuba siyenzile?
Ngenkqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi "indlela yezempilo yoluntu," amagosa ezempilo karhulumente akwazi ukuphucula impilo kunye nokukhuselwa kwabemi baseMelika ngenxa yemibandela ephakamileyo yemicimbi, ukubhema nokugqithisa.
Leyo nyathelo ininzi, indlela esekelwe uphando ingasetyenziswa ukunciphisa inani lokulimala okunxulumene nemipu, nayo. Nantsi oku kuya kufuneka kwenzeke.
Xelela iNgxaki
Indlela yokuphila yoluntu yinkqubo eqhutywe kwedatha. Isinyathelo sokuqala sokuthintela ukulimala okunxulumene nemipu-okanye nayiphina imo-nkonzo okanye ukhuseleko-kwindawo ekunikezelwayo kucinga ukuba kwenzekani, ngubani ochaphazelekayo, nokuba njani, nini, nokuba kuphi na okwenzekayo. Ukufumana olu hlobo lwengcaciso, amagosa ezempilo karhulumente abheka idatha ukusuka kwimithombo yamanzi, kubandakanywa iingxelo zamapolisa, iirekhodi zesibhedlele kunye nophando. Le ngcaciso ihlaziywa ukuze ibone ukuba kukho nayiphi na imimandla okanye iinkalo ezithile apho iinguqu okanye iinkqubo zenguqu zinokusebenza kakuhle.
Yiyo kanye eyenziwe ngeebhanti zokuhlala. Xa abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba iibhanti zokuhlala zinciphisa umngcipheko wokufa, amagosa ezempilo karhulumente aqala ukuphakamisa ukusetyenziswa kwabo, kwaye ibeka imithetho eyayiyimfuneko.
Isiphumo sasiyimoto ekhuselekileyo, abaqhubi abakhuselekileyo, kunye nokufa okumbalwa ukusuka ekuphazamiseni imoto.
Ukuze ufumane indlela yokunciphisa ubundlobongela bombundu e-United States, kufuneka uqale ubeke into eyenzekayo kwaye ngubani obandakanyekayo. Ngaphandle kwesi sinyathelo, kunzima ukwazi ukuba izibonelelo kufuneka zinikwe, ngubani na oza kujoliswa, okanye yintoni na amangenelelo anokusebenza ngempumelelo.
Umzobo woKhuseleko olungundoqo kunye nezinto ezikhuselekileyo
Emva kokuba ingxaki ibonisiwe, abaphandi bathabathela kwi-data ukuze bafumane into engenza ingxaki ibe bhetele okanye ibe yimbi. Benza oku ngokubonisa izinto ezinobungozi kunye nezinto ezikhuselekileyo.
Imiba yengozi yinto engenza umntu abe nempembelelo engafanelekanga, njengokuba lixhoba okanye umenzi wobugebengu obundlobongela. Ngokomzekelo, ukutshaya yingozi engaziwayo yomdlavuza kuba uphando lubonise ukuba abantu ababhemayo banomdla ophezulu ngaphezu komntu ongabhemi. Amagosa ezempilo ayekelela le ngcaciso ukuba ifake iinqununu, imigaqo-nkqubo kunye neenkqubo zokunceda ukunciphisa inani labantu ababhema kwaye, ngoko ke, ukunciphisa izinga lomhlaza.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinto ezibonakalayo, zizinto ezibonakala ngathi zinciphisa umngcipheko weziphumo ezimbi-ngokusisiseko, oko sifanele senze ngaphezulu okanye kuzama ukwandisa. Ngokomzekelo, ukuzivocavoca kukukhusela umdlavuza ngenxa yokuba uphando lubonise ukuba abantu abanempilo emzimbeni abanomdla osezantsi. Iingcali zempilo zonyango kunye noluntu zisetyenzisile loo nkcazelo ukukhuthaza abantu ukuba bandise inani lexesha abachithayo ukusebenzisa iveki nganye.
Kwimeko yokufa okanye ukulimala okunxulumene nemibhobho, ingozi kunye nezinto ezikhuselayo ziyahluka ngokubanzi, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwesiphumo esisenziwa. Nangona ukubethelwa kwamatye ngokuqhelekileyo kufumaneka ingqwalasela yeendaba, kuninzi iindlela zokusebenzisa izibhamu zingabangela ukulimala; ezinye zazo ezingenakuzenzela. Ukongeza kwimibhobho isetyenziselwa ukulimala ngokuzikhethela-njengokuba kukho ukubulala abantu, ukudubula kwamanzi kunye nokuzibulala-kubundlobongela bebhamu kunokubandakanya iziganeko ezifana nokukhutshwa ngengozi. Ukuphanda umngcipheko okanye izinto ezikhuselekileyo ezinxulumene nale ntlobo yokudubula ngokungenakuzenzela, ngokomzekelo, unokunceda ukuchonga izinto ezinokuzenza izibhamu zibe nzima ukufumana ukuqeqeshwa komsebenzisi okanye ukukhusela kompu-kungakhathaliseki ukuba ufunda oko kwenza ukuba abantu bangabonakaliyo okanye bangaphantsi. imiba eyahlukileyo ukugxila kuyo.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ngelixa ezinye izinto zinokunyusa umngcipheko wokulimala ngemibutho, ukubonakala kobuncipheko akuthethi ukuba ubundlobongela abuphephekiyo okanye ukuba amaxhoba aya kubeka ityala xa aphumele.
Uvavanyo lweZisombululo ezinokwenzeka
Emva kokuba izinto eziphambili zichongiwe, abaqeqeshi bempilo yoluntu baqala umsebenzi wokuphuhlisa kwaye-kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvavanya iindlela zokulungisa umba. Amanyathelo enkonzo karhulumente angathatha iifom ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Ezinye zibandakanya amaphulo emfundo, apho abantu ababalulekileyo bafundiswa indlela yokulawula okanye ukunciphisa ingozi yokulimala. Abanye bangabandakanya ukukhupha iingcebiso kwiingcali ezinikezelweyo, njengogqirha, abasebenzi bezentlalo, okanye abakhiqizi, okanye ukuphakamisa utshintsho lomgaqo-nkqubo njengemithetho okanye imithetho ekhishwe ngamagunya olawulo.
Ezi nyathelo zisekelwe kwincwadi ekhoyo yolwazi kunye nophando kwaye zivame ukubunjwa yizinto ezisebenze kwezinye iindawo okanye uluntu. Emva koko baphononongo kwaye bavavanywa basebenzisa uphando olungakumbi njengamaqela agxininisa okanye uphononongo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba zifanelekileyo kwaye zifezekiswa kubemi ofuna ukufikelela kuwo. Le nkqubo yonke iyaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo-based-proof, kwaye yindlela ebalulekileyo yokucwangcisa inkqubo ekuncedeni ukuqinisekisa ukuba izibonelelo zabelwe ngokufanelekileyo nangempumelelo ngangoko.
Ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo ezibonakalisiweyo
Emva kokuba le mizamo iqinisekise ukuba isebenzayo kwizicwangciso ezincinci, abanye baqeqeshwa ngendlela yokwamkela le nkqubo okanye imigaqo-nkqubo yokuphunyezwa kwimimandla yabo. Ngokuqhelekileyo eUnited States, indima "yomsasazo" ithathwa ngamaziko okuLawula nokuLawulwa kweSifo (CDC), i-federal agency enoxanduva lokukhusela impilo karhulumente kwinqanaba likazwelonke. Ukuba, umzekelo, inkqubo ethile yemfundo iboniswe ukuba iphumelele ekufundiseni abazali bezingane ezincinci ukugcina izibhamu zabo ngokuphepha ekhaya, i-CDC inokuqeqesha amasebe ezempilo zendawo ukuba ziqhube ezi zifundo kwiindawo zabo.
Kwimiqathango emine yeendlela zempilo yoluntu, uphando oluqhubekayo luyintloko, kwaye ukuqokelela idatha akupheli. Indlela yokuphila yoluntu ngokubundlobongela kompu kuthiza ukuqhubeka ukubeka ingxaki kuyo nayiphi na inguqu okanye uphuculo, kwakunye nokuphonononga impembelelo yevili eziqhubekile. Ukuba ingxaki iyashintsha okanye iimeko ezinobungozi obusukayo, kubalulekile ukuba ulungelelanise okanye ulungelelanise amanyathelo ukuze aqhubeke esebenza kakuhle.
Ngokufanayo, amanye amazwe okanye uluntu unokuqalisa iindlela ezintsha okanye ezintsha ezinokuthi ziphumelele ngokukhawuleza ukulimala ngokumalunga nokulimala. Ngaphandle kokubeka iliso ngokuqhubekayo, iUnited States ingaphuthelwa ekuqesheni isicwangciso esingaba siphumelele ngakumbi.
Iimbandezelo zokusebenzisa indlela yezempilo yomphakathi
Okwangoku, iUnited States ngokubanzi iyathintelwa ekusebenziseni indlela yempilo yoluntu ukukhusela ubundlobongela bempu ngenxa yobuninzi beenkcukacha. Oku kungenxa yokuba igosa likarhulumente eliphambili elijongene nokuqhuba uphando lwezempilo loluntu-i-CDC-ayivunyelwanga ngokufanelekileyo ukuhlolisisa ubundlobongela bempu. I-arhente iphanda uluhlu olubanzi lwezinto zempilo yoluntu, ukusuka kwiigcino ukuya kwiingozi zeemoto, kodwa liye laphela phantse lonke uphando olwenziwa ngobundlobongela bombundu ngo-1996.
Ukufuduka kuneengcambu zezopolitiko. I-CDC ixhaswe ngophando olushicilelwe ngo-1993 olufumene ukuba nesibhamu ekhaya laliyingozi yokubulala. Ekuphenduleni, iNational Rifle Association (NRA) yaqala ukucela iNkongqongqelo ukuba ikhuphe igosa ngokupheleleyo. I-arhente yahlala, kodwa amalungu e-congressional avelisa i-NRA ifake ulwimi ngolwabiwo-mali olubalulekileyo oluchaza ukuba "akukho mali ekhoyo eyenziwa ukwenzela ukukhusela nokulimala kwiIziko loLawulo lweNtsholongwane nokuXhobisa ingasetyenziselwa ukukhuthaza okanye ukukhuthaza ukulawulwa kompu. "Icandelo, elaziwa ngokuba yi-Dickey Amendment, liyaqhubeka libandakanywa kwi-bill yebhanti ngonyaka emva konyaka, kwaye kunokuba ingozi yokulahlekelwa yimali, i-CDC iyeke ukuphanda ukunyanzelisa ubundlobongela.
Ekuvukeni kwe-Newtown ukudubula esikolweni ngo-2012-xa abantwana abangaphezu kwe-20 nabafundisi babulawa ngumfaki-mongameli-Obama wanikezela umyalelo kuNobhala wezeMpilo kunye neNkonzo zoLuntu kunye noMlawuli weeNkonzo zokuLawula nokuKhuselwa kwezifo ukuze aqhubeke nokufunda ubundlobongela bebhamu ukuze kuchane izizathu ezisisiseko kunye nezicwangciso zokukhusela. Uphando, nangona kunjalo, aluzange luphinde luphinde luye kwinqanaba elifanayo phambi kolawulo luka-1996.
I-CDC ayiyena kuphela i-agrari engayinomsebenzi wokufunda imbambano yobundlobongela bombundu-i-National Institute of Justice, umzekelo, yenze uphando emva kokuba ulungiso lweDickey lubekwe endaweni-kodwa ngumthombo omkhulu wemali yoorhulumente basekhaya kunye namanye amaziko ejongene nemicimbi yoluntu. Ngenxa yoko, bambalwa imibutho emincinci ineendlela zokujonga ubundlobongela bebhamu ngaphandle kokuxhaswa kweemali ezivela kwi-federal government.
Ngenxa yezopolitiko ezingqongileyo zeso sihloko, ezininzi iinkampani zempilo zikarhulumente ziye zanyula ukuba zithintele indawo ngokupheleleyo kunomngcipheko onika ukubonakala kokuthatha imeko yezopolitiko nokulahlekelwa ngemali kwenye indawo. Ngenxa yoko, ubuninzi beenkcukacha ezifumanekayo kwiibundlobongela zogonyamelo okwangoku zifumanekanga kwaye ziphelelwe yisikhathi.
Impembelelo yale nto ayikwazi ukugqithiswa. Ngaphandle kwedatha eyaneleyo kwinto eyenzekayo ngokumalunga nokulimala okunxulumene nemipu kwaye ngubani ochaphazelekayo kwaye kutheni, i-arhente zempilo kawonkewonke ayikwazi ukuhlakulela okanye ukuphakamisa amanyathelo asebenzayo ekunciphiseni ubundlobongela basebundini, bangazivumeli ukuphumeza. Ngamafutshane, ngaphandle kwedatha, indlela yokuphila yoluntu akunakwenzeka ukuba iqeshe kumgangatho kazwelonke de i-government federal iphakamise ukuvinjelwa kwayo ngokufanelekileyo kulolu hlobo lophando.
ILizwi
Ukufowunelwa kwindlela yezempilo yoluntu ekuhlaselweni kwebhamu akufani nokukhuthaza ukulawulwa kwezibhamu. Kuphela yinkqubo yokuqikelela ubungakanani beengxaki, yintoni enokwenziwa, kwaye yintoni ebonise ukuba isebenze ukulungisa umba kwaye yenza uluntu luphile kwaye lukhusele. Nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba iziphumo zale nkqubo zingabonisa ukuba imithetho ethile inokusebenza ngokukhawuleza ukulimala kunye nokufa okuhlobene nezixhobo, naluphi na iziphakamiso ezenziwe ziza kusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni ngokuchanekileyo kobungqina kunye nedatha-kungekhona nayiphi na intsebenziswano okanye i-ajenda yezopolitiko.
> Imithombo:
> Amacandelo okuLawula nokuLawula izifo. Indlela yoluntu yoluntu ekuthintela ubundlobongela. 2015.
> Jamieson, uphando lobudlova ku-C. Gun: Imbali ye-fineral finance. Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMelika. 2013.
> ISiko leSizwe soBulungisa. Ubundlobongela. 2017.