Iindawo zokusebenzela ezikhuselekileyo nezempilweni zisoloko zithathwa ngokungenanto eMelika. Kodwa i-factories eyaziwayo ngokukhuselekileyo namhlanje kunye neofisi ezibheke kakuhle zizinto ezisandul 'ukutshalwa kwintlalo yanamhlanje-isiphumo esiphumeleleyo semizamo eyenziwa ngabasebenzi abasebenza kwintsimi yempilo nokhuseleko.
Ukuzinikezela ekufundeni nasekukhuseleni ukulimala kwindawo yokusebenza kunye nezifo, intsimi yempilweni yempilo kunye nokukhuseleko ijongene neziphumo eziphazamisayo eziphumelele kwabasebenzi baseMerika kule minyaka engama-200 edlulileyo.
Oomatshini obungozi kunye namafektri angenawo umoya, njengendawo eqhelekileyo, benze indlela yokuphepha, indawo ecocekileyo yabasebenzi. Ukuhlanganiswa komthetho, umlawuli wegatsha olulawulayo, kunye nokuzilawulwa komthetho ngamashishini afanelekileyo kuye kwaguqula indawo yaseMelika. Njengomphumo, iingozi kunye namaxabiso amaninzi kuma-shishini amaninzi ziye zanyuka ngokunyanisekileyo amashumi eminyaka-umendo oqhubekayo nanamhlanje.
Inkcazo
Impilo yokhuseleko kunye nokhuseleko yinkalo yempilo karhulumente ukuba uphando lwezinto eziguga kwizifo kunye nokulimala kubasebenzi basebenzi kunye nokucebisa nokusebenzisa izicwangciso kunye nemimiselo yokukhusela. Ububanzi bayo bubanzi, kubandakanya iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoqeqesho-ukusuka kwi-toxicology kunye ne-epidemiology ukuya kwi-ergonomics kunye nokuthintela ubundlobongela.
Ngokomlando, iinjongo zemisebenzi yezempilo kunye nezokhuseleko ziye zenziwa kwimisebenzi yabasebenzi, njengabasebenzi befrikansi. Kodwa intsimi ngoku iquka yonke imisebenzi e-United States.
Ukongezelela ekuqinisekiseni ukuba indawo yethu yomsebenzi (ukusuka kwisayithi yokwakha kuya kwizakhiwo zeofisi) inokukhusela okukhuselekileyo kwindawo yokukhusela ukulimala, iingcali zempilo yomsebenzi nazo zisebenzela ukunciphisa iingozi ezifutshane kunye nexesha elide ezinokubangela ukugula ngokomzimba okanye ngengqondo ngoku okanye kwilixa elizayo.
Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu bafumana ubunzima obunxulumene nokusebenza okanye ukugula rhoqo ngonyaka e-United States.
Izigidi ezininzi zibonakaliswe ezinobungozi zempilo engqongileyo ezingabangela ingxaki kwiminyaka ukususela ngoku. Amanxephezelo eembuyekezo zabasebenzi abangaphezu kweyadola idola ngeveki. Oko akunakucinga nangenxa yokulahlekelwa kwemvuzo kunye nezinye iindleko ezingabonakaliyo, ezifana nokuveliswa kwemveliso kunye ne-psychological toll yokufumana okanye ukunakekela umntu onokulimala.
Ngaphandle kwabantu abaqeshwe ngabanye kunye neentsapho zabasebenzi basefama, phantse bonke abaqeshi bobucala kunye noluntu banomthwalo wemfanelo yoluntu kunye nomthetho ukuseka nokugcina indawo ekhuselekileyo nephilileyo. Abanye bayakuvuyela ukuthobela izizathu zokuziphatha okanye ngenxa yokulimala kunye nezifo kunokukhokelela kwimveliso elahlekileyo, inzuzo, kunye neeprojeyam zempilo zonyango eziphezulu. Kuqhelekile ukuba abaqeshi amakhulu bazise imisebenzi yabo yempilo kunye nezokhuseleko ezidlulileyo kwimfuneko yokulawula.
Imbali
Ingcamango yokuba indawo yokusebenzela eUnited States iyafuneka ukuba ihambelane nesiseko esincinci seleko kunye nempilo yemigangatho ayikho into ephikisanayo-kodwa kwakungekho njalo loo ndlela. Imiqathango yokusebenza yeMelika ephakathi iphuculwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye iqala kwiminyaka engama-150 edlulileyo, kunye nemithetho ekhuselekileyo yokuphucula umnotho-mhlaba kwaye ihamba ngokukhawuleza kwemimiselo emincinci eyahlukeneyo eyenziwe phantsi kwamaqela amakhulu amabini ase-US kwiminyaka emva nje.
Ekuvukeni kweMfazwe Yomphakathi, iifemu zaqala ukutshala zonke i-United States. Amaxesha amaninzi asebenza ngabantu abancinci, abanamava abaninzi abanamava, amafektri ayenendawo yokusebenza. Iindaba eziqulunqwe ngxelo ye-1872 yombuso waseMassachusetts 'iBusiness Labor' yachaza ezininzi iziganeko eziphosakeleyo apho abasebenzi balahlekelwa khona imilenze okanye babulawa ngenxa yezixhobo ezinganeleyo kunye nemisebenzi enzima.
Ukongeza kwizinto ezinobungozi kunye noomatshini, izixhobo zazingcolile kwaye zingasebenzi kakuhle. Ukuvula iifestile kwakuza kuphazamisa izinto ngaphakathi kweefektri, ngoko bahlala bevaliwe, bebashiya abasebenzi ukuba baphefumule kwimichiza yeekhemikhali kunye nosuku oluthuliweyo emini nasemini.
Ekuphenduleni ingxelo ye-1872 kunye neenkcukacha zamanani, uMassachusetts waba ngumbuso wokuqala waseUnited States ukufuna ukuhlolwa kwamashishini okuquka ukuqinisekiswa, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ukuphuma komlilo kwakukho kwindawo nganye. Ezinye iinkcukacha zilandela ngokukhawuleza. Ngowe-1890, ii-21 zathi zineentlobo ezithile zomthetho kwiincwadi ezinciphisa izingozi zempilo kwindawo yokusebenzela. Nangona le migudu yayisisinyathelo esilungileyo, kwakungumngcipheko wemithetho kunye nemimiselo. Imithetho eyahlukileyo ukusuka kummandla ukuya kummandla kwaye yayingasoloko iphoqelelwa. Amazwe kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo ekhululekile yakha amashishini awayuka kumazwe anqabileyo, kwaye i-push isenziwa ukuba imisele imimiselo emva. Ukuhamba phambili nokuhamba phambili kwaqala njengoko uluntu ludinga imithetho eminyanisiweyo kunye namashishini alwa ukuyikhulula.
I-stecemeal assortment yemigaqo yagqitywa yaba yinhloko ngoDisemba ka-1970 xa uMongameli uRichard Nixon watyikitya umthetho kuMthetho woKhuseleko kunye neMpilo wezeMisebenzi, ukuba ube ngowomthetho wokuqala wokufikelela kwi-federal law ukukhusela abasebenzi baseMerika. Umthetho wanika igunya likaRhulumente waseUnited States ukubhala nokunyanzelisa umgangatho wokhuseleko kunye nempilo malunga nabo bonke abasebenzi belizwe. Kungekudala emva koko, i-Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) yasungulwa ukuba ilandele ukuphunyezwa komthetho omtsha.
Ukuphuculwa kunye nezongezo kumthetho karhulumente kunye nesebenzisayo kudluliselwe kwiminyaka ukususela, ukwandisa indima yabaqeqeshi bezempilo kunye nezokhuseleko kunye nokuqhubela phambili ukuqinisekisa ukuba indawo yokusebenzela ikhuselekile kubo bonke. Kalokunje, ukuba uyalimala emsebenzini, awuyi kubuya umbulelo ongekho phantsi kohlawulelo lwabasebenzi. Ukusetyenziswa kwezomthetho kufumaneka ngokuchasene nabaqashi abangabikhoyo okanye abangaphephile. Uhlolo kunye nolawulo lolawulo luza kunceda ukuchonga izimo ezingaphephile. Kwaye kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko zendawo zengxowanamhlanje zisebenza ngokukhawuleza zichonga ingozi kwaye zancedisa abaqeshi ukuba bajongane nezimo ezisemgangathweni ezibeka abasebenzi beengozini kwindawo yokuqala.
Nangona kunzima ukuqhathanisa impembelelo yangempela yomthetho-asinayo idatha eninzi kwindawo yokusebenza kwokhuseleko kwiintsuku zangaphambi kwe-OSHA-kuqikelelwa ukuba inani leendawo zokusebenzela emsebenzini liye lancipha ngamaphesenti angama- 65 , nangona i-dramatic ukwanda kwabasebenzi belizwe.
Imiba ekhoyo yangoku
Imiba efundwayo kwaye ilawulwa yiengcali zempilo kunye nezokhuseleko namhlanje zihluka ngokubanzi ngomsebenzi. Ngokomzekelo, izisongelo ezisemgangathweni ezinjengezitali ezide kunye noomatshini obukhulu kunokubakho nkxalabo kubasebenzi bokwakha, kanti impilo yengqondo nokulimala ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunokuba kukugxininisa kwiindawo zeofisi. Nangona kunjalo, nangona uphuculo olunzulu kwimigangatho yendawo yokusebenza, kukho uninzi lwezokhuseleko kunye neempilo kwiimisebenzi zaseMerika apho kungenziwa khona umsebenzi omkhulu.
I Falls
Amakhulu abantu eUnited States bafa ngenxa yokuwa ngonyaka. Yimbangela ebangela ukufa phakathi kwabasebenzi bezakhiwo-kodwa phantse ngokupheleleyo. Kwabaninzi abakhi, abasebenza kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zikhuseleke, kodwa ngokukhusela okufanelekileyo, ukhuselo kunye nokulimala kungagwenywa. Ezi ziqalo kufuneka ziqale ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi uqalise ngethuba lokuqala kwinqanaba lokucwangcisa. Abaqeshi kufuneka badibanise iindleko zezixhobo zokukhusela, njengama-harnesses, i-scaffolds, kunye neenkqubo zokubanjwa kweprojekthi, ukuqikelelwa komsebenzi weprojekthi, ukuze wonke umntu afikelele kwaye aqeqeshwe ukusebenzisa izixhobo azifunayo.
Ukugula Ukugula
Ngokutsho kwe-OSHA, abaninzi abasebenzi bafa minyaka yonke ekusebenziseni ubushushu obukhulu okanye kwiimeko ezimswakama, kwaye amanye amawaka ayagula. Inxalenye enkulu kakhulu yezi ziganeko zenzeke kwishishini lokwakha, kodwa kunokwenzeka nakubani na osebenza kwimeko enokulawulwa kwemozulu ngokufanelekileyo.
Abaqeshi banyanzelekile ngokomthetho phantsi komthetho we-federal ukuqinisekisa ukuba indawo yokusebenza ikhululekile kwiingozi zokhuseleko, kwaye kubandakanywa ukushisa okukhulu. Ngenxalenye yayo, i-OSHA ikhuthaza abanikazi bamashishini kunye nabaphathi ukukhusela abasebenzi babo kwisifo esichaphazelisa ukushisa kunye nokulimala ngokusebenzisa umkhankaso wemiyalezo ebakhuthazayo ukubonelela ngamanzi, ukuphumla kunye nomthunzi kubo bonke abasebenzi-ngokukodwa xa iqhosha lokushisa li-91 degrees Fahrenheit okanye ngaphezulu.
Ukulimala Kokuxinwa Kwengqondo
Indawo ephumayo yenkxalabo ehambelana nomsebenzi wezempilo yenzakaliso ebangelwa ukunyameka kwimiqathango kunye nokuphindaphinda. Abasebenzi abaninzi baseUnited States basebenza ngokukodwa kwiikhomputha, ukuxuba kunye nokuthayibha iiyure ekupheleni, okubangelwa ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwemisipha ethile kunye namalungu. Olu hlobo lwemisebenzi ephindaphindiweyo usuku nosuku luya kubangela ukulimala, njengokwakheka kwe-carpal kunye neyamehlo yamehlo. Ukunyamekela kwabasebenzi banamhlanje ukuba basebenzise ukungahambi kakuhle xa kusetyenziswa izixhobo zecomputer (zombini kunye nexesha elide) nako kunokufaka isandla kwiintlungu zangexesha elide, iimveliso ezilahlekileyo kunye neendleko zonyango. Abaqeshi abaninzi bafumanisa ukuba utyalo-mali kwii-ergonomics kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela i-ofisi (ezifana nokujoliswa kwezinto zokuhamba, ukuhamba, nokuwa) ngokuqinisekileyo kubuyiselwa ngokutsha kwi-investment xa umonakalo olahlekileyo kunye neendleko zonyango zomqeshi ziqwalaselwa.
Indlela yokuziphatha
Njengoko abasebenzi baye bathabathela kwi-labor manual baya kwimisebenzi yedeski, inani labantu base-US liye landa kakhulu. Abasebenzi base-Ofisi bahlala behlala iiyure ngexesha leentsuku zomsebenzi-kungabhekiseki ngexesha lokuhamba kwabo kunye nexesha lokuzonwabisa. Kodwa indlela yokuphila yodwa ingabangela imiphumo emibi kwimpilo yakho, kubandakanywa ukwandisa umngcipheko wokukhuluphala, igazi legazi kunye nokufa. Akumangalisi ke ngoko, ngokutsho kwamaZiko okuLawulwa kweNtsholongwane kunye nokuKhusela, kuphela malunga nesithathu yabantu abadala abafumana ubuncinane bokusebenza okucetyiswayo ukukhusela impilo yakho-malunga nemizuzu engama-30 yomsebenzi olinganayo, iintsuku ezintlanu ngeveki.
Nangona kunjalo, kungenzeka ukuba akunakwanele ukuvala ingozi yokubopha kwideski. Olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba abo bahlala ngama-12.5 iiyure ngosuku (ngaphandle kweendawo zokuba baye emsebenzini bee-ofisi abafuna ukuphumla embhedeni) bekunokwenzeka ukuba bafe kuzo zonke izizathu kunezo zathi zasebenza, zihamba ubuncinane yonke imizuzu engama-30. Oku kunjalo nangona kungakhathaliseki ukuba abantu basebenze rhoqo. Ukuhlala ixesha elide kakhulu kunokuba lunokuba nemiphumo emibi ngexesha elide.
Ulwaphulo-mthetho kwindawo
Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukukhuselwa kwendawo yokusebenza ngokukodwa ngokubhekiselele kumashishini asengozini njengokwakhiwa, ukuloba ngokuloba, okanye ukuloba. Enyanisweni, la macandelo afumana ezinye zeenombolo zeengozi ezibulalayo kakhulu zabasebenzi base-US. Nangona kunjalo, ukulimala okungabhubhi nokugula kukuxelela ibali elihlukileyo. Abancedisi abahlengikazi, umzekelo, bafumana amanye amazinga aphezulu okulimala kwexesha elilahlekileyo ngenxa yobundlobongela obangelwa zizigulane ezingazinzileyo ekunyamekeleni kwabo. Enyanisweni, izinga lokunyanzelisa ubundlobongela baseburhulumenteni okanye iindawo zokuhlala e-United States liphindwe kabini kwimizi yamapolisa aseburhulumenteni kunye namaxesha amane malunga nalabo abasebenza kwishishini lokungena. Ezi nzakala zingabangela ukulahleka okukhulu kwintsebenzo, njengoko ngaphezu kwehafu yesi senzo kubangelwa iintsuku kude nomsebenzi-kungabhekiseli umthwalo owongezelelweyo weendleko zonyango kunye nentlungu yabantu.