Unyaka ngamnye ngaphezu kwezigidi ezi-2 zeentombi kunye nabasetyhini baphoqeleka ukuba bahlaselwe ngamabhinqa omzimba (i-FGM.) Isizathu esithile emva komsebenzi siyahlukahluka kwilizwe kunye nenkcubeko ukuya kwenkcubeko. Nangona kunjalo, isizathu esiqhelekileyo sihlala sisifana. Injongo kukukhanyela abafazi ukuba banelungelo lokulala ngokwesondo kwaye ngokwenza njalo banokulondoloza ubulili babo kubayeni babo.
Ukutyunjwa kwesisu kungaba yinkolelo yenkolo yokuqalisa ukuba ngumfazi, indlela yokuhlambulula inxalenye embi yomzimba, efunwa nguThixo, okanye nje indlela yokwandisa ukuzonwabisa kwabantu. I-FGM, eyaziwa nangokuthi ukuchithwa komzimba okanye ukusoka kwabesetyhini, kuqhutywa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-30. Uninzi lwa mazwe lusebhanti elula lonke elaseNyakatho ye-equator.
Ubungqina bubonisa ukuba i-FGM ayiyi kunyusa umngcipheko wesifazane kwizifo ezithathelwana ngesondo . Kananjalo ngokuqinisekileyo akukhuseli. Kwamazwe amaninzi apho i-FGM iqhutyelwa khona, abafazi abaye bafumana i-mutilation banamazinga afanayo nezifo ezithathelwana ngesondo kwabo abo imizimba yabo ihlala inganyaniseki. Ukufelwa komzimba wesini, kodwa, ukubeka abafazi ingozi enkulu ye- HIV kunye ne-AIDS xa kusetyenziswe iindlela zokugqirha ezingekho nonyango kule nkqubo.
WHO Inkqubo
Ukutyunjwa komzimba wesini akuyinto efanayo. Ikwahlula ukusika ukufaniswa kwezitho zangasese ukugqiba ukususwa kwe-clitoris kunye ne- genitalia yangaphandle ngokugxotha kwamacandelo amabini kwilonda elivulekileyo kunye nokwanele nje kokuvula ukuvumela ukubaleka kwegazi kunye nomchamo.
Ukususwa kwe-clitoris kuyaziwa ngokuba yi-clitoridectomy okanye i-clitorectomy.
I-World Health Organisation iye yavelisa inkqubo yohlulo lwe-FGM eyahlula kwiinqanaba ezilandelayo.
- Uhlobo I -excitce (i-clitoral hood) kunye nenxalenye okanye yonke i-clitoris.
- Uhlobo lwe-II lugxininiso lwe-prepuce kunye ne-clitoris kunye kunye nokungabikho kwenani le-minora.
- Uhlobo lwe-III lubuthathaka. Ukuthintela ukuxhatshazwa kukuxhamla inxalenye okanye zonke izithintelo zangaphandle kunye nokugxotha kwamacala amabini adibeneyo kunye namazinga ahlukeneyo.
- Uhlobo lwe-IV lugqithisa, ukubhoboza, ukuchonga, ukulula, ukutshiza okanye ezinye iinkqubo eziyingozi kwi-clitoris, labia, okanye zombini.
Amava okwenene yeFGM ayisoloko ewela kwelinye lala manqanaba. Ubungakanani bokuhlinzwa buhluka phakathi koogqirha beendawo kunye naphakathi kwamaqela enkcubeko. Ukongezelela, iinkqubo zibandakanya iinkalo zenye okanye ezininzi iintlobo zokutyumba.
Inkqubo
Kunomdla kakhulu ukubhekisela kwi-FGM njengenkqubo yokucoca. Ezi zigulo zihlala ziqhutyelwa ngabagqirha bendabuko ngaphandle kwe-anesthesia basebenzise nayiphi na into abanokuyifumana. Oku kufaka kwiinduku ezibukhali kunye namatye kwiisisi kunye neepenknives. Amadivaysi aqhelekanga atyathwa phakathi kwabasetyhini, okwandisa umngcipheko wokusuleleka kunye nezinye iziphumo eziyingozi.
Kwiimeko zokukhungulwa, imilenze yentombazana ingashiywe ihlanganiswe iiveki ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-6 ukwenzela ukukhuthaza ukuphulukiswa kwesilonda. Emva kokuba uphilisa ushiywe ngesalathisi esingenakuphulwa kwesikhumba esikrakra phakathi kwemilenze yakhe. Kukhona kuphela ukuvula okuncinane apha ngasezantsi ukwenzela ukukhululwa komchamo nokuhamba kwamanzi.
Ngaloo ndlela kuvulwa ngamanye amaxesha kuncinci ukuba umntu angakwazi ukungena ngaphakathi ngempumelelo. Ngelo xesha, liyakwandiswa ngommese okanye esinye isixhobo esikuyo.
Xa ukuphazamiseka kuyinto eqhelekileyo, ukuba ukuvula kube mkhulu kakhulu emva kokuziswa kwamanzi okanye ezinye iimeko, le ngxaki. Ibhinqa linokuthi liphinde libuyele kwakhona ukuze kubuyiselwe ubungakanani obuncinane bokuvula kwangaphambili.
Iimpawu zenyama kunye neengqondo
Ukufelwa kwentsholongwane kudla ngokuqhelekileyo xa abantu besetyhini bephakathi kweminyaka emi-4 ne-10 ubudala. Nangona kunjalo, inokwenzeka ukususela ekuqaleni kwasebusaneni kwaye ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lokukhulelwa kokuqala.
Ngokuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo wokutyunjwa kwezinto ezinokubangela ukuba unobungozi obunokwenyama nangokwenyama. Iziphumo zomzimba ezingalindelekanga zeFGM ziquka:
- Ukuphuma kwegazi
- Ukulimala kwi-urethra kunye nesisu
- Usulelo lwe-Urinary nokugcina
- Amathambo aphukile emagqabini nasemilenzeni apho abafazi bebanjwe khona bebanzima
- Usulelo olusisiseko
- Ukungenzi lutho
- Feath
Iziphumo zengqondo ziquka:
- Isifo sokuphazamiseka kwengxaki esithumelayo
- Ukuxhalabisa
- Ukuxinezeleka
- Ukwesaba ukulala ngesondo (njengoko kuhloswe)
FGM Ngaphandle kweAfrika
Njengoko uhambo lwehlabathi luba ngolu hlobo olusondeleyo kunye neepatheni zokufuduka, i-FGM ishintshile. Yayisetyenziselwa ukuba yingxaki ebalulekileyo yaseAfrika. Ngoku yinto echaphazela amazwe ngamazwe. Iintlanga zeNtshona, ngokubanzi, zineentlobo ezimbini zentetho yomthetho ngeFGM. Kukho ababaleki abafuna ukukhuselwa ukuba babalekele kunye nabafuduki abafuna ukukhuselwa ngokomthetho ukuba benze. Uninzi amazwe enza konke okusemandleni ukuhlonipha iinkolelo nezenkcubeko zabafuduki. Nangona kunjalo, kukho ukuvumelana okukhulayo ukuba i-FGM ayikwaphulwa kwamalungelo oluntu. Amazwe akhula ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba ukuhlonipha le nkcubeko yenkcubeko engalunganga.
Iingcamango zokuziphatha nokuziphatha
IUnited States yatshitshitshisa umkhuba we-FGM ngo-1997. Iintlanga ezininzi zaseYurophu zitshutshisa oogqirha bezokwelapha ukuze benze i-FGM. Oku kuye kwabangela ingxoxo enomdla. Ukuba ngaba abazali baya kufumana indlela yokuba iintombi zabo zihluthwe, mhlawumbi zizithumele ngeli holide emazweni abo ukuze zenze inkqubo, ngaba kungcono ukuvumela umkhuba ukuba ufikelele ukhuseleko lweziko lonyango lwanamhlanje ? Oku kunganciphisa ubuncipheko beengxaki ezingafunekiyo kunye nosulelo?
Abanye oogqirha baye bafumanisa ukuba ukutshatyalaliswa okuphawulekayo kwe-clitoris, okanye ukunciphisa amancinci, kuyindawo engamkelekanga ye-FGM epheleleyo kwimimandla ethile. Xa ukuthunyelwa kwegazi kuyimfuneko kuphela, inqubo eyenziwa ngunyango ingenziwa phantsi kwe-anesthesia kwaye ilungiswe ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle kokulimala ngokomzimba okanye kwengqondo kumntwana. Nangona kunjalo, iinkonzo ezininzi zezokwelapha zaseNtshona ziyakwenqabela ukuba ootitshala babo bahlanganyele nasiphi na inkqubo enjalo engadingekile kwizitho zangasese. Izizathu zalo mgaqo zicacile. Nangona kunjalo, abanye abantu baye baxela ukuba kulo mzekelo ukuziphatha kweNtshona kunye nokuziphatha ngokusemthethweni kufumana endleleni yokuphila komntwana. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokukodwa kuba iinkqubo zokufuzisela zininzi kakhulu kunokwaluka kwamadoda .
Ukuvuselelwa ngokobuGeni ngokuzithandela
Nokuba nje iingxabano ezinxulumene nokuhlukunyezwa kwamabhinqa zikhula, kwaye umkhwa uya kuba mnandi, ukuvuselelwa ngokobulili ngokuzithandela kuya kwanda ngakumbi. Abasetyhini bafuna ukuphinda baphinde baphinde bazibonele 'ukucoceka' kubonakala, kunye nelabi yangaphakathi efihliweyo kunye ne-labi yangaphandle eyayingabonakala kwimagazini. Enyanisweni, iimagazini ze-girly ezenze ukuba abafazi baxhalabele ngokubonakala kwabo ngokocini. Abasetyhini batyelwa ukuba i-airbrushed symmetry kunye nokungabi nantlukwano yinto abantu abajonga ngayo bebuhle kwaye bafuna ukutshintsha imizimba yabo ukuba ifane. Uphando lucebisa ukuba abaninzi abafazi abakwenzayo kulolu hlobo lotyando baye bathetha kuwo ngamaqabane abo abafuna ukubonakala kwendlela yokudlala ye-Playboy elele eceleni kwabo ebhedini.
Utyando lweplastiki lwentlobo lungabandakanya ukuqiniswa kokuvulwa kwesisu, nokuba emva kokubeletha okanye ukuhlala kunye nomlingane kunye nobukhulu bepenis. Iinkcukacha ziphikisana, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ngaba ngokwenene ukwandisa umfazi wesithandwa sakhe ngokwesini kuba inkqubo yokugocula inonakalisa iimbetho kunye nemisipha kwaye inokubangela ukonakala kwendawo. Ukuhlaziywa kwamanzi ngokwesini akuyona inkqubo entsha. Abasetyhini bebenama-tucks ukuze baqine i-vaginas emva kokubeletha iminyaka emininzi.
Intombi isoloko ibe yintengiso yabasetyhini, kwaye kwanekhulu lama-21 incinane ishintshile. Ukuzonwabisa okuzicatshulwa kwe-hymen, umzekelo, kukhula ekuthandeni njengenkqubo ekhethiweyo kwihlabathi. Xa idibansi yabasetyhini eMbindi-mpuma ibeka ingozi kwimiphumo emibi xa ingazange ibonakale ingqamle embethe yabo yomtshato (Njengoko i-hymen ingonakaliswe kwiindlela ezingezona zesondo, i-hymenoplasty inokuthintela abafazi ukuba bangaphathi kakubi ngenxa yokungabi nobuntombi. ), ngoku ihamba ngendlela yefashoni. Abasetyhini bakhetha njengesipho kubayeni babo, okanye ukudukisa iqabane elizayo. Kubonakala ukuba, ukubonakala kobunyulu akufanelekanga nje ukuhlinzwa ngokugqithisileyo kodwa kwakhona ukuhlanganiswa kwesini ngesantya esingabalulekanga.
Ziyintoni na le nkqubo yokuzithandela ifana neengxaki zokuxhatshazwa kwabantu besini? ESweden, umthetho owenzelwe ukuthintela okwesibini ube nemiphumo engalindelekanga yokuphatha kakubi okokuqala. Ukufana okungaqhelekanga kwezi nkqubo kuye kwabangela ezinye izazinzulu ukuba zibuze ukuba ukukhuselwa kwamabhinqa angamahlwempu aseAfrika ngelixa ukuvumela abafazi abacebileyo baseNtshona ukuba bakhethe inkqubo efana neyobuhlanga ngokobuhlanga.
Oku kubonakala kunzima, kodwa kubonakala kunengqondo ukubuza ukuba ngaba ngaba besetyhini bevuma ukusetyenziswa kwe-FGM kufuneka ukuba bangavunyelwa. Ingxabano idla ngohlobo lokuba iimeko zabo zenkcubeko zicinga ukuba inkqubo iyafuneka kubo, okanye iintombi zabo, kodwa ininzi yabasetyhini abakhetha ukufumana i-labioplasty nayo iphendula kwiingcinezelo zentlalo. Ewe, abafazi abasebenza ngokuzithandela bazama ukuphucula ubomi babo ngokwesondo kunokuzilimaza, kodwa abafazi abachaphazelekayo kwiFGM baqinisa ubudlelwane babo bobuhlobo, abanokuthi baqikelele, kubaluleke kakhulu.
Kukho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezili-130 kwiimfazwe ezithinteka ngokungenakudliwa yi-FGM, obona ubunzima obungokwenyama nangokwemvakalelo, kwaye ihlazo lokuba into engekho nto yenza ukuba kube lula ukuphazamisa ukugwetywa kwesenzo esiyingozi kakhulu bafazi. Oorhulumente behlabathi lonke baye bamgxeka iFGM ngesizathu esihle, ukwenzela ukukhusela amantombazana nabasetyhini abasemngciphekweni wabo, kunye namaqela okufikelela ngokuqhubekayo azama ukufumana iindlela zokunceda abantu abakholelwa kulo mkhuba bafumana enye indlela eyingozi. Kuhlala uxanduva lwabantu ngabanye noorhulumente ukuchonga indlela yokudweba umgca phakathi kwentlonipho kunye nokukhuselwa, nokuba ingaba yintlawulo yokukhetha.
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