"Akumangalisi," u-Shakespeare wammangalisa ngo- Ado About Nothing , "ukuba loo mvu igxotha imiphefumlo ngaphandle kwamalungu omzimba?" Izixhobo zomculo ze-Elizabethan iingoma kunye neetoni ze-elektroniki zamakhibhodi anamhlanje zinomxholo ofanayo-ukuhlanganiswa okungaqhelekanga kwezicubu ze-biological kunye nemiqondiso yamandla eyenza ingqondo yengqondo nengqondo.
Amaza omoya oxinzezelekileyo ohambisa i-eardrums iqhuba njani ukubetha iinyawo okanye amehlo?
Umntu ongenakho ukuqeqeshwa komculo wazi ukuba ingoma yomculo ivakale okanye ayikho? Kutheni umxholo othile womculo ungenza ukuba umhlobo wethu amomotheka kodwa ushiye ushushu?
Umculo nawe
Sibuchopho bethu, kwaye izinto ezimbalwa zichaphazela, kwaye ngoko iinkqubo zethu zeentlanzi, njengomculo zinako. Iingcali ze-neuro ziye zazibuza ngokuphathelele le nzekayo yomntu jikelele kunye neyodwa. Nangona ezinye izilwanyana, ezinjengeentaka okanye iimbhokhwe, zisebenzisa umculo kumnxibelelwano, abantu banomdla ngokukhethekileyo ngokuvelisa umculo kunye nokusetyenziswa.
Enye indlela yokusondela kule mibuzo ngokufunda iziganeko ezingaqhelekanga. Ngokomzekelo, abanye abantu abanesifo esibuhlungu okanye isicikimiculo kwiindawo ezithile zeengqondo zabo bafumana i-amusia-oko kukuthi, abakwazi ukuvelisa okanye baxabise izandi zomculo. Kwiingxaki ezingaqhelekanga zomculo, ukuphulaphula iingoma ezithile (kunye neengoma ezilungileyo) kunokuvelisa ukuxhwala .
Imfuyo ye-Williams syndrome inxulumene nomdla omkhulu womculo, kodwa iyanciphisa ubuchule kwezinye iindawo eziqondayo.
Ngokufunda iziganeko ezizodwa kunye nokusebenzisa ezinye iindlela zokuphanda, izazi ze-neuros ziye zaqala ukuqonda kakuhle iimfihlelo zomculo. Abanye bafumanisa ukuba luncedo ukwahlula umculo kumacandelo amathathu: ukuqonda izandi, ukuqonda umculo kunye nokuvalelwa iimvakalelo.
Ukuqonda izandi
Ngokukhawuleza ukuba amaza omsindo ahlasela i-eardrum, inkqubo ye-nervous iqala ukuhlela isandi. Amasebe ezinwele kwi-cochlea yeendlebe zangaphakathi zicwangciswe ukwenzela ukuba iifom ezantsi zivuselele iiseli ezikufutshane kunye nezikhundla eziphezulu zithatha isiseko se-cochlear. Le ntlangano igcinwa njengoko isignali idluliselwa kwi-nuclei ye-brainstem ukuya kwi-nucleus ye-geniculate ye-thalamus. Ukusuka kule nucleus, iimpawu zokuhlola zihanjiswe kwi-cortex yengqondo kwi-lobe ye-temporal.
Ukuqaphela umculo
I-anatomy ne-physiology ye-recognition of music ayiqondwa kakuhle njengezinto ezisiseko zeengcamango zengxolo. Le nxalenye yombulelo womculo ivela kwi-lobes yangaphambili neyesikhashana, inxalenye entsha yengqondo ehluke kakhulu ukusuka kumntu ngamnye. I-lobes yangaphambili ibandakanyeka ngohlobo oluthile lokubonakalisa iprogram olukhankanywe ngumongameli wezomculo uJoseph Waters, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba kubandakanyeka ukuqonda iindidi ezahlukeneyo, izandi kunye nemixholo yomculo.
Abanye abaphandi baye bafunda indlela abaculi ababona ngayo umculo ngokuchasene nabangewona abaculi. Ezinye izifundo zengcamango zibonise ukuba xa uphulaphule umculo, i-hemisphere yesigxina sekhohlo iya kubandakanyeka ngakumbi kwiimvumi kunokuba kungabikho abaculi.
Ubume bekhohlo bobuchopho bubucatshulwa njengento ehlalutya ngakumbi kunelungelo, ukubonisa ukuba uvavanyo oluphezulu loomculo kulaba baphulaphuli abaqeqeshiwe kakhulu.
Umculo kunye Nomzwelo
Nangona i-lobes yangaphambili inokukunceda ukuchonga nokuqonda imiba eyahlukeneyo yomculo, ngokuqinisekileyo kunomculo kunomhlalutya wengqondo. Iimvakalelo ezishukunyiswa ngumculo yinto egcina ininzi yethu ibuyela ngokunye. Enye yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi zomculo kukuba umlingiswa womculo awuhambelani ngokupheleleyo namava ethu omzwelo. Ngokomzekelo, sinokuphulaphula i-aria ephazamisayo kwaye sizive sisantya sosizi, ngelixa sithandana kakhulu namava amaninzi.
Ukukwazi kwethu ukuthetha indlela umculo omiselweyo owenzelwe ngayo ukuba sizive sihambelana kunye nobudala bokukhula kubantwana. Njengoko abantwana bekhulile, ukukwazi ukulungelelanisa izihluthulelo ezinkulu kunye ne-tempos ngokukhawuleza kunye nolonwabo kunye nezitshixo ezincinci kunye neentlungu ezinxantathu kunye nentlungu ziba zihambelana. Lo mbandela woxabiso lomculo uhlangene nomsebenzi kwi-lobe yangasese ekhohlo kunye ne-cortex emibini ephezulu.
Siva amandla omnye umculo kunye nomzimba wethu wonke. Umculo othakazelisayo uvuselela indawo yengqondo yengqondo, isikhungo sokuvuza esiye senziwa ngothando nothando kunye neziyobisi. Indawo ye-ventral tegmental ithatha inxaxheba kwisiphaluka se-neural equka i-hypothalamus, isikhungo sengqondo esixhomekeke kwinkqubo ye-nervous autonomic system. Oku kunokubangela ukwanda kwenani lentliziyo, utshintsho kwiphepha lokuphefumula, kunye nokuvakalelwa "kwee-chills".
Coda
Umculo uyisisiseko kwimisebenzi yethu yengqondo. Umculo usisondeza njengabantwana kwaye sihlala sisinye sezinto ezinengqondo ezingaphephekiyo ezinxamnye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo xa sisineminyaka yobudala. Impembelelo yomculo kuluntu isendulo. Ubungqina bokuqala beempahla zomculo zomculo zibuyele emva kweminyaka engama-50 000 kwisithambo somfulo esitholakala emqolombeni. Abantu abaninzi banomuvo wokuthi enye yezona zinto zityhila kakhulu ngezinto abangazifunda ngenye inkohliso yomntu ekuthandeni kwabo kumculo. Ngokufunda indlela ubuchopho buxabisa ngayo umculo, izazinzulu zithemba ukuba zifunde ngokubanzi malunga noko kukuthi sisenza ngokukhethekileyo kwaye ngakumbi abantu.
Imithombo:
Steven A Sparr, i-Amusia kunye nesifo somzimba. Iingxelo ze-Neurology zangoku kunye neeuroscience (2003) Umqulu: 3, Inkqutyana: 6, Amaphepha: 502-507
I-Musical Brain: Inkolelo kunye neSayensi. U-Antonio Montinaro World I-Neurosurgery Meyi 2010 (Izahluko 73, iNqaku 5, iphepha 442-453).
UBrandy R. Matthews, Isahluko 23 Ingqondo yomculo, I-Handbook ye-Clinical Neurology 2008; 88 (): 459-469.