UkuLawulwa koLawulo lokuzalwa
Icala le- Griswold v Connecticut ligqitywe ngoJuni 7, 1965. Le meko yayibalulekile kuba iNkundla ePhakamileyo yayigweba ukuba abantu abatshatileyo banelungelo lokusebenzisa ukukhulelwa . Ngokuqinisekileyo yatshintshile indlela yokuzimela kunye nenkululeko ekhulayo ekhoyo namhlanje. Ngaphambi kwesi siganeko, ukusetyenziswa kolawulo lokubeletha kwakunqatshelwe okanye kukhutshwe.
Imvelaphi
Ngowe-1960, kwakukho amaqela angama-30 anemithetho (idla ngokudlula ixesha elithile ngasekupheleni kwee-1800s) ezithintela ukuthengiswa nokuthengiswa kwezinto zokukhulelwa.
Ezinye iinjongo, ezifana neConnecticut neMassachusetts, zithintela ukusetyenziswa kokulawula kokuzalwa ngokupheleleyo.
Enyanisweni, kwimeko yaseConnecticut, ukusetyenziswa kokukhulelwa kwesohlwayo kwakuhlawuliswe i $ 50 kunye / okanye ukuya kunyaka omnye entolongweni. Umthetho uvimbela ukusebenzisa "naliphi na isicatshulwa, isicatshulwa okanye isixhobo sonyango ngenjongo yokukhusela ukukhulelwa." Umthetho wagcina wagcina, "nawuphi na umntu oncedisayo, obambelela, ocebisa, obangela, oqeshwe okanye oyalela omnye ukuba enze nayiphi na ityala angatshutshiswa aze ahlwaywe njengokungathi nguye owonayo." Nangona lo mthetho wenziwa ngowe-1879, kwakungekho nanyanzelwanga.
Ngo-1961, u-Estelle Griswold (uMlawuli oyiNtloko we-Planned Parenthood League yase-Connecticut) kunye noDkt. C. Lee Buxton (uSihlalo weSebe le-Obstetrics kwi-Yale University School of Medicine) wanquma ukuvula ikliniki yokulawula ukuzalwa ku-New Haven, Injongo ephambili yokumelana nomgaqo-siseko we-Connecticut.
Iklinikhi yabo inikezela ulwazi, umyalelo, kunye neengcebiso zonyango kubantu abatshatileyo malunga nezindlela zokukhusela ukukhulelwa. Ekliniki, baya kuhlola abafazi (abafazi) kwaye banikeze isisombululo esilungileyo sokukhusela okanye izinto eziphathekayo kubo ngamnye ukuba basebenzise.
UGriswold wayekhungathekiswe ngumthetho waseConnecte kuba wawuguqulela abafazi abafuna ukulawulwa kokuzalwa kunye noogqirha babo kubagebengu.
Iklinikhi yasebenza kuphela ukususela ngoNovemba 1 ukuya kuNovemba 10, 1961. Emva kokuba ivule iintsuku ezili-10, bobabini uGriswold noBuxton babanjwe. Baye batshutshiswa, batholakala benetyala, kwaye nganye ihlawulwe i-$ 100. Inkolelo yabo yaphakanyiswa yiCandelo Lokufaka isicelo seNkundla yeSekethe kunye neNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-Connecticut. UGriswold wabhenela isigwebo sakhe kwiNkundla ePhakamileyo yase-United States ngo-1965.
Ibango loMmangali
E- Griswold v. Connecticut , u-Estelle Griswold kunye noDkt. C. Lee Buxton baphikisa ukuba umthetho waseConnecte ngokuchasene nokusetyenziswa kokulawula ukuzalwa kuhambelana neSihlomelo sesi-14, esithi,
"Akukho rhu lumente oya kwenza okanye agxininise nawuphi na umthetho oya kubangela amalungelo okanye ukukhuseleka kwabemi baseUnited States; kwaye akukho nawuphi na urhulumente oza kunciphisa nawuphi na umntu wobomi, inkululeko okanye ipropathi ngaphandle kwemigaqo yomthetho ... ukukhuselwa okulinganayo kwemithetho "(uhlengahlengiso 14, iCandelo 1).
INkundla ePhakamileyo
Ngo-Matshi 29, 1965, u-Estelle Griswold kunye noDkt. Buxton baphikisana necala labo phambi kweNkundla ePhakamileyo. Izigwebo ezisixhenxe zongamele ukuphulaphula - uMgwebi oyiNtloko: u-Earl Warren; kunye noQuqulelo oluManyeneyo: uHugo Black, uWilliam J. Brennan Jr., uTom C. Clark, uWilliam O. Douglas, uArthur Goldberg, uJohn M. Harlan II, uPotter Stewart kunye noByron White.
Isigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo
Icala lagqitywa ngoJuni 7, 1965. Kwisigqibo se-7-2, inkundla inqume ukuba umthetho we-Connecticut awuhambisani nomgaqo-siseko kuba wawuphulaphula iSigqibo soMgaqo-nkqubo. Inkundla ithe yaqhubeka yathi ilungelo lomgaqo-siseko lokubambisana nabasetyhini abaqinisekileyo bodwa banelungelo lokwenza izigqibo malunga nokukhulelwa. UWilliam uWilliam O. Douglas wabhala uluvo oluninzi.
Ngubani owavotelayo kunye noGriswold v
- Ubuninzi: UWilliam O. Douglas wabhala ukuba ilungelo lobundlobongela bomtshato liphakathi kwe "penumbra" yeBhili yamalungelo. Ngokombono ohambelanayo, u-Justice Goldberg wabhala ukuba ilungelo lokuzimela ngasese kwimibano yomtshato "lilungelo lomntu" elondolozwa ngabantu 'ngentsingiselo yesiTshintsho sesithandathu. "UBulungisa uHarlan II noBulungisa White nabo bavumelana ngokugcina ukuba ikhuselwe ngumgaqo-nkqubo ofunekayo weSihlomelo sesine.
- Ukunyaniseka: UHugo Black noBotter Stewart bobabini bafaka iingcamango ezingavumiyo ezichaza ukuba urhulumente unelungelo lokuhlaselwa ngasese ngaphandle kokuba kukho umgaqo-siseko owenqabela ukuhlasela. UJustice Black wagxeka ukuba ilungelo lokuzimela ngasese alifumaneki naphina kuMgaqo-siseko. UBulungisa uStewart wachaza umthetho waseConnecon ngokuthi "umthetho ongeyinto engaqhelekanga" kodwa wathi unomgaqo-siseko.
I-Rationale emva kweGriswold v. Isigqibo seConnecticut
Esi sigqibo seNkundla ePhakamileyo saphendule umthetho we-Connecticut owawunqande ukucebisa ngokukhusela kunye nokusetyenziswa kokukhulelwa. Isigwebo siyabona ukuba uMgaqo-siseko awukhuseli ngokucacileyo umntu ngokusemthethweni ilungelo lokuzimela ngasese; nangona kunjalo, iBhili yamaLungelo adala i-penumbras, okanye indawo yokuzimela ngasese, apho urhulumente akakwazanga ukuphazamisa.
Inkundla igcinwe ukuba ilungelo lokubambisana lomtshato liyi-intrinsic kwi-yokuqala, yesithathu, yesine, yesihlanu, neyesithandathu. Isibambiso sagqithisa kwakhona ilungelo lokuzimela ngasese kwimibandela yomtshato ukuba yilungelo elingenakubalwa (elichazwe kwiilwimi, imbali, kunye nesakhiwo somgaqo-siseko nangona kungakhange kubhekiswe ngokucacileyo kwitekisi) ehambelana nencazelo yesiTshintsho sesithandathu. Xa sele ibonakaliswe ngale ndlela, eli lungelo lokubaluleka komtshato libhekwa njengelinye lezinkululeko ezibalulekileyo ezikhuselekiswa nguTshintsho lweshumi elinesine ekuphazamiseleni lizwe. Ngaloo ndlela, umthetho weConnecticut waphula ilungelo lokuzimela ngasese emtshatweni kwaye wafunyaniswa ukuba awuhambisani nomgaqo-siseko.
I- Griswold v. Connecticut ilawula ngokucacileyo ukuba imfihlo emkhatsini womtshato iyindawo yokuzikhethela umgaqo karhulumente. Njengoko ubulungisa bukaJustice Douglas kwiNkundla,
"Iimeko ezikhoyo, ngoko, zixhalabele ubudlelwane obulele ngaphakathi kwendawo yobumfihlo obunikwe iziqinisekiso eziningana zomgaqo-siseko. Yaye ithetha nomthetho othi, ekunqandeni ukusetyenziswa kwemithi yokukhusela kunokuba ulawule ukuvelisa okanye ukuthengiswa kwawo, ufuna ukufezekisa iinjongo zayo ngeendlela ezinokuchaphazela ukutshatyalaliswa kwelo hlobo. ...
Ngaba siza kuvumela amapolisa ukuba afune iindawo ezingcwele zamagumbi okulala emitshatweni yomtshato ngempawu zokutshatyalaliswa kwemithi yokukhusela? Leyo ngcamango iyanqabisa kwiingcamango zobumfihlo ezizungeze ubudlelwane bomtshato.
Sisebenzelana nelungelo lokuzimela ngasese kunomThetho oYilwayo wamaLungelo ... Umtshato ukuza kunye kunye nokubhetele, ngokuqinisekileyo ukunyamezela, kunye nobudlelwane obungcwele. Kodwa kunjalo ngumbutho weenjongo ezinjengezo naziphi na ezibandakanyekayo kwizigqibo zethu zangaphambili. "
Yintoni uGriswold v Connecticut engavumelekanga
Nangona i- Griswold yaseConnecticut egunyazisiweyo isemthethweni ukusetyenziswa kokukhulelwa, le nkululeko yayisetyenziswa kuphela kwiibini ezitshatileyo. Ngoko ke, ukusetyenziswa kolawulo lokubeletha kwakusenqatshelwe kubantu abangatshatanga. Ilungelo lokusebenzisa izithandabuzo aluzange linyanzelwe kubantu abangatshatanga NGOKUNYE i- Eisenstadt v. Icala leNkundla ePhakamileyo leBaird lagqiba ngo-1972!
U-Griswold v. Connecticut usungile ilungelo lokuzimela ngasese kuphela kwiibini ezitshatileyo. Kwi- Eisenstadt v. Icala leBaird , ummangalelwa wathi ukukhanyela abantu abangashadile ilungelo lokusebenzisa ukulawulwa kokuzalwa xa abantu abatshatiweyo bevunyelwe ukusebenzisa ukukhulelwa komzimba kwakuphulwa kweSigqeba soKhuselo esifana nesiTshintsho sesine. INkundla Ephakamileyo yatshintsha umthetho waseMassachusetts olwaphulo-mthetho ukusetyenziswa kwezinto zokukhulelwa ngabantwana abatshatileyo. Inkundla yalawula ukuba iMassachusetts ayinakuwugxininisa lo mthetho ngokubhekiselele kwizibini ezitshatileyo (ngenxa yeGriswold v Connecticut ), ngoko umthetho usebenza ngokuthi "ucalulo olungenangqiqo" ngokukhanyela imibhangqwana engatshatanga inelungelo lokufumana i-contraceptive. Ngaloo ndlela, i- Eisenstadt v. Isigqibo seBaird samisela ilungelo labantu abangatshatanga ukuba basebenzise ukukhulelwa komzimba ngesiseko esifanayo.
Ukubaluleka kweGriswold v Connecticut
Isinqumo se-Griswold saseConnecticut siye sasiza ukubeka isiseko senkululeko enkulu yokuzala njengamanje evunyelwe phantsi komthetho. Ukususela kule sigwebo, iNkundla ePhakamileyo ikhankanyile ilungelo lokuzimela ngasese kwiintlanganiso ezininzi zeeNkundla. I- Griswold v Connecticut ibeka umzekelo wokubala ngokusemthethweni kolawulo lokuzalwa, njengoko kumiselwe kwi- Eisenstadt v .
Ukongezelela, ilungelo lokuzimela ngasese libe yintloko yamagumbi eRoe v. Icala leNkundla ePhakamileyo yeWade . Kwi- Roe v. Wade , iNkundla inqume ukuba ilungelo labasetyhini lokukhetha ukukhupha isisu likhuselwe njengesigqibo sabucala phakathi kwakhe kunye nodokotela wakhe. Inkundla yaqhubeka igweba ukuba ukuvinjelwa isisu kwakuya kuphulwa kweNkqubo yokuCwangciswa kweNqweno yeshumi elinesine, ekhusela kwizenzo zombuso eziphikisana nelungelo lokuzimela ngasese (kubandakanywa nelungelo lomfazi lokuphelisa ukukhulelwa kwakhe).