Iindaba zibonisa ukutshintsha kweengxaki ngeentsizana
Iingcamango zenkcubeko ngezithulu ngaphezu kwezizukulwana ziye zaxutyushwa ngokubanzi ngolu hlobo lwexesha. Kwiminveveli yamandulo yamandulo, abantu abayizithulu babevame ukubonakaliswa kakubi ngababhali abababonayo njengobuncitshisiweyo, obonakalisiweyo okanye okhohlakeleyo.
Nangona abalobi bexesha elidala benza imizamo ekubonakaliseni isisithulu ngokukhanya okucwangcisekileyo, kusekho iingcamango ezinengqondo kunye neengcamango eziphosakeleyo ezibethekisayo nakwezona ncwadi.
UkuBhala kweNkulungwane yama-20
Ininzi yamabali endala malunga nokungazithulu kubhaliwe ngababhali bokuva. Enye yeyokuqala yayinguDaniel Defoe, umvelisi owaziwayo owaye wabhala uRobinson Crusoe .
Incwadana, i -Life and Adventures yaseDuncan Campbell , yayiyincwadi ekhethekileyo ngexesha layo. Kubhalwe ngo-1729, ichaza intombi yomlingisi ogama linguLoggin "njengommangaliso wobungqina kunye nomntu onobuhle" oye wahlakulela ingqondo kwaye wakwazi ukuthetha nokufunda ngomlomo.
Ngokwengxenye yakhe, uDefoe wathola ukuphefumlelwa kwakhe kumsebenzi kayisezala, owayengutitshala wezizithulu eNgilandi.
Ukubonakaliswa kukaDefo kwaba yinto ephawulekayo kumgaqo apho ukuthuluba kwakusoloko kubonakaliswa njengento engathandekiyo okanye isixhobo sokukhohlisa. Phakathi kwemizekelo:
- I-Cadwallader Crabtree kwi- Pegree Pickle nguTobas Smollett (1751), owayengeyisisithulu kodwa wayenza ngathi ukunyusa inkohliso
- I-Quasimodo kwi -Hunchback ye-Notre Dame nguVictor Hugo (1831), isisithulu, esisisithulu esipheleleyo esilungele ukuphela emva kokuthandana nendoda enhle ye-gypsy
- USir Kenneth waseScotland kwiTalisman nguSir Walter Scott (1851), ozenza ngathi uyintonga yeNubian isisithulu ukuze athole abanye emkhosini kaKumkani
- UKumkani noDuke kuMark Twain I-Adventures yeHuckleberry Finn (1885), omnye wabo uzenza ngathi uyisithulu ngelixa elinye lisetyenzisile ulwimi lwezandla ukuthetha nabanye
Uncwadi lweNkulungwane yama-20
Nangona isithulu sabonakaliswa ngokukhanya kancinci kakhulu ngabalobi bekhulu lama-20, abaninzi abaninzi ababenokungazi. Oku kwakungekho nje kuphela kubalingiswa abayizithulu kodwa abo banaluphi na uhlobo lokukhubazeka olusuka kuTom Robinson ekubulaleni i-Mockingbird kunye noLenny kwi- Amice kunye namadoda ukuya kuLaura kwi -Glass Menagerie . Bonke babegqityiweyo abalinganiswa abangenakucingelwa ukuba bahlelwe yintlekele.
Ngeli xesha, ukungavumi kwakusetyenziswe njengesiqhelo sokwahlukana kwenkcubeko kwiindibano ezininzi kunye neembali zekhulu le-20. Ezi ziquka abalinganiswa njengaye:
- UJames Knapp kwi-Eugene O'Neill's Warnings (1913), umnxeba ongenazixhobo ongenazithulu aze emva koko uzibulale emva kokubangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-SS Empress
- Indoda endala e-Ernest Hemingway "Indawo ecocekileyo ekhanyisiweyo" (1933), isisulu sokuzibulala, isisithulu esingasisithulu esingafuni nto ngaphandle kokuzivalela kwihlabathi
- I-Holden Caulfield kuJD Salinger's The Catcher kwi-Rye (1951), abaphuphayo abayizithulu nabahlala kwihlabathi elipheleleyo
- U-Misses Tutti noFrutti kuHarper Lee wokubulala i-Mockingbird (1960), oodade ababini abangezithulu ababezijolise ekujolisekeni kunye nokuxhatshazwa kwabantwana beedolophu
Ngethamsanqa, akubona bonke abantu abangezithulu kwiincwadi eziye zenzelwe ukuhlushwa okufanayo. Inani labalobi bexesha langoku benza imizamo yokunyuka ngaphaya kweenkcchés kunye nokubonisa abantu abazizithulu njengezinto ezizimeleyo ngokupheleleyo ngobomi obuphathekayo. Ezinye zezona mzekelo zibalaseleyo ziquka:
- UJohn Singer kwiColonon McCuller's Inhliziyo nguLonely Hunter (1940), indoda engumntu oyisithulu olawula ukulwa nobuhlobo obunzulu nabantu baseGeorgia encinane
- ULinda Snopes Kohl kuWilliam Faulkner's The Mansion (1959), umfazi oyisithulu, onamandla onomdla obangela ingxabano kwilokishi lakhe laseMississippi xa ekhetha ukufundisa abantwana abamnyama
U-Alice Guthries ku-Sara Flanigan ka- Alice (ngo-1988), intombazana eyisithulu, isisifo esithintekayo , emva kokushiywa nguyise, ikwazi ukuzifundisa nokulwa nokusetyenziswa kakubi kolutsha lwakhe