Oko Sithatha Ngoku Kukhokelela
A
Iintsuku zokuqala zeenkcazo kumabonwakude zithetha ukucacisa okuvulekileyo, ngamazwi acatshulweyo ngqo kwisikrini. Vula amagama-magama aqale ngeCheferensi yesiFulentshi kwi-PBS (1972). Kungekudala kwalandelwa ezinye iinkqubo kuquka:
- I-News Today ye-ABC yeendaba zehlabathi
- Zoom
- Kanye emva kweKlasi
Ezi nkqubo zakuqala zachazwa yiziko leNgcaciso yeWGBH. Nangona kunjalo, ukuchazwa ngokucacileyo okuvakalayo kwakungamkelwa kwamkelekileyo kuluntu kwaye oku kwakhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweenkcazo ezivaliweyo.
Iigcazo ezivaliweyo zisasazwa kumgca we-21 wexesha lokuvala elingenanto, kwaye ayibonakali ngaphandle kokuba i-circuit decoding circuitry isetyenziswe. (Ukusetyenziswa kweNgcaciso 21 yeengcaphuno ezivaliweyo kuvunywe ngo-1976 yiKhomishoni ye-Federal Communications).
Ukuqala kweenkcazo ezivaliweyo
Ndifumene isaziso esincinci kwiphephandaba lam lendawo ukuba urhulumente waqulunqa i-National Captioning Institute engenzi nzuzo eza kuthengisa izitatimende ezizodwa zokubhaliweyo, kunye nokuqhotyoshelweyo okuza kuvalwa ngo-1980. ingxabano enokuthi ibe ne-PBS ngokusebenzisa i-WGBH yeZiko leNgcaciso, unikeza iinkonzo zenkcazo yamanye amanethiwekhi. Ngokukhawuleza ndaqala ukugcina yonke imali yam kwi-decoder. Ndiyakhumbula nje uhambo oluya kwiiSears ukuze ndilandele i-decoder yam yokuqala, kwaye ndonwabile ngo-Matshi 1980 njengoko ndibukele inkqubo yam yokuqala yokuvota, isiqephu seBarney Miller, kwi-tv encane emnyama neyemhlophe.
Iingcaphuno ezivaliweyo zethelevishini zakhula, kodwa zanele ukwanelisa abantu abayizithulu. Ingxaki yayiyimeko yeklasi kunye neqanda xa abavakalisi bengenakufuna ukucacisa ngakumbi ngaphandle kokuba abanye abathengisi beentengiso babathengiswe kwaye abaninzi abantu abanokulahlekelwa kwindlebe abafuni ukuthenga amaphepha-mboleko kuze kufikelelwe iinkqubo ezininzi.
Enyanisweni, njengoko ndandifunde kamva, abavakalisi abakhulu bakuthengwa ngabantu abavayo, ngakumbi abantu befunda isiNgesi njengelwimi lwesibini, abafumana ukuba banokuzuza kwiingcaphuno, kunabantu abazizithulu ngokwabo. Imiba emininzi igcinwe ukuthengiswa kwezinto ezincinci: iindleko, ukufumaneka okukhawulezileyo, kunye nokungabi ncinane, ukungabikho kwamandla abantu abavayo ukutyhila ukulahlekelwa kwindlebe ngokuba ne-decoder efakwe kwi-TV.
Izopolitiko zeNgcaciso
Imbali yokuqala yeengcaphuno ezivaliweyo nayo yaxutyushwa nezopolitiko. I-CBS ekuqaleni ayizange ithathe inxaxheba kuba i-CBS yayifuna ukusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-teletext endaweni yegama le-21. Oku kwaphumela ekubhikeni okusebenzayo malunga ne-CBS ngabantu abangevayo. Ndiyakhumbula ukuthatha inxaxheba kumbhikisho owodwa njengomfundi we-NTID kwiminyaka yama-80 ubudala, xa amaqela e-NTID abafundi bebanjelwe eDownown ukuze bajoyine kwisibheno kwisikhululo se-CBS. Ngo-1984, ii-CBS zanikezelwa kwaye zavuma ukusasaza amagama-magama kwi-line 21 (kwaye i-teletext yafa kungekudala emva koko).
Inkqubela yeKhaya yeNgcaciso yeVidiyo
IiVototaphaya zasekhaya zavela ngeengcaphuno, kodwa ukhetho luye lwaba lukhulu. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980 kwaye ekuqaleni kwee-1990, abantu abazizithulu ba ndakanya ndaqalisa ukumbhikisha.
Ukuya kwividiyo yeBlockbuster kwakuyinkxalabo ekukhungeni. Ndabandakanyeka nentshukumo eqalwe nguStuart Gopen no-Andrea Shettle, ukuze bafumane iincwadana ezininzi kwii-videotapes zasekhaya. Ndabiza intshukumo "I-Caption Action." Inkqubela yeApption Action yaphumelela ekufumaneni iincwadana ezivaliweyo kumavidiyo amaninzi, kubandakanywa uchungechunge lwe Star Trek, kunye neechungechunge lweRiphablikhi yaseKhaya leRaccals. Isenzo seNgcaciso sisebenze kanzima ukuthumela umyalezo kwiinkampani zasevidiyo zasekhaya ukuba nangona iincwadana kwividiyo yasekhaya zizithandela, abantu abazithulu balindelwe kwaye bafuna iincwadana!
Ukugqwesa enye kwiCapetion Action yakuba ndihlawule ukubeka ukukhutshwa kogcino kwiinkonzo zentambo, kwaye yafunyanwa yiNguquko.
Mhlawumbi umzuzu onomdla wokuba ndibe nawo xa ndifumene ileta evela kwinqanaba laseRiphabliki yaseKhaya leVidiyo iVideo endixelela ukuba baya kuqalisa amagama-magama. Babesoloko bemelana neengcaphuno zabo ndada ndathabatha inyathelo lokubhalela ekupheleni kweSpanky McFarland, udumo lwe-Little Rascals. UMnu McFarland waqhagamshelana neRiphabhulikhi, kwaye enye ingumlando. (Ukuba uSpanky McFarland akenzanga njalo, isinyathelo sam esilandelayo besiza kulandelwa phantsi kunye noqhagamshelwano noJackie Cooper).
Emva kokuphumelela kwiRiphabhulikhi, abantu abangevayo banxenga ukuba ndibe nevidiyo ze Star Star. Ukufumana ii-Star Trek iividiyo ezichaziweyo, ndabhalela inkxaso yenkxaso ye-Star Trek fan community, ukubhala kwiikholeji zeenkampani ze fan, ukuthumela kwiibhodi ze-intanethi, njl njl.
Ukwabiwa kweeNkcazo zikaRhulumente kwiMfazwe
Ngasekupheleni kwee-80s, ukukhula kwithelevishini kwithempyutheni kwakuthetha ukuba imali eninzi ayifumanekanga kwizithulu kunye nokuva nzima . Ekugqibeleni, urhulumente waqaphela imfuneko yomthetho ukukhawulezisa izinto kwaye ugunyaze ukuba yonke i-TV ikhutshwe ama-intshi angama-13 okanye amakhulu awakhileyo kwi-caption coding circuitry. Lo mthetho wawungumthetho we-Television Decoder Circuitry Act ka-1990. Ekugqibeleni, siya kukhululeka kwi-decoders kwaye ingxaki yenkomo neqanda iza kuxazululwa.
Ukufumana lo mthetho wawudlulileyo wawungeyona nje i-cakewalk, kodwa ivalwe. Kwakukho inkcaso evela kumbutho othize onobungcali. Ndabamba ikopi yeNgqobhoko yaseCapitol Hill ingqinelwa ngummeli walo mbutho. Umhlobo kwaye ndiyibhala incwadi yokubhuqa lo bungqina kunye nofeksi kumbutho. Into elandelayo esaziwayo, ummeli wayengasasebenzeli loo mbutho.
Iithelevishini eziqukethe izicwangciso ezifunekayo zithengiswa ngo-1993, kwaye kungekhona umzuzwana ngokukhawuleza - kuphela ubuncinane bee-decoders ezingama-400,000 ezithengiswa ngo-1992. Ukwanda kwee-TV-decodeing stills is not enough to generate a huge increase in captioning availability. Esinye isizathu kukuba ukuchankanya amagama kwakunomsebenzi wokuzithandela, owawudla ngokubangela ukuba abasasazo bawubukele njengento encedo emele ihlawulwe ngamanye amazwe ngaphandle kokuphatha nje njengenye indleko yoshishino. Ekuphenduleni, iNkomfa ngo-1996 yadlulisela uMthetho we-Telecommunications Act ka-1996, owawunika isigxina esivaliweyo kumabonwakude. Lo msebenzi uye wanceda ekukhuliseni ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kwishishini elichaziweyo. Nangona kungekhona yonke into kumabonwakude ichanekileyo, sifikile indlela ende ukusuka kwiiyure eziyi-15 zokuqala ngeveki yenkqubo echazwe ngo-1980.
Ukukhula kwamashishini okubhaliweyo kubonakaliswe kwiwebhusayithi endiyiqalile ngo-1995, kwiWebhu yeeNgcaciso zeWebhu. Ngethuba ekuqaleni ekuqaleni kwinjongo ye-intanethi, kuye kwaba ngumthombo wokufumana iinkonzo zenkcazo, kunye nokufumana imisebenzi kwishishini lokubhaliweyo.
Ixesha elizayo lokubhala amagama
Liliphi ikamva? Njengangoku, uphando kunye nophuhliso lwetheknoloji yokukhumbula ilizwi liyaqhubeka kwaye ngolunye usuku, lingathatha indawo yokubhaliweyo njengokuba siyazi namhlanje. Kuze kube ngoko, i-shishini yegama-magama liqhubeka likhula ukuze lihlangabezane nemfuno echazwe ngumthetho.