Imbali Yophando
Ukuhlinzwa kwasekuqaleni kwimbali kwakungenakucatshulwa kwaye kungenzeka ukuba yenziwa ngaphandle kokuphelelwa yinto okanye ukungazi. Ugqirha njengoko siyazi ukuba ayizange iqale ngokususela ekupheleni kwe-1800s, kwaye nangona kunjalo, ukusuleleka kwakuqhelekile kwaye iziphumo zazingekho. Ngokweminye imithombo, bekungekho nge-1900 ukuba ingozi yokufa emva kokuhlinzwa yayingaphantsi kwama-50%, kuphela emva kokuba ikhefu le minyaka livulekele ukuhlinzwa ngokugqithiseleyo kunokutshintshwa kokufa ngexesha okanye ngokukhawuleza emva kokuhlinzwa.
Iinkqubo zokuphanda eziqhelekileyo namhlanje, njenge-appendectomies, azizange zenziwe rhoqo. Enyanisweni, kude kube ngowe-1885, umntu onelungelo lokusebenzisa i-appendicitis kulindeleke ukuba afe ngenxa yesifo esasenzeke emva kokuba isihlomelo siphumile. Amacandelo okuqala ayengummiselo, okanye enobunzima ngemilinganiselo yanamhlanje, njengoko i-anesthesia yayingasetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kude kube sekupheleni kwe-1800s.
Namhlanje, utyando luthatha iindidi ezahlukahlukeneyo kwaye luhlala luqhutyelwa ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokungabikho ezincinci. Oku kuye kwanciphisa amaxesha okuphucula, iziphumo eziphuculweyo kunye neengxaki ezincitshiswayo kwizigulane ezininzi.
Ukuze ufumane ingqiqo yokuba utyando oluthile luye lushintshile njani, jonga ingqalelo kwinqanaba lokuphuhlisa okukhulu kwintsimi.
Iimbonelelo ezibalulekileyo kwimbali yokupaphelela
6,500 BCE - Iingqumbo ezifunyenwe eFransi zibonisa iimpawu zonyango oluthile olubizwa ngokuba yi-trepanation, okubandakanya ukubhoba umgodi ekhanda.
1540 CE - Iingxowa zesiNgesi kunye nabagqirha abadibanisa babumbana ukuze baqulunqe i-United Barber-Surgeons Inkampani.
Abagqirha abagqithisileyo benza i-extraction andoth. Oogqirha babecatshulwa njengomsebenzi ohluke ngokupheleleyo, unyango lwezifo.
1818 - Ukutyalwa kokuqala kwegazi lomntu.
1843 - Ukuqala kwe-hysterectomy, eNgilani.
1843 - Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-ether njenge-anesthetic.
1846 - Ukusetyenziswa kokuqala kwe-aneshesia ngexesha lokuhlinzwa.
Ether ya se tyenziswa. Isigulane sazi kakuhle kodwa sasingenabuhlungu ngethuba lokukhupha isisu emqaleni.
1867 - Ugqirha waseBrithani uJoseph Lister ushicilela iMigaqo-nkqubo ye-Antiseptic kwi-Practice of Surgery, ephakamisa ubuchule bokuhlambuluka kwindlela yokuhlinzwa. Inani lokufa kwabantu abagulayo ngokukhawuleza liwa.
1885 - I-appendectomy yokuqala ephumelelayo, e-Iowa.
1890s - Ukusetyenziswa kweekhemikhali ezisebenzayo ukunciphisa iintsholongwane. I-acid yeCarbolic yafakwa kwizinto ezijoliswe ekunciphiseni iintsholongwane kunye nokunciphisa amazinga okusuleleka.
1893 - Uvavanyo lokuqala lwentliziyo oluphumelelayo, Isibhedlele seNgcebiso, i-Chicago. Utyando lwayilungisa i-pericardium, ingxowa ejikeleze intliziyo. Abaninzi abayicingi ukuba le nto yinto yokuqala "yokuhlinzwa intliziyo" ephumelelayo kuba intliziyo ngokwawo ayisebenziswanga.
1895 - I- X-ray yokuqala, eJamani.
1896 - Ukuhlinzwa kwentliziyo yokuphumelela yokuqala, eJamani. Abagqirha balungisa inxeba yokugaya kwisisipha se-ventricle efanelekileyo.
Ngowe-1905 - Ukuqala ukulungiswa kwe-cornea yokuqala.
1917 - Ugqirha lokuqala lwe-plastiki olubhaliweyo, olwenziwe ngomkhumbi wesiNgesi oshisayo.
1922 - I-insulin yokuqala isetyenziselwa unyango lwesifo sikashukela, ukuvumela abantu abanesifo sikashukela ukuba baphile emva kokuxilongwa.
Ngowe-1928 - ii-Antibiotics zafunyanwa.
1930 - Indoda yaseJamani inomsebenzi wokuqala wokutshintshana ngesondo (kwintombi).
Ngowe-1937 - Ukuqala kwebhanki yegazi, kukunceda ukwenza utyando oluninzi lunokwenzeka ngokuphatha igazi ngexesha le nkqubo.
1940 - Uthotho lokuqala lwentsimbi olwenziwa ngokutsha.
Ama-1950 - Iiliso ze-LASIK zokuqala zenziwa, e-Columbia.
Ngowe-1950 - Ukufakelwa komzimba kuqala . Ummkeli weentso wamgatya ilungu emva kweenyanga ezisibhozo.
Ngowe-1952 - Uthotho lokuqala lwentliziyo oluphumelelayo apho intliziyo yavalwa kwaye yaqala kwakhona.
1953 - Ukuhlinzwa ngokuphumelelayo okokuqala usebenzisa umshini we -lung-pulp machine.
Ngowe-1954 - Ukuphumelela kokusuka kweengtso ngokuqala, impongo yanikelwa ngumzalwana wewele. Ummkeli wayephila iminyaka eyisibhozo emva kwenkqubo.
1966 - Ukupakishwa kokuqala kwepancreas.
Ngowe-1967 - Ukutshintshwa kokuqala kwesibindi.
Ngowe-1967 - Ukuqanjwa kwentliziyo yokuqala, eyenziwa ngu-Christian Christian Barnard. Ummkeli weentliziyo wasinda kwiintsuku ezingama-18 ade aphethwe yi-pneumonia.
Ngo-1975 - Ugqirha lokuqala lolawulo olwenziweyo lusetyenziswa i-laparoscopic , okanye i-invasive.
1978 - Okokuqala "ityhubhu yokuvavanya" umntwana ozelwe.
Ngowe-1982 - i-Jarvik-7 intliziyo eyenziweyo.
Ngo-1984 - I-Baby Fae isaphila kwiintsuku ezingama-21 emva kokutsalwa kwintliziyo yebhonon.
Ngowe-1985 - Uthotho lokuqala lwe- robotic.
Ngo-1999 - Ukufakelwa kwesandla sokuqala ngokuphumelelayo (izigulana zangaphambili zalilahlile iirekhodi zazo).
I-2000 - da Vinci inkqubo yokurhweba i-robotic iphumelela ekuvunyelweni kwe-US Food and Drug Administration. Inkqubo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa uphenyo lweprotate kunye ne- coronary art .
2007 - I-orifice yokuqala yendalo yemvelo eyenziwa ngokugqithiswa kwe-endoscopic. Le ndlela isebenzisa ukuvula umzimba, njengomlomo, ukufaka izixhobo nokunciphisa amaxesha okubuyisa.
U-2008 - IConnie Culp inokuqala ukuzaliswa ubuso obusisigxina e-United States, esenziwa kwiCleveland Clinic.
Ngo-2010 - Ukutshintshwa kobuso bokuqala behlabathi, e-Spain.
Ngo-2013 - Inkqubo yokudlulisa inzwa inikezela isigulane esingumntu osisigxina amandla okuhambisa isandla.
ILizwi Ku:
Ugqirha uyaqhubeka nokuguquka, kunye nesayensi yenza intsebenzo enkulu malunga nentsuku zonke. Njengoko inzululwazi kunye nophando kuholele ekusebenziseni iindlela ezintsha zokuphucula, izigulane zibe neziphumo ezingcono, ukubuyisela ngokukhawuleza kunye nentlungu engaphantsi.
> Imithombo:
> Intsholongwane Yentliziyo. Baldwin, Elefteriades, kunye neKopf. http://www.med.yale.edu/library/heartbk/25.pdf
> Imbali yoTshintshiso-Isihlandlo. I-Organransplants.org Ifumaneka ngoDisemba, 2011. http://www.organtransplants.org/understanding/history/index.html
> Izixhobo zokuPhepha: Imbali yoPilisi. Umkhangeli wezobuchwephesha. Kufumaneka ngoDisemba, 2011. http://www.surgicaltechnologist.net/reources/surgical-resources-thistory-surgery/