Imfundo yoLwaphulo ngokubanzi kunye nokuThwala-Imfundo kuphela
Xa kuziwa kwimfundo yesondo, kukho iindlela ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:
Imfundo yoBume epheleleyo
Nangona ezi nkqubo zikhuthaza ukuyeka ukuzibandakanya , ziquka ukufundisa nokufundiswa malunga nezindlela zokufumana izicwangciso ezikhoyo . Ezi nkqubo zinokuphinda zihlolisise imeko kunye neentsingiselo ezibandakanyeka kwisondo, ezisebenza ngokucacileyo ukuba abaninzi abaselula baya kulala ngesondo, kwaye baquka iingxoxo malunga nokukhulelwa, ukusetyenziswa kwekhondom , ukukhupha isisu , izifo ezithathelwana ngesondo kunye ne-HIV.
Ukuziyeka-Imfundo kuphela
Ezi nkqubo zikhuthaza ukuzithiba ngokwesondo kwaye azivumeli ukuba abaninzi abatsha baya kuthatha isondo. Nangona zibandakanya iingxoxo zokuziphatha , izithethe, ukwakha izakhi, kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, "indlela yokuthi hayi" izakhono, abazifundisi ngokuphathelene nokukhulelwa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwekhondom, kwaye akabandakanyi iingxoxo malunga nokukhipha isisu, kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo ukuzisa izihloko ze-STD kunye ne-HIV kuphela njengezizathu zokuba ulutsha lufanele luhlale lungabikho.
Uxhasomali lwe-Federal for Education Education:
Umthetho we-Federal awufuni imfundo yesondo ezikolweni. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphezu kweminyaka, iCongress yenzele iiprogram ezintathu (zonke iinkqubo zokuzilahla kuphela) ezibonelela ngemali yenkxaso-mali yemfundo yesondo:
- Umthetho woBomi beNtsapho ye-Adolescent (AFLA)
- Inkxaso-mali ekujoliswe kuyo yokuziyeka kuphela ngo-1996 umthetho weNtlalontle
- Iiprojekti eziZodwa zoMmandla kunye neSizwe esibalulekayo-Inkxaso-nkqubo yokuHlanywa koLuntu (SPRANS-CBAE)
UMthetho we-Reform Welfare ka-1996 wasayinwa ngumthetho nguMongameli Clinton. Ngeli xesha, abameli be-ultra-conservative bafaka umgaqo-nkqubo wokungafihlakeleyo kule ngqungquthela ethi "kufuneka-pass". Eli lungiselelo lithathwe ingqalelo. Ebizwa ngokuba yi- Abstinence-kuphela ye-Curriculum Welfare Reform Act ka-1996 , yabelwa iidola ezingama-50 ngonyaka (iminyaka emihlanu) ukuba amazwe asetyenzise ekujoliseni ukuzithiba kuphela.
Umthetho unyanzelisa ukuba, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ezi nkqubo zifundisa:
- Ulwalamano oluthile oluthembekileyo kunye nomtshato kwimeko esemiselweyo yomsebenzi wesondo. "
- "Ukuzilahla kwizinto zesondo ezingekho komtshato njengendlela ekulindelekileyo kubo bonke abantwana abaneminyaka esikolweni."
- "Umsebenzi wesondo ngaphandle komxholo womtshato unokuba nemiphumo engozini yengqondo kunye nempilo."
I-Pro-Abstinence-I-Movement Education Education Movement:
Ulawulo lwe-Bush luchukumisa ukunyuka kwe- pro-abstinence kuphela kwinqanaba elitsha. Ngokukhawuleza ukuba uMongameli uGeorge Bush athathe i-ofisi, wenza iprogram entsha - izibonelelo zengxowa-mali yoLuntu lokuThwala. Ngethuba loLawulo lweBush, inkxaso-mali yokuziyeka ukuphela kwezemfundo ngaphezu kwephindwe kabini, ukusuka kwiiRandi ezingama-80 kwizigidi ezingama-200 ukuya kwi-200 ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-200 ngonyaka ka-2007. UBush wakhuthaza le nkqubo nangona kwakungabikho ubungqina bokugqiba ukuba ikharityhulam yecala yokuzikhusela ibonisa " oko kufuneka kufundiswe ezikolweni okanye kwimingeni yobomi benene "ebingumlinganiselo" osemantwaneni waseMelika. Ngonyaka ka-2006, izinga lokukhulelwa kwentsha likhulile okokuqala ngethuba elingaphezulu kweminyaka elishumi - lenyuke ngo-3%. Ukukhupha isisu kunye namazinga okuzalwa ayenyuka.
Xa uMongameli Obama wangena kwi-ofisi, waqala ukucima i-Title V-imfundo-mali yokuyeka ukuzimela kwi-budget. Ngelo xesha, ama-25 asele aqale ukulahla le mali - 16 kuba abazange bavumelane neengcamango okanye bengaboni naziphi iziphumo ezilungileyo kule nkqubo yokuzilahla kuphela.
Njani amaMerika alawula iMfundo yezoTyhu:
Ngokwe-Guttmacher Institute, amaninzi amazwe sele amkela imithetho elawula i-STD kunye nemfundo yesondo:
- Iingxelo ezingama-20 kunye neSithili sase-Columbia zifuna ukuba imfundo yesini kunye ne-HIV / STD imiselwe.
- Iingxelo ezingama-29 kunye neSigqeba saseSithili sase-Columbia sokuthi, xa kunikwe, isondo kunye neenkqubo zezemfundo ze-HIV / STD zihlangabezana neemfuno ezithile.
- 33 zichaza kwaye iSithili sase-Columbia sigunyaze imfundo ye-HIV / STD; kwezi zizwe, i-13 igunya kuphela le-HIV / STD imfundo.
- Xa kunika imfundo yesondo kunye / okanye i-HIV / STD imfundo, i-37 ithi kunye neSithili saseColumbia sigxininisa ukuba izithili zesikolo zikwazisa abazali (22), zifuna imvume yabazali (2), okanye zivumele abazali ukuba basuse abantwana babo kwimfundo (35).
Ukongezelela, xa imfundo yesondo ifundiswa esikolweni:
- Amazwe angama-37 afuna ulwazi lokunqanda ukunikezelwa (ii-26 zifuna ukuba zigxininiswe kanti i-11 ifuna kuphela ukuba ihlanganiswe).
- I-18 ithi kwaye iSithili sase-Columbia sifuna ukuba ulwazi lolawulo lokuzalwa lufundiswa.
- I-12 ithi igxininisa ingxoxo malunga nokuzibandakanya ngokwesondo.
- Iingxoxo zezemfundo zesini kufuneka zibandakanye ulwazi malunga nezakhono zokuphepha ukunyanzelwa ukulala ngesondo (20 ne-DC); ekwenzeni izigqibo eziphilileyo malunga nokuziphatha ngokwesini (iingu-20); kunye nemfundo malunga nendlela yokuthetha namalungu entsapho, ngakumbi abazali, malunga nesondo (11).
- Amazwe angama-18 afuna ukuba umyalelo ukubandakanya ukubaluleka kokubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi yesondo kuphela emtshatweni.
- Iziganeko ezi-13 zifuna ukuba kufakwe ulwazi malunga neziphumo ezingalunganga zesini zesondo kunye nokukhulelwa.
- Xa kufundiswa imfundo ye-HIV / STD : ama-20 afuna ulwazi malunga nekhondom okanye ukukhulelwa komzimba, kwaye amazwe angama-39 afuna ukuba ukuzibandakanya kubandakanywe.
Oko Uphando olukushoyo malunga neMfundo yoLwaphulo olupheleleyo kunye nokuzilahla-Imfundo kuphela:
Uphando luye lwabonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba iinkqubo ezininzi zemfundo yesondo ziphela zibonisa iziphumo. Intsha evelele kule nkqubo yokulibaziseka kwezemfundo ngokwesondo, kaninzi inamaqabane angaphantsi kwezesondo, kwaye iyakwazi ukusebenzisa ulawulo lokuzalwa xa ityala ngesondo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uphando luye lwabonisa iimpazamo zemfundiso yokuzilahla kuphela. Kukho ubungqina obubonisa ukuba ezi nkqubo zenzululweyo ezenzululweyo ezingaphantsi kolutsha; Enyanisweni, abatsha abachazwayo kuphela kwimfundo yokuzilahla bayakwazi ukuba neengcamango ezingalunganga malunga neikhondom kunye nokusetyenziswa kwekhondom kwaye ngokunokwenzeka njengabaselula (abangazange bafumane imfundo yesondo - kungabikho nokuziyeka-kuphela) ukulala ngesondo amaqabane, kunye nokuba nesondo esingakhuselekanga.
Umzali kunye neengcinga ezincinane ngemfundo yesondo:
Xa ihlolwe yiNational Campaign yoKhusela ukukhulelwa kwabaNtsholongwane, kubonakala ukuba ipesenteji enkulu yabaselula (64%) ibonise ukuba bayayinqwenela ulwazi oluthe xaxa malunga nokukhulelwa kokukhulelwa nokuziyeka. I-76% yabazali banesifiso esifanayo kubantwana babo. Kwakhona kubonakala ukuba abaninzi abazali bafumana indlela efanelekileyo yokuqonda ukuthintela umsebenzi wesondo kunye nokukhulelwa kwentsha. Abazali abaninzi baseMelika bakhetha ngokucacileyo ukuba abantwana babo abancinci bazilahla; Bakholelwa ukuba abatsha bafanele baqonde ukuba isondo kufuneka sidibene nokuzibophezela okunzulu nokuzimeleyo. Oko kuthethwa, abazali abaninzi bayaqaphela ukuba abanye abaselula baya kukhetha ukulala ngesondo (nangona ukuxilwa kugxininiswe). Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi abazali bakholelwa ukuba abantwana kufuneka banikezelwe ulwazi malunga neenzuzo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhulelwa komzimba kunye nokufundiswa apho bangafuna iinkonzo zezempilo ezifanelekileyo.
Imithombo:
Chris Collins, C., Alagiri, P., & Summers, T. (Matshi 2002). "Ukuzilahla kuphela ngokumalunga nezeMfundo zoBume ngokubanzi". KwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eSan Francisco. Fi kelelwa ngo 2/22/2012.
Institute Guttmacher. (NgoFebruwari 2012). "IMIGAQO YENKQUBO YOKUBHALA: I-Sex and HIV Education." Fi kelelwa ngo 2/22/2012.
Institute Guttmacher. (NgoJanuwari 2010). "I- US Teenage Pregnancies, Ukuzalwa, kunye nokukhupha isisu: Iintlobo zeSizwe kunye neNkcubeko kunye neMikhwa yezobuhlanga kunye nobuhlanga ." Fi kelelwa ngo 2/22/2012.
Kirby, D. (2007). Iimpendulo Ezivelayo 2007: Iziphumo ZomPhando kwiinkqubo zokunciphisa ukukhulelwa kwentsha kunye nezifo ezithathelwana ngesondo. " IWashington, DC: Umkhankaso weSizwe wokukhusela umntwana kunye noNgeniso olungakhethiweyo.
Umkhankaso weSizwe wokukhusela ukukhulelwa kwabafundi. (2002). "Ngelizwi elilodwa lika-2002: Abantu abadala baseMelika nabaselula banomsindo ngokukhulelwa kwentsha." Washington, DC: Umbhali.
Trenholm, C., Devaney, B., Fortson, K., Quay, L., Wheeler, J. & Clark, M. (uEpreli 2007). "Iimpembelelo zeSihloko Sine-V, ICandelo 510 IiNkqubo zoLwazi lokuLawula: INgxelo yokugqibela." Princeton, NJ: Uphando lweMatatiatica nkqubo. Kufumaneka ngokubhalisa ngasese 2/22/2012.